Pine Grosbeak
371779
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2008-05-17T17:46:28Z
Black Kite
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{{Taxobox
| name = Pine Grosbeak
| status = LC
| image = Pine grosbeak17.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption= Male Pine Grosbeak
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Fringillidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Carduelinae]]
| genus = '''''Pinicola'''''
| species = '''''P. enucleator'''''
| binomial = ''Pinicola enucleator''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
| range_map = Pinicola enucleator map.png
| range_map_width = 250px
| range_map_caption =Range/distribution map of the Pine Grosbeak.
<div style="text-align:left;"><big>{{Legend2|#84DAFA|Non-breeding range|border=1px solid #aaa}}; {{Legend2|#47C84F|Permanent range|border=1px solid #aaa}}</big></div>}}
The '''Pine Grosbeak''', ''Pinicola enucleator'', is a large [[finch]]. It is the only member of its [[genus]], ''Pinicola''. It is found in [[conifer]]ous woods across [[Canada]], [[Alaska]] and the western mountains of the [[United States]], and in northern [[Fennoscandia]]. Its diet consists mainly of seeds, buds, berries and insects.
==Taxonomy==
The Pine Grosbeak is the only member of its [[genus]] and represents an ancient divergence of the ancestors of the [[bullfinch|bullfinches]] (Arnaiz-Villena ''et al.'', 2001), diverging perhaps a dozen [[mya (unit)|mya]] during the [[Clarendonian]]. Given that the radiation of the bullfinches (which are only found in [[Eurasia]]) and the [[mountain finch]]es (also closely related: Marten & Johnson, 1986) started approximately at the same time in the interior of [[Asia]], it is possible that the Pine Grosbeak evolved in [[North America]]; possibly, its ancestors were wind-blown individuals of a proto-bullfinch which arrived via the northern [[Pacific]] as at that time the [[Bering Land Bridge]] was widely inundated.
[[image:Pine grosbeak18.jpg|left|thumb|Female Pine Grosbeak]]
==Description==
Adults have a long forked black tail, black wings with white wing bars and a large bill. Adult males have a rose red head, back and rump. Adult females are olive-yellow on the head and rump and grey on the back and underparts.
==Distribution and habitat==
The breeding habitat of the Pine Grosbeak is [[conifer]]ous woods across [[Canada]], [[Alaska]] and the western mountains of the [[United States]], and in northern [[Fennoscandia]]. They nest on a horizontal branch or in a fork of a conifer. This bird is a permanent resident through most of its range; in the extreme north or when food sources are scarce, they may [[bird migration|migrate]] further south. This species is a very rare vagrant to western [[Europe]].
==Ecology and Behavior==
===Diet===
The Pine Grosbeak forages in trees and bushes. It mainly eats seeds, buds, berries and insects. Outside of the nesting season, it often feeds in flocks.
==References==
* '''Arnaiz-Villena''', A.; Guillén, J.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; Lowy, E.; Zamora, J.; Varela, P.; Stefani, D. & Allende, L. M. (2001): Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. ''Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences'' '''58''': 1159–1166. [http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/~biolmol/publicaciones/crossbills.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{IUCN2006|assessors='''BirdLife International'''|year=2004|id=53483|title=Pinicola enucleator|downloaded=12 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
* '''Groth''', J. G. 1994. A mitochondrial cytochrome b phylogeny of cardueline finches. Journal für Ornithologie, 135: 31.
* '''Groth''', J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.
* '''Marten''', Jill A. & '''Johnson''', Ned K. (1986): Genetic relationships of North American cardueline finches. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''88'''(4): 409-420. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v088n04/p0409-p0420.pdf PDF fulltext]
==External links==
*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=8798 Pine Grosbeak videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
*[http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i5150id.html Pine Grosbeak - ''Pinicola enucleator''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
*[http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/pine_grosbeak_info.htm Pine Grosbeak Information and Photos] - South Dakota Birds and Birding
*[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Pine_Grosbeak.html Pine Grosbeak Species Account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
*[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?mode=stored&offset=48 Pine Grosbeak photo gallery] VIREO
==Further reading==
===Book===
* Adkisson, C. S. 1999. ''Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 456 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
===Thesis===
* Adkisson CS. Ph.D. (1972). ''AN ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND VOCAL GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN NORTH AMERICAN PINE GROSBEAKS, PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR (AVES)''. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
===Articles===
* Adkisson CS. (1977). ''Morphological Variation in North American Pine Grosbeaks''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''89''', no 3. p. 380-395.
* Adkisson CS. (1981). ''Geographic Variation in Vocalizations and Evolution of North American Pine Grosbeaks Pinicola-Enucleator''. Condor. vol '''83''', no 4. p. 277-288.
* Arnaiz-Villena A, Guillen J, Ruiz-de-Valle V, Lowy E, Zamora J, Varela P, Stefani D & Allende LM. (2001). ''Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches''. Cell Mol Life Sci. vol '''58''', no 8. p. 1159-1166.
* Babenko VG & Redkin YA. (1999). ''Ornithogeographical characteristics of the Low Amur basin''. Zool Zhurnal. vol '''78''', no 3. p. 398-408.
* Boev Z. (1999). ''Earliest finds of crossbills (genus Loxia) (Aves: Fringillidae) from Varshets (NW Bulgaria)''. Geologica Balcanica. vol '''29''', no 3-4. p. 51-57.
* Brotons L, Monkkonen M, Huhta E, Nikula A & Rajasarkka A. (2003). ''Effects of landscape structure and forest reserve location on old-growth forest bird species in Northern Finland''. Landscape Ecology. vol '''18''', no 4. p. 377-393.
* Davies C & Sharrock JTR. (2000). ''The European Bird Report: Passerines''. British Birds. vol '''93''', no 9. p. 415-427.
* Desgranges JL & Rondeau G. (1995). ''CHANGES IN THE BIRD COMMUNITIES OF A BALSAM FIR WHITE BIRCH FOREST FOLLOWING AN INSECT PEST EPIDEMIC''. For Chron. vol '''71''', no 2. p. 201-210.
* Dunn EH. (1989). ''Are Pine Grosbeaks Increasing at Bird Feeders in Ontario Canada''. Ontario Birds. vol '''7''', no 3. p. 87-91.
* Fuiimaki Y, Toda A & Yoshida S. (1979). ''Rosy Finch Leucosticte-Arctoa New-Record and Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator New-Record from Hidaka Mountains Central Hokkaido Japan''. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. vol '''11''', no 1. p. 67-69.
* Kinch B. (2006). ''Northern Shrike preys on Pine Grosbeak''. Ontario Birds. vol '''24''', no 3. p. 160-161.
* Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). ''Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds''. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol '''70''', no 4. p. 609-620.
* Mikaelian I, Ley DH, Claveau R, Lemieux M & Berube J-P. (2001). ''Mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in Quebec''. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol '''37''', no 4. p. 826-830.
* Mills A. (1986). ''Correlations among Winter Finch Numbers at Ottawa Canada 1958-1983''. Ontario Birds. vol '''4''', no 1. p. 30-32.
* Peck MK, Coady G, Binsfeld G & Konze KR. (2004). ''First documented nest record of Pine Grosbeak in Ontario''. Ontario Birds. vol '''22''', no 1. p. 2-8.
* Pittaway R. (1989). ''Pine Grosbeaks Using Bird Feeders''. Ontario Birds. vol '''7''', no 2. p. 65-67.
* Pittaway R. (1998). ''Two song types of the pine grosbeak''. Ontario Birds. vol '''16''', no 1. p. 38-39.
* Pruitt WO, Jr. (2005). ''Why and how to study a snowcover''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''119''', no 1. p. 118-128.
* Pulliainen E. (1979). ''On the Breeding of the Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator in Northeastern Finland''. Ornis Fennica. vol '''56''', no 4. p. 156-162.
* Pulliainen E, Saari L & Tunkkari P. (2002). ''Life strategy of Finnish pine grosbeaks Pinicola enucleator''. Aquilo Ser Zoologica. vol '''30''', p. 83-96.
* Spicer GS. (1978). ''A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae''. Journal of Parasitology. vol '''64''', no 5. p. 891-894.
* Stephen LJ & Walley WJ. (2000). ''Alcohol intoxication contributing to mortality in Bohemian Waxwings and a Pine Grosbeak''. Blue Jay. vol '''58''', no 1. p. 33-35.
* Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). ''Separation and identification of carotenoids in bird's plumage by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection''. Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Applications. vol '''670''', no 2. p. 337-348.
* Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). ''SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN BIRDS PLUMAGE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY DIODE-ARRAY DETECTION''. J Chromatogr B-Biomed Appl. vol '''670''', no 2. p. 337-348.
* Stradi R, Pini E & Celentano G. (2001). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: the complement of red pigments in the plumage of wild and captive bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula)''. Comp Biochem Physiol B-Biochem Mol Biol. vol '''128''', no 3. p. 529-535.
* Stradi R, Rossi E, Celentano G & Bellardi B. (1996). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: The pattern in three Loxia species and in Pinicola enucleator''. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology B. vol '''113''', no 2. p. 427-432.
* Svingen D & Rogers TH. (1994). ''Winter Season: December 1, 1993 - February 28, 1994: Idaho/Western Montana Region''. National Audubon Society Field Notes. vol '''48''', no 2. p. 228-229.
* Taylor P. (1979). ''Interspecific Vocal Mimicry by Pine Grosbeaks Pinicola-Enucleator''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''93''', no 4. p. 436-437.
* Taylor P. (1996). ''Winter songs of the Pine Grosbeak''. Blue Jay. vol '''54''', no 2. p. 82-84.
* Topp CM. (2004). ''EPSCoR graduate fellowship phase I, Alaska genomic diversity (2003-2004)''. Arctic Science Conference Abstracts. vol '''55''', no September 29.
* Virkkala R. (1987). ''Effects of Forest Management on Birds Breeding in Northern Finland''. Annales Zoologici Fennici. vol '''24''', no 4. p. 281-294.
* Virkkala R. (1991). ''Population Trends of Forest Birds in a Finnish Lapland Landscape of Large Habitat Blocks Consequences of Stochastic Environmental Variation or Regional Habitat Alteration''. Biological Conservation. vol '''56''', no 2. p. 223-240.
* Wolfe DFG. (1996). ''Opportunistic winter water acquisition by Pine Grosbeaks''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''108''', no 1. p. 186-187.
{{Commons|Pinicola enucleator}}
[[Category:Grosbeaks]]
[[Category:Pinicola]]
[[Category:Genera of birds]]
[[Category:Birds of Europe]]
[[Category:Birds of Canada|Grosbeak, Pine]]
[[Category:Birds of the United States|Grosbeak, Pine]]
[[Category:Native birds of Alaska|Grosbeak, Pine]]
[[Category:North American migratory birds|Grosbeak, Pine]]
[[cs:Hýl křivčí]]
[[de:Hakengimpel]]
[[fr:Durbec des pins]]
[[it:Pinicola enucleator]]
[[lt:Pušinė sniegena]]
[[hu:Nagy pirók]]
[[nl:Haakbek]]
[[ja:ギンザンマシコ]]
[[no:Konglebit]]
[[pl:Łuskowiec]]
[[fi:Taviokuurna]]
[[sv:Tallbit]]