Physical chemistry 23635 224952806 2008-07-11T04:15:14Z Littlealien182 3345501 clean up using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] '''Physical chemistry''', is the application of [[physics]] to macroscopic, microscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems<ref name="quanta_physical_chem_1" /> within the field of [[chemistry]] traditionally using the principles, practices and concepts of [[thermodynamics]], [[quantum chemistry]], [[statistical mechanics]] and [[kinetics]].<ref name="quanta_physical_chem_2">'''Quantum Chemistry''' (p3 - "PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"), states that "We can divide physical chemistry into four areas: thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and kinetics".</ref> It is mostly defined as a large field of chemistry, in which several sub-concepts are applied; the inclusion of [[quantum mechanics]] is used to illustrate the application of physical chemistry to atomic and particulate chemical interaction or experimentation.<ref name="quanta_physical_chem_1">'''Physical Chemistry''' (p3 - "PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"), states that the field of physical chemistry is concerned with the microscopic and the macroscopic phenomenon which are mostly concerned with thermodynamics, and kinetics; the field of atomic and particulate interaction being included is implied with the inclusion of quantum chemistry.</ref> Physical chemistry is mostly referred to as a macromolecular doctrine, as the majority of the principles on which physical chemistry was founded are composed entirely of macromolecular concepts, such as [[colloids]].<ref name="phys_chem_macro_1">'''Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules''' (p1 - "INTRODUCTION"), defines the formation of physical chemistry as being between macromolecules and colloids in modern physical chemistry. Also defines the "fierce battles" in the 1900s between the inclusion of colloids AS macromolecules.</ref> The relationships that physical chemistry tries to resolve include the effects of: #[[Intermolecular forces]] on the physical properties of materials ([[plasticity]], [[tensile strength]], [[surface tension]] in [[liquid]]s). #[[Chemical kinetics|Reaction kinetics]] on the [[Reaction rate|rate of a reaction]]. #The identity of ions on the electrical conductivity of materials. == History == The term "physical chemistry" was probably first introduced by [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] in [[1752]], when he presented a lecture course entitled "A Course in True Physical Chemistry" (Russian: «Курс истинной физической химии») before the students of [[Petersburg University]]. The foundation of modern physical chemistry is thought to have been laid in [[1876]] by [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] after the publishing of his paper, ''[[On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances]]'', which contained several of the cornerstones of physical chemistry, such as [[Gibbs free energy|Gibbs energy]], [[chemical potential]]s, [[Gibbs phase rule]] <ref>Josiah Willard Gibbs, 1876, "[[On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances]]", ''Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences''</ref> and subsequent naming and accreditation of [[enthalpy]] to [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] and to [[macromolecular]] processes. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} The first [[scientific journal]] for publications specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal, [[Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie]], founded in [[1887]] by [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] and [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]]. == Notes == <references /> == References == # Levine, I. N. (1978). ''Physical Chemistry'' McGraw-Hill publishing ISBN 0-07-037418-X # [[Peter Atkins|Atkins, P.W.]] (1978). ''Physical Chemistry'' [[Oxford University Press]] ISBN 0-7167-3539-X # Berry, S. R., Rice, S. A, Ross, J. (2000). ''Physical Chemistry'' 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510589-3 # Hunter, R. J. (1993) ''Introduction to Modern Colloid Science'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-855386-2 # Hiemenz, P. C., Rajagopalan, R., (1997). ''Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry'' Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8247-9397-8 # Moore, W.J. (1963). ''Physical Chemistry'' 4th ed. Longman publishers/London/Prentice Hall, NJ. ==See also== === Sub-topics === * [[Photochemistry]] * [[Thermochemistry]] * [[Chemical kinetics]] * [[Quantum chemistry]] * [[Electrochemistry]] * [[Surface chemistry]] * [[Solid state chemistry|Solid-state chemistry]] * [[spectroscopy]] * [[Materials science]] * [[Molecular modelling]] === Publications === * [[List of important publications in chemistry#Physical chemistry|Important publications in physical chemistry(chemistry)]], * [[list of important publications in physics#Physical chemistry|Important publications in physical chemistry(physics)]] {{BranchesofChemistry}} [[Category:Physical chemistry| ]] [[Category:Chemistry]] {{Link FA|lmo}} [[af:Fisiese chemie]] [[ar:كيمياء فيزيائية]] [[bn:ভৌত রসায়ন]] [[be:Фізічная хімія]] [[bs:Fizikalna hemija]] [[bg:Физикохимия]] [[ca:Química física]] [[cs:Fyzikální chemie]] [[da:Fysisk kemi]] [[de:Physikalische Chemie]] [[el:Φυσικοχημεία]] [[es:Fisicoquímica]] [[eo:Fizika kemio]] [[fa:شیمی‌فیزیک]] [[fo:Alisevnafrøði]] [[fr:Chimie physique]] [[gl:Química Física]] [[ko:물리화학]] [[hr:Fizikalna kemija]] [[id:Kimia fisik]] [[it:Chimica fisica]] [[he:כימיה פיזיקלית]] [[lmo:Chímica física]] [[ms:Kimia fizik]] [[nl:Fysische chemie]] [[ja:物理化学]] [[no:Fysikalsk kjemi]] [[nn:Fysikalsk kjemi]] [[pl:Chemia fizyczna]] [[pt:Físico-química]] [[ru:Физическая химия]] [[sk:Fyzikálna chémia]] [[sr:Физичка хемија]] [[sh:Fizička hemija]] [[su:Kimia fisik]] [[fi:Fysikaalinen kemia]] [[sv:Fysikalisk kemi]] [[th:เคมีฟิสิกส์]] [[vi:Hóa lý]] [[tr:Fiziksel kimya]] [[uk:Фізична хімія]] [[zh:物理化学]]