Phonetics
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{{linguistics}}
'''Phonetics''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] φωνή (''phonê'') "sound" or "voice") is the study of the physical sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds ([[phones]]), and the processes of their physiological '''production''', auditory '''reception''', and neurophysiological '''perception'''.
Phonetics was studied as early as 2,500 years ago in [[Indian subcontinent|ancient India]], with {{Unicode|[[Pāṇini]]'s}} account of the [[place of articulation|place]] and [[manner of articulation]] of consonants in his [[5th century BC]] treatise on [[Sanskrit]]. The major [[Brahmic family|Indic alphabets]] today order their consonants according to {{Unicode|Pāṇini's}} classification.
==Types of phonetics==
Phonetics has three main branches:
*[[articulatory phonetics]] is concerned with the articulation of speech: The position, shape, and movement of ''articulators'' or [[speech organ]]s, such as the lips, tongue, and [[vocal folds]].
*[[acoustic phonetics]] is concerned with [[acoustics]] of speech: The properties of the [[sound wave]]s, such as their [[frequency]] and [[harmonics]].
*[[auditory phonetics]] is concerned with [[speech perception]]: How sound is received by the inner ear and perceived by the brain.
*[[forensic phonetics]] is the use of phonetics (the science of speech) for forensic (legal) purposes.
==Phonetics and phonology==
In contrast to phonetics, [[phonology]] is the study of language-specific systems and patterns of sound and gesture. While phonology is grounded in phonetics, it is a distinct area of linguistics, dealing with abstract but psychologically-real sound and gesture units ([[phoneme]]s) and their variants ([[allophone]]s), the distinctive properties ([[distinctive feature|features]]) which form the basis of meaningful contrast between these units, and their classification into [[natural class]]es based on shared behavior and phonological processes. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of sounds themselves, not how they are meaningful. There are over a hundred phones recognized as basic by the [[International Phonetic Association]] (IPA) and transcribed by simple letters in their [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].
Although "meaningful contrast" between phonemes forms the basis of other discussions of meaning, the subject of [[semantics]] does not enter into this level of linguistic analysis.
==See also==
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
* [[Speech processing]]
* [[Acoustics]]
* [[Biometric word list]]
* [[Phonetics departments at universities]]
* [[X-SAMPA]]
* [[NATO phonetic alphabet|NATO Phonetic Alphabet]]
==External links and references==
* [http://www.phonetique.uqam.ca Phonetics Laboratory of the Université du Québec à Montréal.]
* [http://www.phonetique.info the Web Site of the Phonetic Sciences Laboratory of the Université de Montréal.]
*[http://www.isphs.org/main.htm The International Society of Phonetic Sciences (ISPhS)]
*[http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~llsroach/encyc.pdf A little encyclopedia of phonetics], Peter Roach, Professor of Phonetics, University of Reading, UK. (pdf)
*[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Summer_2004/ling001/lecture2.html The sounds and sound patterns of language] U Penn
*[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/ UCLA lab data]
*[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/ UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive]
*[http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/page1.htm EGG and Voice Quality] (electroglottography, phonation, etc.)
*[http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/handbook.htm IPA handbook]
*[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/fonts.htm IPA-SAM Phonetic Fonts]
*[http://www.ling.lu.se/research/speechtutorial/tutorial.html Speech Analysis Tutorial]
*[http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/personal/lehmann/CL_Lehr/PhonPhon/Phon_Index.html Lecture materials in German on phonetics & phonology, university of Erfurt]
*[http://sail.usc.edu/span/video.php Real-time MRI video of the articulation of speech sounds, from the USC Speech Articulation and kNowledge (SPAN) Group]
*[http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Phonetics.html Beginner's course in phonetics, with some exercises]
*[http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/ Praat - Phonetic analysis software]
*[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/sid/sidhome.htm SID- Speech Internet Dictionary]
*[http://www.unc.edu/~jlsmith/pht-url.html Extensive collection of phonetics resources on the Web] (University of North Carolina)
==Bibliography==
* Abercrombie, D. (1967). ''Elements of General Phonetics''. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh.
* Ashby, Michael & Maidment, John. (2005). ''Introducing Phonetic Science''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80882-0 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-00496-9 (pbk).
* Catford, J. C. (1977). ''Fundamental problems in phonetics''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32520-X.
* Clark, John; & Yallop, Colin. (1995). ''An introduction to phonetics and phonology'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19452-5.
*Gussenhoven, C & Broeders, A. (1997). ''English pronunciation for student teachers''. Wolters-Noordhoff BV Groningen, the Netherlands. ISBN 90 01 16703 9
* Hardcastle, William J.; & Laver, John (Eds.). (1997). ''The handbook of phonetic sciences''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-18848-7.
* [[Peter Ladefoged|Ladefoged, Peter]]. (1982). ''A course in phonetics'' (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
* Ladefoged, Peter. (2003). ''Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques''. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23269-9 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-23270-2 (pbk).
*Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). ''The sounds of the world's languages''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk).
* [[Ian Maddieson|Maddieson, Ian]]. (1984). ''Patterns of sounds''. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Laver, J. (1994).''Principles of Phonetics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). ''Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
* Pisoni, David B.; & Remez, Robert E. (Eds.). (2004). ''The handbook of speech perception''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22927-2.
* Rogers, Henry. (2000). ''The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics''. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. ISBN 0-582-38182-7.
* Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). ''Acoustic phonetics''. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19404-X.
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