Pineapple
56887
225749452
2008-07-15T06:00:13Z
AlexiusHoratius
2306142
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/121.216.55.171|121.216.55.171]] ([[User talk:121.216.55.171|talk]]) to last version by Halmstad
{{Copyedit|date=March 2008}}
{{Otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Pineapple
| image = Pineapple1.JPG
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = A pineapple, on its parent plant
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Poales]]
| familia = [[Bromeliaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Bromelioideae]]
| genus = ''[[Ananas]]''
| species = '''''A. comosus'''''
| binomial = ''Ananas comosus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) Merr.
| synonyms =
''Ananas sativus''
}}
The '''pineapple''' (''Ananas comosus'') is an edible [[tropical]] [[plant]] and [[berry/fruit]] (multiple), native to [[Uruguay]], [[Brazil]], and [[Paraguay]]. It is a medium tall (1–1.5 [[metre|m]]) [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] with 30 or more trough-shaped and pointed leaves 30–100 cm long, surrounding a thick [[plant stem|stem]]. The pineapple is an example of a [[multiple fruit]]: multiple, spirally-arranged flowers along the axis each produce a fleshy fruit that becomes pressed against the fruits of adjacent flowers, forming what appears to be a single fleshy fruit. The [[leaves]] of the [[cultivar]] 'Smooth Cayenne' mostly lack spines except at the [[leaf]] tip, but the cultivars 'Spanish' and 'Queen' have large spines along the leaf margins. Pineapples are the only [[bromeliad]] berry/fruit in widespread cultivation. It is one of the most commercially important plants which carry out [[Crassulacean acid metabolism]], or CAM photosynthesis.
==Etymology==
The name ''pineapple'' in English comes from the similarity of the berry/fruit to a [[pine]] [[Conifer cone|cone]].
The word "pineapple", first recorded in 1398, was originally used to describe the reproductive organs of conifer trees (now termed pine cones). When European explorers discovered this tropical fruit, they called them "pineapples" (term first recorded in that sense in 1664) because they resembled what are now known as pine cones. The term "pine cone" was first recorded in 1694 to replace the original meaning of "pineapple".<ref>Oxford English Dictionary entries for "pineapple" and "pine cones", 1971.</ref>
In the scientific binomial ''Ananas comosus'', ''ananas'', the original name of the berry/fruit, comes from the [[Tupian languages|Tupi]] (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) word for pine ''nanas'', as recorded by André Thevenet in 1555 and ''comosus'' means "tufted" and refers to the stem of the berry/fruit. {{Fact|date=October 2007}} Other members of the [[Ananas|''Ananas'' genus]] are often called pine as well by laymen.
[[Image:Ananas comosus flower.jpg|thumb|right|A pineapple flower in [[Iriomote]], [[Japan]].]]
In [[Spanish language|Spanish]] pineapples are called ''ananá'' ("''ananás''", in [[Spain]]) or ''piña'', principally in Hispanic American countries. (see the ''[[piña colada]]'' drink). Many European languages, including Polish, German, French, Italian, Catalan and Swedish use the native term ''ananas''. A large, sweet pineapple grown especially in Brazil is called ''abacaxi'' ({{IPA|/abaka'ʃiː/}}).{{Fact|date=October 2007}} In Tamil (Indian Ancient Language) is called "Annachi Pazham". In Bengali, pineapples are called "anarosh" and in Malayalam is it known "Kaitha Chakka". In Malay, pineapple is known as "nanas" or "nenas".
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==Wild pineapples==
Certain [[bat]]-pollinated wild pineapples, members of the [[bromeliad]] family, do the exact opposite of most flowers by opening their flowers at night and closing them during the day; this protects them from [[weevil]]s, which are most active during daylight hours.
==Fruit==
The fruitlets of a pineapple are arranged in two interlocking spirals, eight spirals in one direction, thirteen in the other; each being a [[Fibonacci number]]. This is one of many examples of Fibonacci numbers appearing in nature.
The natural (or most common) [[pollinator]] of the pineapple is the [[hummingbird]]. Pollination is required for seed formation; the presence of seeds negatively affects the quality of the fruit. In [[Hawaii]], where pineapple is cultivated on an agricultural scale, importation of hummingbirds is prohibited for this reason.
[[Image:pineapple field.jpg|thumb|right|A pineapple field in [[Veracruz (state)|Veracruz]], [[Mexico]].]]
At one time, most canned and fresh pineapples came from the cultivar 'Smooth Cayenne'. Since about 2000, the most common fresh pineapple fruit found in U.S. and European supermarkets is a low-acid hybrid that was developed in Hawaii in the early 1970s. Pineapple is commonly used in [[dessert]]s and other types of fruit dishes, or served on its own. Fresh pineapple is often somewhat expensive as the tropical fruit is delicate and difficult to ship. Pineapples can ripen after harvest, but require certain temperatures for this process to occur. The ripening of pineapples can be rather difficult as they will not ripen for some time and in a day or two become over-ripe, therefore, pineapples are most widely available canned. To tell if a pineapple is ripe at a grocery store, shoppers should make sure the "eyes," or markings on the fruit, are uniform in size from top to bottom.
==Dietary effects==
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Pineapple, raw | kJ=202| protein=0.54 g | fat=0.12 g | carbs=12.63 g | fiber=1.4 g | | sugars=9.26 g | iron_mg=0.28| calcium_mg=13 | magnesium_mg=12 | phosphorus_mg=8 | potassium_mg=115 | zinc_mg=0.10 | vitC_mg=36.2 | pantothenic_mg=0.205 | vitB6_mg=0.110 | folate_ug=15 | thiamin_mg=0.079 | riboflavin_mg=0.031 | niacin_mg=0.489 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }}
Pineapple contains a [[proteolytic]] [[enzyme]] [[bromelain]], which digests food by breaking down protein. Pineapple juice can thus be used as a marinade and tenderizer for meat. The enzymes in pineapples can interfere with the preparation of some foods, such as [[Gelatin dessert|jelly]] or other [[gelatin]]-based desserts. These enzymes can be hazardous to someone suffering from certain protein deficiencies or disorders, such as [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]. Pineapples should also not be consumed by those with [[Hemophilia]] or by those with [[kidney disease|kidney]] or [[liver disease]], as it may reduce the time taken to coagulate a consumer's blood.<ref>http://www.healthmad.com/Nutrition/Nutritional-Benefits-of-Pineapple.66001}}</ref>
There is evidence pointing to the anti-inflammatory benefits of bromelain. {{Fact|date=November 2007}} Because of this naturally occurring enzyme, the natural juice of a pineapple can, in substantial quantities, eat away at simple flesh structures like [[fingerprint]]s or ulcers. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
Consumers of pineapple have claimed that pineapple has benefits for some intestinal disorders; others claim that it helps to [[Induction (birth)|induce]] [[childbirth]] when a baby is overdue.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Adaikan | first = P. Ganesan | coauthors = Adebiyi, Adebowale | title = Mechanisms of the Oxytocic Activity of Papaya Proteinases | journal = Pharmaceutical Biology | volume = 42 | issue = 8 | pages = 646–655 | date = December 2004 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a725241824~db=all~order=page | doi = 10.1080/13880200490902608}}</ref>
Pineapple is a good source of [[manganese]] (91 %DV in a 1 cup serving), as well as containing significant amounts of [[Vitamin C]] (94 %DV in a 1 cup serving) and [[Vitamin B1]] (8 %DV in a 1 cup serving).<ref name="nd">[http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c20WZ.html Nutrition Facts for pineapple]</ref>
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==Cultivation history==
{{Refimprove|section|date=September 2007}}
[[Image:Charles-pineapple.jpg|thumb|right|[[Charles II of England|Charles II]] presented with the first pineapple grown in England (1675 painting by Hendrik Danckerts).]]
The pineapple spread from its original area (central South America) through cultivation, and by the time of [[Christopher Columbus]] (1492) it grew throughout South and Central America, southern Mexico and the Caribbean ([[West Indies]]). Columbus may have taken a sample back to Europe. The Spanish introduced it into the [[Philippines]], [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaii]] (introduced in the early 19th century, first commercial plantation 1886) and [[Guam]]. The fruit was successfully cultivated in European [[Greenhouse|hothouse]]s, and [[Pineapple Pit|pineapple pits]], beginning in 1720. Commonly grown cultivars include 'Red Spanish', 'Hilo', 'Smooth Cayenne', 'St. Michael', 'Kona Sugarloaf', 'Natal Queen', and 'Pernambuco'.
Pineapple cultivation by [[USA|U.S.]] companies began in the early 1900s on Hawaii. [[Dole Food Company|Dole]] and [[Del Monte]] began growing pineapple on the island of [[Oahu]] in 1901 and 1917, respectively. [[Maui Pineapple Company]] began pineapple cultivation on the island of [[Maui]] in 1909. In 2006, Del Monte announced its withdrawal from pineapple cultivation in Hawaii, leaving only Dole and Maui Pineapple Company in Hawaii as the USA’s largest growers of pineapples. Maui Pineapple Company markets its Maui Gold brand of pineapple and Dole markets its Hawaii Gold brand of pineapple. In 2005 Iceland started indoor commercial farming of pineapples through an extensive network of greenhouses near the volcanic ranges{{Fact|date=July 2008}}.
In the USA in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets were divided between Del Monte and [[Maui Land & Pineapple Company|Maui Land and Pineapple]]. Del Monte took 73-114, which it dubbed MD-2, to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996. (Del Monte also began marketing 73-50, dubbed CO-2, as Del Monte Gold). In 1997, Del Monte began marketing its Gold Extra Sweet pineapple, known internally as MD-2. MD-2 is a hybrid that originated in the breeding program of the now-defunct Pineapple Research Institute in Hawaii, which conducted research on behalf of Del Monte, [[Maui Land & Pineapple Company]], and Dole.
Southeast Asia dominates world production: in 2001 [[Thailand]] produced 1.979 million tons, the [[Philippines]] 1.618 million tons while in the Americas, [[Brazil]] 1.43 million tons. Total world production in 2001 was 14.220 million tons. The primary exporters of fresh pineapples in 2001 were [[Costa Rica]], 322,000 tons; [[Côte d'Ivoire]], 188,000 tons; and the Philippines, 135,000 tons.
In commercial farming, flowering can be artificially induced and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits.
==Pineapple reproduction==
Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new fruit-bearing plant will grow in a manner similar to that of a potato or onion, which will sprout from a cutting. Alternatively, if left alone, the plant will eventually fall to one side due to the weight of the fruit, and a new plant will grow out of the top of the pineapple.
==Cultivars==
*'Hilo': A compact 1–1.5 kg (2-3 lb) Hawaiian variant of 'Smooth Cayenne'. The fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers but no slips.
*'Kona Sugarloaf': 2.5–3 kg (5-6 lb), white flesh with no woodiness in the center. Cylindrical in shape, it has a high sugar content but no acid. An unusually sweet fruit.
*'Natal Queen': 1–1.5 kg (2-3 lb), golden yellow flesh, crisp texture and delicate mild flavor. Well adapted to fresh consumption. Keeps well after ripening. Leaves spiny.
*'Pernambuco' ('Eleuthera'): 1–2 kg (2-4 lb) with pale yellow to white flesh. Sweet, melting and excellent for eating fresh. Poorly adapted for shipping. Leaves spiny.
*'Red Spanish': 1–2 kg (2-4 lb), pale yellow flesh with pleasant aroma; squarish in shape. Well adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets. Leaves spiny.
*'Smooth Cayenne': 2.5–3 kg (5-6 lb), pale yellow to yellow flesh. Cylindrical in shape and with high sugar and acid content. Well adapted to canning and processing. Leaves without spines. This is the variety from Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in U.S. grocery stores. Both 73-114 and 73-50 are of this cultivar.
==Ethno-medical uses==
The root and fruit are either eaten or applied [[topically]] as an [[anti-inflammatory]] and as a [[proteolytic]] agent. It is traditionally used as an [[antihelminthic]] agent in the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Monzon | first = R. B. | title = Traditional medicine in the treatment of parasitic diseases in the Philippines | journal = Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 421–428 | publisher = Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization, Regional Tropical Medicine and Public Health Network, Bangkok, Thailand | date = 1995 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3030064 | id = {{ISSN|0125-1562}} | accessdate = 2007-02-12 | doi = 10.1080/13880200490902608}}</ref>
A root [[decoction]] is used to treat [[diarrhea]].
==Diseases of pineapple==
{{Main|List of pineapple diseases}}
Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases,<ref>[http://www.apsnet.org/online/common/names/pineappl.asp Diseases of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by [[mealybug]]s.<ref>Jahn, ''et al.'', 2003</ref> The mealybugs are generally found on the surface of pineapples, but can also be found inside the closed blossom cups.<ref>Jahn, 1995</ref> Other diseases include pink disease,<ref>[http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/pineapple/ APSnet Feature - Pink Disease of Pineapple<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> bacterial heart rot, and [[anthracnose]].
==Storage==
Pineapples, like [[banana]]s, are chill-sensitive. Therefore, they should not be stored in the refrigerator. They will, however, ripen if left outside of a refrigerator. <ref>[http://www.foodscience.csiro.au/refrigerated.htm Refrigerated storage of perishable foods: Food Science Australia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Uses in popular culture==
*In some cultures, the pineapple has become associated with the notion of [[welcome]], an association bespoken by the use of pineapple motifs as carved decorations in woodworking. Many people bring a pineapple as a gift when meeting someone for the first time. A modern reference occurs in the USA Network television program ''[[Psych]]'', in which the character [[Shawn Spencer]] is sometimes seen bringing people pineapples.
*The ending to [[Luis Buñuel]]'s ''[[Nazarín]]'' (1959) has the title character, Father Nazario ([[Francisco Rabal]]), receiving a pineapple as charity on his way to his execution.
*Popular cartoon character [[SpongeBob SquarePants (character)|SpongeBob SquarePants]] lives in a pineapple under the sea.
*In the [[Broadway theatre| Broadway]] [[Musical theatre|musical]] [[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]], Herr Schultz, an elderly [[Jew]]ish fruit-shop owner, gives Fräulein Schneider a pineapple as a gift in the song ''It Couldn't Please Me More''. This scene is the beginning of Fräulein Schneider and Herr Schultz's romance.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons|Ananas comosus}}
{{cookbook}}
*[http://www.nass.usda.gov/hi/fruit/pine.htm USDA Hawaii Agricultural Statistics] - Pineapple yields 2001-2005
* [http://www.levins.com/pineapple.html Social History of the Pineapple] - a look at the symbolism behind the pineapple
*[http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pineapple.html Pineapple Fruit Facts] - Information on pineapples from California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.
*[http://www.rachaelraymag.com/cooking-tips/how-to-cut-up-a-pineapple/article.html How to cut a pineapple]
* [http://www.deliciousasianfood.com/2007/10/02/pineapple-jam-for-pineapple-tarts/ Pineapple Tart Recipe]
* [http://www.deliciousasianfood.com/2006/08/30/pineapple-prawn-sambal/ Pineapple Prawn Sambal Recipe]
*[http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/pn48/pn48p8.htm The price of pineapples] - Pesticide pollution in Costa Rica
*FAO. [http://www.fao.org/es/esc/en/20953/21038/highlight_26407en.html Tropical Fruits Commodity Notes], 2003
*Francesca Beauman, 'The Pineapple', ISBN 0-7011-7699-7, publisher Chatto and Windus
*[http://www.philippineherbalmedicine.org/pineapple.htm Pineapple Nutrition]
*Jahn, G. C. 1990. The role of the big-headed ant in mealybug wilt of pineapple. In G.K. Veeresh, B. Malik, and C. Viraktamath [eds.] "Social Insects and the Environment." Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 614-615.
*Jahn, G. C. 1995. Gray pineapple mealybugs, ''Dysmicoccus neobrevipes'' Beardsley, found inside of pineapple fruit. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 32: 147-148.
*Jahn, Gary C., J. W. Beardsley and H. González-Hernández 2003. [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/95/1/36_9-28.pdf A review of the association of ants with mealybug wilt disease of pineapple.] Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 36:9-28.
*[http://www.healthdiaries.com/eatthis/20-facts-about-pineapples.html 20 Facts About Pineapples]
*[http://chewonthatblog.com/2007/12/17/how-to-cut-a-pineapple/ How to Cut a Pineapple Video]
[[Category:Bromeliaceae]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Accessory fruit]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[ar:أناناس]]
[[ay:Achupalla]]
[[bn:আনারস]]
[[zh-min-nan:Ông-lâi]]
[[bs:Ananas]]
[[bg:Ананас]]
[[ca:Ananàs]]
[[cs:Ananasovník chocholatý]]
[[da:Almindelig Ananas]]
[[de:Ananas]]
[[el:Ανανάς]]
[[es:Ananas comosus]]
[[eo:Ananaso]]
[[fr:Ananas]]
[[gl:Ananás]]
[[ko:파인애플]]
[[hsb:Ananas]]
[[hr:Ananas comosus]]
[[id:Nanas]]
[[is:Ananas]]
[[it:Ananas comosus]]
[[he:אננס]]
[[ht:Zannanna]]
[[la:Ananas comosus]]
[[lt:Valgomasis ananasas]]
[[hu:Ananász]]
[[mr:अननस]]
[[ms:Nanas]]
[[nah:Matzahtli]]
[[nl:Ananas]]
[[ja:パイナップル]]
[[pl:Ananas jadalny]]
[[pt:Ananás]]
[[qu:Chirimaway]]
[[ru:Ананас настоящий]]
[[simple:Pineapple]]
[[sk:Ananás pestovaný]]
[[sl:Ananas]]
[[sr:Ananas comosus]]
[[fi:Ananas]]
[[sv:Ananas]]
[[te:అనాస]]
[[th:สับปะรด]]
[[to:Fainā]]
[[tr:Ananas]]
[[uk:Ананас]]
[[zh-yue:菠蘿]]
[[zh:菠蘿]]