Pink salmon
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2008-07-02T09:22:38Z
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robot Adding: [[eo:Gorbuŝo]]
{{Taxobox
| name = Pink salmon
| image = Pink salmon FWS.jpg
| image_caption = Male pink salmon
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Salmoniformes]]
| familia = [[Salmonidae]]
| genus = ''[[Oncorhynchus]]''
| species = '''''O. gorbuscha'''''
| binomial = ''Oncorhynchus gorbuscha''
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], [[1792]])
}}
'''Pink salmon''' or '''humpback salmon''', ''Oncorhynchus gorbuscha'', (from a Russian name for this species gorbuscha--горбуша) is a [[species]] of [[Fish migration|anadromous]] [[fish]] in the [[Salmonidae|salmon]] [[family (biology)|family]]. It is the smallest and most abundant of the [[Oncorhynchus|Pacific salmon]].
== Appearance ==
In the ocean, pink salmon are bright silver fish. After returning to their spawning stream, their coloring changes to pale grey on the butt with yellowish white belly (although some turn an overall dull green color). As with all salmon, in addition to the [[dorsal fin]] they also have an [[Fish anatomy#Types of fins|adipose]] fin. The fish is characterized by a white mouth with black gums, no teeth on the tongue, large oval-shaped black spots on the back and v-shaped tail, and an anal fin with 13-17 soft rays. During their [[spawning]] [[Fish migration|migration]], males develop a pronounced humped back, hence their nickname "humpies". Pink salmon average 4.8 [[pound (mass)|pound]]s (2.2 [[Kilogram|kg]]) in weight.<ref>[http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/recfish/Species/pink_e.htm Fisheries and Oceans Canada species account] Retrieved [[2007]] [[October 16]]</ref> The maximum recorded size was 30 [[inch]]es (76 [[Centimetre|cm]]) and 15 pounds (6.8 kg).<ref>[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=240 Fishbase species account] Retrieved [[2007]] [[October 16]]</ref>
== Reproduction ==
[[Image:Pink salmon.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Male at spawning time]]
Pink salmon in their native range have a strict two year life cycle, thus odd- and even-year populations do not interbreed. Adult pink salmon enter spawning streams from the ocean, usually returning to the water course, or race, where they originated. Spawning occurs between late June and mid-October. Pink salmon spawn in coastal streams and some longer rivers, and may spawn in the intertidal zone or at the mouth of streams if hyporheic freshwater is available. Using her tail, the female digs a trough-shaped nest, called a redd, in the [[gravel]] of the stream bed, wherein she deposits her [[roe|eggs]]. As she expresses the eggs, she is approached by one or more males who fertilize them as they fall into the redd. Subsequently, the female covers the newly-deposited [[zygote]]s, again with thrusts of her tail against the gravel at the top of the redd. The female lays from 1000 to 2000 eggs in several clutches within the redd, often fertilized by different males. Females guard their redds until death, which comes within days of spawning. In dense populations, a major source of mortality for embryos is superposition of redds by later-spawning fish. The eggs hatch from December to February, depending on water temperature, and the juveniles emerge from the gravel during March and April and quickly migrate downstream to estuaries at about one-quarter gram. The fish achieve sexual maturity in their second year of life. They return to freshwater in the summer or autumn as two year old adults. Pink and [[chum salmon]] sometimes interbreed in nature to form the [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] known as the miko salmon; the hybrids are reproductively sterile.
== Habitat ==
[[Image:Pink salmon runs.PNG|right|thumb|Distribution and abundance of pink salmon in their native range]]
Pink salmon are [[coldwater fish]] with a preferred temperature range of 5.6 to 14.6°C, an optimal temperature of 10.1°C, and an upper incipient lethal temperature of 25.8°C. The species is native to [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] [[coast]]al waters from the [[Sacramento River]] in northern [[California]] to the [[Mackenzie River]] in [[Canada]]; and in the west from the [[Lena River]] in [[Siberia]] to [[Korea]]. Populations in [[Asia]] occur as far south as [[Honshū|Hondo Island]] in [[Japan]]. Pink salmon were introduced into the [[Great Lakes]]; this is the only location where they have been successfully introduced into an entirely fresh water environment. In the Great Lakes, they are most common in [[Lake Superior]] but are rare in [[Lake Michigan]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}}
== Conservation status ==
The pink salmon is critically imperiled in [[California]], and imperiled in [[Washington]]. In [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] they are secure.<ref>[http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Oncorhynchus+gorbuscha+ ''Oncorhynchus gorbuscha''] [[NatureServe conservation status]]</ref> And in the Great Lakes they have been introduced.{{fact|date=January 2008}}lillooet B.C.
== Commerce ==
The commercial harvest of pink salmon is a mainstay of fisheries of both the eastern and western North Pacific; over 100 million have been taken in recent annual harvests in Alaska alone.<ref>excerpts from Woodby ''et al'' [http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/geninfo/finfish/salmon/salmon_harvest.php#forecasts Commercial Fisheries in Alaska] June 2005. Retrieved [[2007]] [[October 16]]</ref> More than 20 million harvested pink salmon are produced by fishery-enhancement hatcheries, particularly in the northern Gulf of Alaska.<ref>[http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/geninfo/enhance/enhance.php Salmon Enhancement and Hatcheries] Retrieved [[2007]] [[October 16]]</ref> Pink salmon are not grown in significant numbers in fish farms. The fish are often canned, smoked or salted. Pink salmon roe is also produced commercially for [[caviar]], a particularly valuable product in Asia.
Beginning in the late nineteenth century, fish traps were used to supply fish for commercial canning and [[salting (food)|salting]]. The industry expanded steadily until [[1920]]. During the 1940s and 1950s, Pink Salmon populations declined drastically. Fish traps were prohibited in Alaska in [[1959]]. Now most pink salmon are taken with [[Seine (fishing)#Purse seine|purse seine]]s, [[drift net]]s or [[gillnet]]s. Populations and harvests increased rapidly after the mid 1970s and have been at record high numbers since the 1980s.
"[[Salmon pink]]" is a [[color]] named for the typically pink color of this fish's flesh. The color derives from their diet, which includes [[shrimp]] and [[krill]]. When the fish are mating, and thus shrimp and krill are hard to come by, it is common for them to eat red [[berries]] which preserves the color of the flesh.
==References==
* {{ITIS|ID=161975|taxon=Oncorhynchus gorbuscha|year=2006|date=30 January}}
* {{FishBase_species|genus=Oncorhynchus|species=gorbuscha|year=2005|month=10}}
* Bonar, S.A., G.B. Pauley, and G.L. Thomas. 1989. [http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/0099.pdf Species profiles, life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Northwest)--pink salmon]. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.88).
* Kingsbury, A. 1994. [http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/pink.php Pink Salmon], Alaska Department of Fish and Game
==Footnotes==
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{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Cold water fish]]
[[Category:Salmon]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Arctic freshwater fish]]
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Fish of Japan]]
[[Category:Oncorhynchus]]
[[de:Buckellachs]]
[[eo:Gorbuŝo]]
[[fr:Oncorhynchus gorbuscha]]
[[it:Oncorhynchus gorbuscha]]
[[nl:Roze zalm]]
[[ja:カラフトマス]]
[[no:Pukkellaks]]
[[pl:Gorbusza]]
[[ru:Горбуша]]
[[fi:Kyttyrälohi]]
[[uk:Горбуша]]