Pine nut oil 5576632 215791699 2008-05-29T18:58:57Z DOI bot 6652755 Citation maintenance. Initiated by [[User:Tarun2k|Tarun2k]]. You can [[WP:DOI|use this bot]] yourself! Please [[User:DOI_bot/bugs|report any bugs]]. '''Pine nut oil''', also called ''pine seed oil'' or ''cedar nut oil'', is a pressed [[vegetable oil]], extracted from the [[Pine nut|edible seeds]] of several species of [[pine]]. == Culinary uses == Pine nut oil has a relatively low [[smoke point]], and is therefore not generally used during cooking. Rather, it is added to foods for "finishing", to add flavor.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pinenut.com/raw-foods-information.htm | title=Raw Foods Values and Information | publisher=[http://www.pinenut.com/ Goods from the Woods] | accessdate=2006-09-24 }}</ref> In [[Russia]] before the revolution of [[1917]], it was used for cooking during [[Lent]] when the eating of [[animal fat]]s was forbidden. At that time, ten percent of all hard currency in [[Russia]] was based on the trade of pine oil. Most of the trade was with [[France]], which traditionally uses nut oil in cooking. Pine nut oil is also reportedly an excellent bread preservative when a small amount is added to the [[dough]].<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0453E/X0453e12.htm | title=Non-wood forest products from conifers | chapter=Chapter 8: Seeds, Fruits and Cones | author=FAO | year=1995 }}</ref> == Medicinal uses == Pine nut oil has drawn recent attention for its [[medicinal properties]]. According to a study by Lipid Nutrition, the [[pinolenic acid]] contained in pine nut oil can help curb appetite by stimulating the release of [[cholecystokinin]], a [[hormone]] that functions as an [[appetite suppressant]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.webmd.com/content/article/120/113791.htm | title=Pine Nut Oil May Cut Appetite | author=Miranda Hitti | publisher=WebMD News | date=March 28, 2006 | accessdate=2006-09-30 }}</ref> The study showed that pine nut oil "boosts appetite suppressors up to 60% for four hours."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/04/060404085953.htm | title=Pine Nut Oil Boosts Appetite Suppressors Up To 60 Percent For 4 Hours | author=American Physiological Society | publisher=Science Daily | date=April 4, 2006 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> This property had already been understood in Siberia, where a handful of pine nuts or a tablespoon of pine nut oil has traditionally been taken with (or instead of) a meal when food is scarce to give a feeling of satiation.<ref name="siberia">{{cite web | url=http://www.siberiantigernaturals.com/extravirginpinenutoil.htm | title=Extra virgin pine nut oil | publisher=Siberian Tiger Naturals | accessdate=2006-09-30 }} Siberian Tiger Naturals sells cold-pressed oils from Siberia. </ref> Interest in the properties of [[pinolenic acid]] have led some researchers to explore methods of increasing the amount of this [[fatty acid]] in pine nut oil. Subsequent research showed that, in addition to suppressing appetite, pine nut oil also can reduce [[Low density lipoprotein|LDL]]s, yielding further health benefits.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16003808 | title=Selective increase in pinolenic acid (all-cis-5,9,12-18:3) in Korean pine nut oil by crystallization and its effect on LDL-receptor activity | author=Lee Jin-Wo, Lee Kwang-Won, Lee Seog-Won, Kim In-Hwan and Rhee Chul | date=2004 | journal=Lipids | volume=39 | issue=4 | pages=383–387 | doi=10.1007/s11745-004-1242-2 }}</ref> Pine nut oil also contains a high concentration of [[free radical]] scavengers, which help reduce oxidative damage that can lead to [[peptic ulcer]]s or [[gastritis]], according to clinical studies in [[Russia]] and [[China]]. As a result of such studies, pine nut oil is now considered a remedy for these conditions in both countries.<ref name="siberia"/>. == Triglyceride composition == One analysis of the [[triglyceride]] composition of pine nut oil showed the following composition:<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/pv27w44513w45767/ | title=Triglyceride Composition of Pinus sibirica Oil | author=V. I. Deineka and L. A. Deineka | journal=Chemistry of Natural Compounds | date=March, 2003 | volume=39 | issue=2 | doi=10.1023/A:1024857729235 | pages=171 }}</ref> {|class="wikitable" ! Fatty acid !! Percentage |- | [[Linoleic acid]] || align="right" | 49.0% ± 2.3 |- | [[Oleic acid]] || align="right" | 23.8% ± 2.1 |- | [[Pinolenic acid]] || align="right" | 17.1% ± 2.0 |- | [[Palmitic acid]] || align="right" | 6.3% ± 2.2 |- | [[Stearic acid]] || align="right" | 2.5% ± 0.1 |} == References == <references/> == External links == * {{cite web | url=http://www.ringingcedarsofrussia.org/infoE.php#articles | title=The Ringing Cedars of Russia | accessdate=2006-10-17 }} This commercial site, selling pine nut oil, contains a number of articles on the oil's properties. [[Category:Vegetable oils]]