Pine 39389 225207960 2008-07-12T13:42:26Z 67.53.242.16 /* Morphology */ :''This article is about the tree. For other uses of the term "pine," see [[Pine (disambiguation)]]. {{Taxobox | name = Pine | image = Pinus pinaster.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Maritime Pine (''Pinus pinaster'') | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Pinophyta]] | classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = [[Pinaceae]] | genus = '''''Pinus''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = Subgenera | subdivision = * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Strobus]]'' * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Ducampopinus]]'' * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Pinus]]'' See '''[[Pinus classification]]''' for complete taxonomy to species level. See '''[[list of pines by region]]''' for list of species by geographical distribution. }} '''Pines''' are [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] [[tree]]s in the [[genus]] '''''Pinus''''', in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Pinaceae]]. They make up the [[monotypic]] [[subfamily]] '''Pinoideae'''. There are about 115 [[species]] of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species. ==Distribution== Pines are native to most of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. In [[Eurasia]], they range from the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Scotland]] east to the [[Russia|Russian Far East]], and the [[Philippines]], north to just over 70°N in [[Norway]] ([[Scots Pine]]) and eastern [[Siberia]] ([[Siberian Dwarf Pine]]), and south to northernmost [[Africa]], the [[Himalaya]] and [[Southeast Asia]], with one species ([[Sumatran Pine]]) just crossing the [[Equator]] in [[Sumatra]] to 2°S. In [[North America]], they range from 66°N in [[Canada]] ([[Jack Pine]]) south to 12°N in [[Nicaragua]] ([[Caribbean Pine]]). The highest diversity in the genus occurs in [[Mexico]] and [[California]]. Pines have been introduced in subtropical and temperate portions of the [[Southern Hemisphere]], including [[Chile]], [[Brazil]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]], where they are grown widely as a source of timber, and some species are becoming [[invasive species|invasive]]. ==Morphology== Pines are [[evergreen]] and [[resin]]ous [[tree]]s (rarely [[shrub]]s) growing to 3–80 m tall, with the majority of species reaching between 15-45 m tall. The smallest are [[Siberian Dwarf Pine]] and [[Potosi Pinyon]], and the tallest, [[Sugar Pine]]. Pines are long-lived, typically reaching ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the [[Great Basin Bristlecone Pine]] ''Pinus longaeva'', one individual of which at 4,840 years old in [[2008]] is one of the [[List of long-living organisms|oldest living organisms]] in the world. The [[bark]] of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaking bark. The branches are produced in regular "pseudo whorls", actually a very tight [[spiral]] but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point. Many pines are ''uninodal'', producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from [[bud]]s at the tip of the year's new [[plant stem|shoot]], but others are ''multinodal'', producing two or more whorls of branches per year. The spiral growth of branches, needles and cone scales are arranged in [[Fibonacci number]] ratios. The new spring shoots are sometimes called "candles"; they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then later turn green and spread outward. These "candles" offer [[forester]]s a means to evaluate [[fertility]] of the soil and vigour of the trees. ===Foliage=== [[Image:Pinus pinea.jpg|thumb|left|Juvenile (left) and adult foliage of [[Stone Pine]] (''Pinus pinea''), showing the dark brown scale leaves and needle leaves on an adult shoot]] Pines have four types of [[leaf|leaves]]: #''Seed leaves'' ([[cotyledon]]s) on seedlings, borne in a whorl of 4-24. #''Juvenile leaves'', which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, 2-6 cm long, single, green or often blue-green, and arranged spirally on the shoot. These are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer (and also produced later in life after injury in some pines). #''Scale leaves'', similar to bud scales, small, brown and non-photosynthetic, and arranged spirally like the juvenile leaves. #''Needles'', the adult leaves, which are green ([[photosynthetic]]), bundled in clusters (''fascicles'') of (1-) 2-5 (-6) needles together, each fascicle produced from a small [[bud]] on a dwarf shoot in the axil of a scale leaf. These bud scales often remain on the fascicle as a basal sheath. The needles persist for 1.5-40 years, depending on species. If a shoot is damaged (e.g. eaten by an animal), the needle fascicles just below the damage will generate a bud which can then replace the lost growth. ===Cones=== [[Image:Loblolly Pine.jpg|left|thumb|[[Loblolly Pine]] (''Pinus taeda''): male cones]] [[Image:Pine cone edit.jpg|right|thumb|A fully mature [[Monterey Pine]] cone on the forest floor.]] Pines are mostly [[Plant sexuality|monoecious]], having the male and female [[Conifer cone|cones]] on the same tree, though a few species are [[Plant sexuality|sub-dioecious]] with individuals predominantly, but not wholly, single-sex. The male cones are small, typically 1-5 cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their [[pollen]]. The female cones take 1.5-3 years (depending on species) to mature after [[pollination]], with actual fertilization delayed one year. At maturity the female cones are 3-60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds. The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are anemophilous (wind-dispersed), but some are larger and have only a vestigial wing, and are [[bird]]-dispersed (see below). At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but in some of the bird-dispersed species (e.g. [[Whitebark Pine]]), the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the ''fire climax pines'' (e.g. [[Monterey Pine]], [[Pond Pine]]), the seeds are stored in closed ("serotinous") cones for many years until a forest fire kills the parent tree; the cones are also opened by the heat and the stored seeds are then released in huge numbers to re-populate the burnt ground. [[Image:PineBeirut.jpg|thumb|Pine Forests Overlooking [[Beirut]], Lebanon]] ==Classification== Pines are divided into three subgenera, based on cone, seed and leaf characters: * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Strobus]]'' (white or soft pines). Cone scale without a sealing band. Umbo terminal. Seedwings adnate. One fibrovascular bundle per leaf. * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Ducampopinus]]'' (pinyon, lacebark and bristlecone pines). Cone scale without a sealing band. Umbo dorsal. Seedwings articulate. One fibrovascular bundle per leaf. * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Pinus]]'' (yellow or hard pines). Cone scale with a sealing band. Umbo dorsal. Seedwings articulate. Two fibrovascular bundles per leaf. ==Ecology== [[Image:Dead pines.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mountain pine beetle]]s killed these [[Lodgepole Pine]]s in [[Prince George, British Columbia]].]] Pines grow well in acid [[soil]]s, some also on calcareous soils; most require good soil drainage, preferring sandy soils, but a few, e.g. [[Lodgepole Pine]], will tolerate poorly drained wet soils. A few are able to sprout after forest fires, e.g. [[Canary Island Pine]]. Some species of pines, e.g. [[Bishop Pine]], need fire to regenerate and their populations slowly decline under fire suppression regimes. Several species are adapted to extreme conditions imposed by elevation and latitude; see e.g. [[Siberian Dwarf Pine]], [[Mountain Pine]], [[Whitebark Pine]] and the [[bristlecone pine]]s. The [[pinyon pine]]s and a number of others, notably [[Turkish Pine]], are particularly well adapted to growth in hot, dry [[desert|semi-desert]] climates. The [[seed]]s are commonly eaten by [[bird]]s and [[squirrel]]s. Some birds, notably the [[Spotted Nutcracker]], [[Clark's Nutcracker]] and [[Pinyon Jay]], are of importance in distributing pine seeds to new areas. Pine needles are sometimes eaten by some [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species (see [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on pines]]) and also the [[Symphyta]]n species [[Pine Sawfly]]. ==Uses== [[Image:Young pine trees.jpg|thumb|Commercial planting of young Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)]] Pines are among the most commercially important of tree species, valued for their [[timber]] and [[wood pulp]] throughout the world. In temperate and tropical regions, they are fast-growing [[softwood]]s that will grow in relatively dense stands, their acidic decaying needles inhibiting the sprouting of competing hardwoods. Commercial pines are grown in [[plantation]]s for timber that is denser, more resinous, and therefore more durable than [[spruce]] (''Picea''). Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, paneling and floors. The [[resin]] of some species is an important source of [[turpentine]]. See also [[pitch]]. Many pine species make attractive ornamental plantings for [[park]]s and larger [[garden]]s, with a variety of dwarf [[cultivar]]s being suitable for smaller spaces. Pines are also commercially grown and harvested for [[Christmas tree]]s. Pine cones, the largest and most durable of all [[conifer cone]]s are craft favorites. Pines boughs, always appreciated, especially in wintertime for their pleasant smell and greenery, are popularly cut for decorations. Pine needles serve as food for various [[Lepidoptera]]. See [[List of Lepidoptera which feed on Pines]]. ===Food uses=== [[Image:umbrella.pine.in.rome.arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Stone Pine]] ''Pinus pinea'' in a [[Rome]] ([[Italy]]) street]] {{main|Pine nut}} Some species have large [[seed]]s, called [[pine nut]]s, that are harvested and sold for cooking and baking. The soft, moist, white inner bark ([[vascular cambium|cambium]]) found clinging to the woody outer [[bark]] is edible and very high in vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[vitamin C|C]]. It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as a thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as [[Cuisine of Finland|pine bread]]. A tea made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as "tallstrunt" in Sweden) is high in vitamins A and C. ==Etymology== The modern [[English language|English]] name ''pine'' derives from [[Latin]] ''Pinus'' by way of [[French language|French]] ''pin''; similar names are used in other [[Romance languages]]. In the past (pre-19th century) they were often known as ''fir'', from [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] ''fyrre'', by way of [[Middle English]] ''firre''. The Old Norse name is still used for pines in some modern north European languages, in [[Danish language|Danish]], ''fyr'', in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], ''furu'', and ''Föhre'' in [[German language|German]], but in modern English, "fir" is now restricted to [[Fir]] (''Abies'') and ''[[Douglas-fir]] (''Pseudotsuga''). ==References== {{Commons|Pinus}} {{refbegin}} * Farjon, A. 1984, 2nd edition 2005. ''Pines''. E. J. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-13916-8 * Little, E. L., Jr., and Critchfield, W. B. 1969. ''Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (Pines)''. US Department of Agriculture Misc. Publ. 1144 (Superintendent of Documents Number: A 1.38:1144). * Richardson, D. M. (ed.). 1998. ''Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 530 p. ISBN 0-521-55176-5 * Mirov, N. T. 1967. ''The Genus Pinus''. Ronald Press, New York (out of print). * [http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm Classification of pines] * [http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - Pinus] {{refend}} {{Pinaceae}} [[Category:Pinaceae]] {{Link FA|pl}} [[ar:صنوبر]] [[az:Şam (ağac)]] [[bg:Бор]] [[ca:Pi (arbre)]] [[ceb:Pins]] [[cs:Borovice]] [[da:Fyrreslægten]] [[pdc:Beintbaam]] [[de:Kiefern]] [[et:Mänd]] [[el:Πεύκο]] [[es:Pinus]] [[eo:Pino]] [[eu:Pinu]] [[fr:Pin (plante)]] [[gl:Piñeiro]] [[ko:소나무속]] [[hsb:Chójna]] [[id:Tusam]] [[it:Pinus]] [[he:אורן]] [[ka:ფიჭვი]] [[la:Pinus]] [[lt:Pušis]] [[hu:Répafenyő]] [[nl:Pinus]] [[ja:マツ]] [[no:Furuer]] [[nn:Furu]] [[pl:Sosna]] [[pt:Pinheiro]] [[ro:Pin (arbore)]] [[qu:Pinu]] [[ru:Сосна]] [[simple:Pine]] [[sl:Bor (drevo)]] [[sr:Бор (биљка)]] [[fi:Männyt]] [[sv:Tallsläktet]] [[te:పైన్]] [[tr:Çam]] [[uk:Сосна]] [[yi:סאסנע]] [[zh:松屬]]