Phosphorus pentasulfide 3157369 215486768 2008-05-28T12:28:06Z DOI bot 6652755 Citation maintenance. You can [[WP:DOI|use this bot]] yourself! Please [[User:DOI_bot/bugs|report any bugs]]. {{Chembox new | Name = Phosphorus pentasulfide | ImageFile = Phosphorus-pentasulfide-2D-dimensions.png <!-- | ImageSize = 200px --> | ImageName = Phosphorus pentasulfide | ImageFile1 = Phosphorus-pentasulfide-3D-balls.png <!-- | ImageSize1 = 150px --> | ImageName1 = Phosphorus pentasulfide | OtherNames = phosphorus sulfide<br />sulfur phosphide<br />phosphorus persulfide<br />diphosphorus pentasulfide<br />tetraphosphorus decasulfide | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 1314-80-3 }} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub> | MolarMass = 444.555 g mol<sup>−1</sup> | Appearance = yellow solid | Density = 2.09 g cm<sup>−3</sup>, solid | Solubility = hydrolyses | Solvent = other solvents | SolubleOther = 0.222 g / 100g [[carbon disulfide|CS<sub>2</sub>]] (at 17 °C)<br />Insoluble in [[benzene|C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>]]<br /> Insoluble in hot xylene<br /> Insoluble in hot [[anisole]]. | MeltingPt = 288 °C (561 K) | BoilingPt = 514 °C (787 K) | VaporPressure = }} | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | EUClass = }} | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | OtherCpds = [[Phosphorus sesquisulfide|P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>3</sub>]] }} }} '''Phosphorus pentasulfide''' is the [[chemical compound]] with the formula P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub>. This yellow solid is an industrially important [[inorganic compound]] of [[phosphorus]] and [[sulfur]]. Commercial samples often appear greenish-gray. The compound has a low solubilty in [[carbon disulfide]] and [[benzene]], but it reacts with many [[organic compound]]s such as [[alcohols]] and [[amines]]. Its molecular structure is related to that of [[adamantane]], a common motif in [[inorganic chemistry]], and is almost identical to the structure of [[phosphorus pentoxide]].<ref>D. E. C. Corbridge "Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology" 5th Edition Elsevier: Amsterdam 1995. ISBN 0-444-89307-5.</ref> ==Production== Phosphorus pentasulfide is obtained by the reaction of liquid [[white phosphorus]], P<sub>4</sub>, with sulfur above 300 °C. Alternatively, P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub> can be formed by reacting elemental sulfur or [[pyrite]], FeS<sub>2</sub>, with ferrophosphorus, impure Fe<sub>2</sub>P (a byproduct of [[white phosphorus|P<sub>4</sub>]] production from [[apatite|phosphate rock]]): :4Fe<sub>2</sub>P + 18S → P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub> + 8[[Iron(II) sulfide|FeS]] :4Fe<sub>2</sub>P + 18FeS<sub>2</sub> + heat → P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub> + 26FeS ==Reactivity== Due to hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture, P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub> evolves H<sub>2</sub>S, thus P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub> is associated with a rotten egg odour. Aside from H<sub>2</sub>S, [[hydrolysis]] of P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub> gives [[phosphoric acid]]: :P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub> + 16H<sub>2</sub>O → 4H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> + 10H<sub>2</sub>S Other mild [[nucleophile]]s react with P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub>, including [[alcohol]]s and [[amine]]s. Aromatic compounds such as [[anisole]], [[ferrocene]] and 1-methoxy[[napthalene]] react to form [[1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides]] such as [[lawesson's reagent]]. ==Related phosphorus sulfides== Aside from the commercially important [[phosphorus sesquisulfide|P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>3</sub>]] and P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub>, several other phosphorus sulfides are known with the formula P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>x</sub> where x is less than or equal to 10. Six of these phosphorus sulfides exist as [[isomer]]s: P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>5</sub>, P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>6</sub>, P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>7</sub>, P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub>, and P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>9</sub>. These isomers are distinguished by Greek letter prefixes. The prefix is based on the order of the discovery of the isomers, not on structural principles.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Jason, M. E.; Ngo, T.; Rahman, S. | title = Products and Mechanisms in the Oxidation of Phosphorus by Sulfur at Low Temperature | journal = [[Inorg. Chem.]] | year = 1997 | volume = 36 | pages = 2633–2640 | doi= 10.1021/ic9614879}}</ref> All known molecular phosphorus sulfides contain a tetrahedral array of four phosphorus atoms. [[Image:LowResP-Srings.png|600px|thumb|center|Phosphorus sulfides that exist in isomeric forms]] The main method for preparing these compounds is thermolysis of mixtures of phosphorus and sulfur. The product distributions can be analyzed by<sup>31</sup>P [[NMR spectroscopy]]. More selective syntheses entail (i) desulfurization, e.g. using [[triphenylphosphine]] and, complementarily, (ii) sulfidation using [[triphenylarsine]] sulfide.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Jason, M. E. | title = Transfer of Sulfur from Arsenic and Antimony Sulfides to Phosphorus Sulfides. Rational Syntheses of Several Less-Common P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>n</sub> Species| journal = [[Inorg. Chem.]] | year = 1997 | volume = 36 | pages = 2641–2646 | doi = 10.1021/ic9614881}}</ref><ref>Nowottnick, H.; Blachnik, R. "Zwei neue Phosphorsulfide” (Two New Phosphorus Sulfides) Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 1999, volume 625, pages 1966-1968.</ref> ==Applications== Phosphorus pentasulfide is used for manufacturing [[zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate]], [[insecticide]]s, [[ore]] [[flotation process|flotation]] agents, and various [[organophosphate]]s. It is also a component of some amorphous solid [[electrolyte]]s (eg. {{Lithium}}<sub>2</sub>S-P<sub>2</sub>S<sub>5</sub>) for some types of [[lithium battery|lithium batteries]]. Phosphorus pentasulfide is a [[dual-use]] material, as it can be used for manufacture of the [[VX (nerve agent)|VX]] [[nerve agent]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Phosphorus compounds]] [[Category:Sulfides]] [[de:Phosphor(V)-sulfid]] [[ja:五硫化二リン]]