Phonetics 23194 225965736 2008-07-16T06:26:33Z 60.48.44.96 {{linguistics}} '''Phonetics''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] φωνή (''phonê'') "sound" or "voice") is the study of the physical sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds ([[phones]]), and the processes of their physiological '''production''', auditory '''reception''', and neurophysiological '''perception'''. Phonetics was studied as early as 2,500 years ago in [[Indian subcontinent|ancient India]], with {{Unicode|[[Pāṇini]]'s}} account of the [[place of articulation|place]] and [[manner of articulation]] of consonants in his [[5th century BC]] treatise on [[Sanskrit]]. The major [[Brahmic family|Indic alphabets]] today order their consonants according to {{Unicode|Pāṇini's}} classification. ==Types of phonetics== Phonetics has three main branches: *[[articulatory phonetics]] is concerned with the articulation of speech: The position, shape, and movement of ''articulators'' or [[speech organ]]s, such as the lips, tongue, and [[vocal folds]]. *[[acoustic phonetics]] is concerned with [[acoustics]] of speech: The properties of the [[sound wave]]s, such as their [[frequency]] and [[harmonics]]. *[[auditory phonetics]] is concerned with [[speech perception]]: How sound is received by the inner ear and perceived by the brain. *[[forensic phonetics]] is the use of phonetics (the science of speech) for forensic (legal) purposes. ==Phonetics and phonology== In contrast to phonetics, [[phonology]] is the study of language-specific systems and patterns of sound and gesture. While phonology is grounded in phonetics, it is a distinct area of linguistics, dealing with abstract but psychologically-real sound and gesture units ([[phoneme]]s) and their variants ([[allophone]]s), the distinctive properties ([[distinctive feature|features]]) which form the basis of meaningful contrast between these units, and their classification into [[natural class]]es based on shared behavior and phonological processes. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of sounds themselves, not how they are meaningful. There are over a hundred phones recognized as basic by the [[International Phonetic Association]] (IPA) and transcribed by simple letters in their [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]. Although "meaningful contrast" between phonemes forms the basis of other discussions of meaning, the subject of [[semantics]] does not enter into this level of linguistic analysis. ==See also== * [[List of phonetics topics]] * [[Speech processing]] * [[Acoustics]] * [[Biometric word list]] * [[Phonetics departments at universities]] * [[X-SAMPA]] * [[NATO phonetic alphabet|NATO Phonetic Alphabet]] ==External links and references== * [http://www.phonetique.uqam.ca Phonetics Laboratory of the Université du Québec à Montréal.] * [http://www.phonetique.info the Web Site of the Phonetic Sciences Laboratory of the Université de Montréal.] *[http://www.isphs.org/main.htm The International Society of Phonetic Sciences (ISPhS)] *[http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~llsroach/encyc.pdf A little encyclopedia of phonetics], Peter Roach, Professor of Phonetics, University of Reading, UK. (pdf) *[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Summer_2004/ling001/lecture2.html The sounds and sound patterns of language] U Penn *[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/ UCLA lab data] *[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/ UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive] *[http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/page1.htm EGG and Voice Quality] (electroglottography, phonation, etc.) *[http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/handbook.htm IPA handbook] *[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/fonts.htm IPA-SAM Phonetic Fonts] *[http://www.ling.lu.se/research/speechtutorial/tutorial.html Speech Analysis Tutorial] *[http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/personal/lehmann/CL_Lehr/PhonPhon/Phon_Index.html Lecture materials in German on phonetics & phonology, university of Erfurt] *[http://sail.usc.edu/span/video.php Real-time MRI video of the articulation of speech sounds, from the USC Speech Articulation and kNowledge (SPAN) Group] *[http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Phonetics.html Beginner's course in phonetics, with some exercises] *[http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/ Praat - Phonetic analysis software] *[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/sid/sidhome.htm SID- Speech Internet Dictionary] *[http://www.unc.edu/~jlsmith/pht-url.html Extensive collection of phonetics resources on the Web] (University of North Carolina) ==Bibliography== * Abercrombie, D. (1967). ''Elements of General Phonetics''. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh. * Ashby, Michael & Maidment, John. (2005). ''Introducing Phonetic Science''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80882-0 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-00496-9 (pbk). * Catford, J. C. (1977). ''Fundamental problems in phonetics''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32520-X. * Clark, John; & Yallop, Colin. (1995). ''An introduction to phonetics and phonology'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19452-5. *Gussenhoven, C & Broeders, A. (1997). ''English pronunciation for student teachers''. Wolters-Noordhoff BV Groningen, the Netherlands. ISBN 90 01 16703 9 * Hardcastle, William J.; & Laver, John (Eds.). (1997). ''The handbook of phonetic sciences''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-18848-7. * [[Peter Ladefoged|Ladefoged, Peter]]. (1982). ''A course in phonetics'' (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. * Ladefoged, Peter. (2003). ''Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques''. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23269-9 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-23270-2 (pbk). *Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). ''The sounds of the world's languages''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk). * [[Ian Maddieson|Maddieson, Ian]]. (1984). ''Patterns of sounds''. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *Laver, J. (1994).''Principles of Phonetics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). ''Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. * Pisoni, David B.; & Remez, Robert E. (Eds.). (2004). ''The handbook of speech perception''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22927-2. * Rogers, Henry. (2000). ''The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics''. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. ISBN 0-582-38182-7. * Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). ''Acoustic phonetics''. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19404-X. [[Category:Phonetics|*]] [[an:Fonetica]] [[ast:Fonética]] [[bn:ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞান]] [[be:Фанетыка]] [[be-x-old:Фанэтыка]] [[bs:Fonetika]] [[br:Fonetik]] [[bg:Фонетика]] [[ca:Fonètica]] [[cv:Фонетика]] [[cs:Fonetika]] [[cy:Seineg]] [[da:Fonetik]] [[de:Phonetik]] [[et:Foneetika]] [[el:Φωνητική]] [[es:Fonética]] [[eo:Fonetiko]] [[eu:Fonetika]] [[fa:آواشناسی]] [[fr:Phonétique]] [[gv:Sheeanaghtys]] [[gl:Fonética]] [[ko:음성학]] [[hr:Fonetika]] [[io:Fonetiko]] [[id:Fonetik]] [[ia:Phonetica]] [[is:Hljóðfræði]] [[it:Fonetica]] [[he:פונטיקה]] [[kk:Фонетика]] [[sw:Fonetiki]] [[la:Phonetica]] [[lv:Fonētika]] [[lb:Phonetik]] [[jbo:voksnaske]] [[hu:Fonetika]] [[nl:Fonetiek]] [[ja:音声学]] [[ms:Fonetik]] [[no:Fonetikk]] [[nn:Fonetikk]] [[nov:Fonetike]] [[pl:Fonetyka]] [[pt:Fonética]] [[ro:Fonetică]] [[ru:Фонетика]] [[sq:Fonetika]] [[simple:Phonetics]] [[sk:Fonetika]] [[sl:Fonetika]] [[sr:Фонетика]] [[sh:Fonetika]] [[fi:Fonetiikka]] [[sv:Fonetik]] [[ta:ஒலிப்பியல்]] [[th:สัทศาสตร์]] [[tr:Sesbilim]] [[uk:Фонетика]] [[yi:פאנעטיק]] [[zh:语音学]]