Pleuronectidae
2245845
215302691
2008-05-27T16:35:35Z
DOI bot
6652755
Citation maintenance. You can [[WP:DOI|use this bot]] yourself! Please [[User:DOI_bot/bugs|report any bugs]].
{{Taxobox
| name = Righteye flounders
| image = Pleuronectes platessa.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[European plaice]], ''Pleuronectes platessa''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Pleuronectiformes]]
| familia = '''Pleuronectidae'''
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
[[Eopsettinae]]<br/>
[[Hippoglossinae]]<br/>
[[Hippoglossoidinae]]<br/>
[[Lyopsettinae]]<br/>
[[Paralichthodinae]]<br/>
[[Pleuronectinae]]<br/>
[[Poecilopsettinae]]<br/>
[[Rhombosoleinae]]<br/>
For genera and species see text
}}
'''Righteye flounders''' are a family, '''Pleuronectidae''', of [[flounder]]s. They are called "righteye flounders" because most species lie on the sea bottom on their left side, with both eyes on the right side.<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase family | family = Pleuronectidae | month = February | year = 2006}}</ref>
Their [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[anal fin]]s are long and continuous, with the dorsal fin extending forward onto the head.
They are found on the bottoms of oceans around the world, with some species, such as the [[Atlantic halibut]], ''Hippoglossus hippoglossus'', being found down to 2,000 m. The smaller species eat sea-floor invertebrates such as [[polychaete]]s and [[crustacean]]s, but the larger righteye flounders, such as ''H. hippoglossus'', which grows up to 2.4 m, feed on other fishes and [[cephalopod]]s as well.
They include many important commercially fished species, including not only the various fish called [[flounder]]s, but also the [[European plaice]], the [[halibut]]s, the [[lemon sole]], the [[common dab]], the [[Microstomus pacificus|Pacific Dover sole]], and the [[fluke]]s.
== Classification ==
In some classifications the subfamilies [[Paralichthodinae]], [[Poecilopsettinae]], and [[Rhombosoleinae]] are raised to the level of families.<ref>{{cite journal | author = J. A. Cooper and F. Chapleau | year = 1998 | title = Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification | journal = Fish. Bull. | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 686–726}}</ref><ref>{{ITIS | taxon = Pleuronectidae | ID = 172859 | date = 2 April | year = 2006}}</ref>
According to [[FishBase]] there are 101 species in 41 genera and five subfamilies:<ref name="fishbase"/>
* Subfamily [[Eopsettinae]]
** Genus ''[[Atheresthes]]''
*** [[Kamchatka flounder]], ''[[Atheresthes evermanni]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904</small>.
*** [[Arrowtooth flounder]], ''[[Atheresthes stomias]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1880)</small>.
** Genus ''[[Eopsetta]]''
*** [[Shotted halibut]], ''[[Eopsetta grigorjewi]]'' <small>(Herzenstein, 1890)</small>.
*** [[Petrale sole]], ''[[Eopsetta jordani]]'' <small>(Lockington, 1879)</small>.
* Subfamily [[Hippoglossinae]]
** Genus ''[[Clidoderma]]''
*** [[Roughscale sole]], ''[[Clidoderma asperrimum]]'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1846)</small>.
** Genus ''[[Hippoglossus]]''
*** [[Atlantic halibut]], ''[[Hippoglossus hippoglossus]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>.
[[Image:Hippoglossus hippoglossus.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Atlantic halibut]], ''Hippoglossus hippoglossus'']]
*** [[Pacific halibut]], ''[[Hippoglossus stenolepis]]'' <small>Schmidt, 1904</small>.
** Genus ''[[Reinhardtius]]''
*** [[Greenland halibut]], ''[[Reinhardtius hippoglossoides]]'' <small>([[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792)</small>
[[Image:Reinhardtius hippoglossoides.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Greenland halibut]], ''Reinhardtius hippoglossoides'']]
** Genus ''[[Verasper]]''
*** [[Barfin flounder]], ''[[Verasper moseri]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1898</small>.
*** [[Spotted halibut]], ''[[Verasper variegatus]]'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1846)</small>.
* Subfamily [[Hippoglossoidinae]]
** Genus ''[[Acanthopsetta]]''
*** [[Scale-eye plaice]], ''[[Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi]]'' <small>Schmidt, 1904</small>.
** Genus ''[[Cleisthenes (genus)|Cleisthenes]]''
*** [[Sôhachi]], ''[[Cleisthenes herzensteini]]'' <small>(Schmidt, 1904)</small>.
*** ''[[Cleisthenes pinetorum]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904</small>.
** Genus ''[[Hippoglossoides]]''
*** [[Flathead flounder]], ''[[Hippoglossoides dubius]]'' <small>Schmidt, 1904</small>.
*** [[Flathead sole]], ''[[Hippoglossoides elassodon]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1880</small>.
*** [[American plaice]], ''[[Hippoglossoides platessoides]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1780)</small>
[[Image:Hippoglossoides platessoides.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[American plaice]], ''Hippoglossoides platessoides'']]
*** [[Bering flounder]], ''[[Hippoglossoides robustus]]'' <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]] & Townsend, 1897</small>.
* Subfamily [[Lyopsettinae]]
** Genus ''[[Lyopsetta]]''
*** [[Slender sole]], ''[[Lyopsetta exilis]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1880)</small>.
* Subfamily [[Paralichthodinae]]
** Genus ''[[Paralichthodes]]''
*** [[Peppered flounder]], ''[[Paralichthodes algoensis]]'' <small>Gilchrist, 1902</small>.
* Subfamily [[Pleuronectinae]]
** Tribe [[Isopsettini]]
*** Genus ''[[Isopsetta]]''
**** [[Butter sole]], ''[[Isopsetta isolepis]]'' <small>(Lockington, 1880)</small>.
** Tribe [[Microstomini]]
*** Genus ''[[Dexistes]]''
**** [[Rikuzen flounder]], ''[[Dexistes rikuzenius]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Embassichthys]]''
**** [[Deepsea sole]], ''[[Embassichthys bathybius]]'' <small>(Gilbert, 1890)</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Glyptocephalus]]''
**** [[Torbay sole|Witch]], ''[[Glyptocephalus cynoglossus]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>
[[Image:Glyptocephalus cynoglossus.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Witch (righteye flounder)|Witch]], ''Glyptocephalus cynoglossus'']]
**** [[Blackfin flounder]], ''[[Glyptocephalus stelleri]]'' <small>(Schmidt, 1904)</small>.
**** [[Rex sole]], ''[[Glyptocephalus zachirus]]'' <small>Lockington, 1879</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Hypsopsetta]]''
**** [[Diamond turbot]], ''[[Hypsopsetta guttulata]]'' <small>([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1856)</small>.
**** ''[[Hypsopsetta macrocephala]]'' <small>Breder, 1936</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Lepidopsetta]]''
**** [[Rock sole]], ''[[Lepidopsetta bilineata]]'' <small>([[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1855)</small>.
**** [[Dusky sole]], ''[[Lepidopsetta mochigarei]]'' <small>Snyder, 1911</small>.
**** [[Northern rock sole]], ''[[Lepidopsetta polyxystra]]'' <small>Orr & Matarese, 2000</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Microstomus]]''
**** [[Slime flounder]], ''[[Microstomus achne]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904)</small>.
**** [[Lemon sole]], ''[[Microstomus kitt]]'' <small>([[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792)</small>
[[Image:Microstomus kitt.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Lemon sole]], ''Microstomus kitt'']]
**** [[Dover sole]], ''[[Microstomus pacificus]]'' <small>(Lockington, 1879)</small>.
**** ''[[Microstomus shuntovi]]'' <small>Borets, 1983</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Pleuronichthys]]''
**** [[C-O sole]], ''[[Pleuronichthys coenosus]]'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854</small>.
**** [[Ridged-eye flounder]], ''[[Pleuronichthys cornutus]]'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1846)</small>.
**** [[Curlfin sole]], ''[[Pleuronichthys decurrens]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1881</small>.
**** [[Ocellated turbot]], ''[[Pleuronichthys ocellatus]]'' <small>Starks & Thompson, 1910</small>.
**** [[Spotted turbot]], ''[[Pleuronichthys ritteri]]'' <small>Starks & Morris, 1907</small>.
**** [[Hornyhead turbot]], ''[[Pleuronichthys verticalis]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1880</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Tanakius]]''
**** [[Willowy flounder]], ''[[Tanakius kitaharae]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904)</small>.
** Tribe [[Pleuronectini]]
*** Genus ''[[Kareius]]''
**** [[Stone flounder]], ''[[Kareius bicoloratus]]'' <small>(Basilewsky, 1855)</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Limanda]]''
**** [[Yellowfin sole]], ''[[Limanda aspera]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814)</small>.
**** [[Yellowtail flounder]], ''[[Limanda ferruginea]]'' <small>(Storer, 1839)</small>.
**** [[Common dab]], ''[[Limanda limanda]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>
[[Image:Limanda limanda.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Common dab]], ''Limanda limanda'']]
**** [[Longhead dab]], ''[[Limanda proboscidea]]'' <small>Gilbert, 1896</small>.
**** [[Sand flounder]], ''[[Limanda punctatissimus]]'' <small>([[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1879)</small>.
**** [[Sakhalin sole]], ''[[Limanda sakhalinensis]]'' <small>Hubbs, 1915</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Liopsetta]]''
**** [[Arctic flounder]], ''[[Liopsetta glacialis]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776)</small>.
**** [[Far Eastern smooth flounder]], ''[[Liopsetta pinnifasciata]]'' <small>(Norman, 1926)</small>.
**** [[American smooth flounder]], ''[[Liopsetta putnami]]'' <small>([[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1864)</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Parophrys]]''
**** [[English sole]], ''[[Parophrys vetulus]]'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854</small>.
[[Image:Parophrys vetulus 1.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[English sole]], ''Parophrys vetulus'']]
*** Genus ''[[Platichthys]]''
**** [[European flounder]], ''[[Platichthys flesus]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>.
**** [[Starry flounder]], ''[[Platichthys stellatus]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1788)</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Pleuronectes]]''
**** [[European plaice]], ''[[Pleuronectes platessa]]'' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small>.
**** [[Alaska plaice]], ''[[Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus]]'' <small>[[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814</small>.
*** Genus ''[[Pseudopleuronectes]]''
**** [[Winter flounder]], ''[[Pseudopleuronectes americanus]]'' <small>([[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1864)</small>.
**** [[Littlemouth flounder]], ''[[Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini]]'' <small>(Schmidt, 1904)</small>.
**** ''[[Pseudopleuronectes obscurus]]'' <small>(Herzenstein, 1890)</small>.
**** [[Cresthead flounder]], ''[[Pseudopleuronectes schrenki]]'' <small>(Schmidt, 1904)</small>.
**** [[Marbled flounder]], ''[[Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1877)</small>.
** Tribe [[Psettichthyini]]
*** Genus ''[[Psettichthys]]''
**** [[Pacific sand sole]], ''[[Psettichthys melanostictus]]'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854</small>.
* Subfamily [[Poecilopsettinae]]
** Genus ''[[Marleyella]]''
*** [[Comb flounder]], ''[[Marleyella bicolorata]]'' <small>(Basilewsky, 1855)</small>.
*** ''[[Marleyella maldivensis]]'' <small>Norman, 1939</small>.
** Genus ''[[Nematops]]''
*** [[Narrow-body righteye flounder]], ''[[Nematops chui]]'' <small>Fowler, 1934</small>.
*** [[Large-scale righteye flounder]], ''[[Nematops grandisquama]]'' <small>Weber & de Beaufort, 1929</small>.
*** [[Long-fin righteye flounder]], ''[[Nematops macrochirus]]'' <small>Norman, 1931</small>.
*** [[Small-mouth righteye flounder]], ''[[Nematops microstoma]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1880</small>.
*** ''[[Nematops nanosquama]]'' <small>Amaoka, Kawai & Seret, 2006</small>.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ichthyological Research | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | year = 2006 | pages = 223ff | title = ''Nematops nanosquama'', a new species of righteye flounder (Pleuronectiformes: Poecilopsettidae) from off the Marquesas Islands. | author = Amaoka, Kawai & Seret | doi = 10.1007/s10228-006-0337-3}}</ref>
** Genus ''[[Poecilopsetta]]''
*** ''[[Poecilopsetta albomaculata]]'' <small>Norman, 1939</small>.
*** [[Deepwater dab]], ''[[Poecilopsetta beanii]]'' <small>([[George Brown Goode|Goode]], 1881)</small>
[[Image:Poecilopsetta beanii.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Deepwater dab]], ''Poecilopsetta beanii'']]
*** [[Coloured righteye flounder]], ''[[Poecilopsetta colorata]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1880</small>.
*** ''[[Poecilopsetta dorsialta]]'' <small>Guibord & Chapleau, 2001</small>.
*** ''[[Poecilopsetta hawaiiensis]]'' <small>Gilbert, 1905</small>.
*** ''[[Poecilopsetta inermis]]'' <small>(Breder, 1927)</small>.
*** ''[[Poecilopsetta macrocephala]]'' <small>(Breder, 1936)</small>.
*** [[Fowler's large-scale righteye flounder]], ''[[Poecilopsetta megalepis]]'' <small>Fowler, 1934</small>.
*** [[African righteye flounder]], ''[[Poecilopsetta natalensis]]'' <small>Norman, 1931</small>.
*** ''[[Poecilopsetta normani]]'' <small>Foroshchuk & Fedorov, 1992</small>.
*** ''[[Poecilopsetta pectoralis]]'' <small>Kawai & Amaoka, 2006</small>.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ichthyological Research | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | year = 2006 | pages = 264 | title = A new righteye flounder, ''Poecilopsetta pectoralis'' (Pleuronectiformes: Poecilopsettidae), from New Caledonia. | author = Kawai & Amaoka | doi = 10.1007/s10228-006-0344-4}}</ref>
*** [[Tile-colored righteye flounder]], ''[[Poecilopsetta plinthus]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904)</small>.
*** [[Alcock's narrow-body righteye flounder]], ''[[Poecilopsetta praelonga]]'' <small>[[Alfred William Alcock|Alcock]], 1894</small>.
*** ''[[Poecilopsetta vaynei]]'' <small>Quéro, Hensley & Maugé, 1988</small>.
*** ''[[Poecilopsetta zanzibarensis]]'' <small>Norman, 1939</small>.
* Subfamily [[Rhombosoleinae]]
** Genus ''[[Ammotretis]]''
*** [[Shortfin flounder]], ''[[Ammotretis brevipinnis]]'' <small>Norman, 1926</small>.
*** [[Elongate flounder]], ''[[Ammotretis elongatus]]'' <small>(Yarrell, 1839)</small>.
*** [[Tudor's flounder]], ''[[Ammotretis lituratus]]'' <small>([[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1844)</small>.
*** ''[[Ammotretis macrolepis]]'' <small>McCulloch, 1914</small>.
*** [[Longsnout flounder]], ''[[Ammotretis rostratus]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862</small>.
** Genus ''[[Azygopus]]''
*** [[Banded-fin flounder]], ''[[Azygopus pinnifasciatus]]'' <small>Norman, 1926</small>.
** Genus ''[[Colistium]]''
*** [[New Zealand brill]], ''[[Colistium guntheri]]'' <small>(Hutton, 1873)</small>.
*** [[New Zealand turbot]], ''[[Colistium nudipinnis]]'' <small>(Waite, 1911)</small>.
** Genus ''[[Oncopterus]]''
*** [[Remo flounder]], ''[[Oncopterus darwinii]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1874</small>.
** Genus ''[[Pelotretis]]''
*** [[Southern lemon sole]], ''[[Pelotretis flavilatus]]'' <small>Waite, 1911</small>.
** Genus ''[[Peltorhamphus]]''
*** [[Speckled sole]], ''[[Peltorhamphus latus]]'' <small>James, 1972</small>.
*** [[New Zealand sole]], ''[[Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862</small>.
*** ''[[Peltorhamphus tenuis]]'' <small>James, 1972</small>.
** Genus ''[[Psammodiscus]]''
[[Image:Rhombosolea retiaria (Black Flounder).gif|thumb|right|240px|[[Black flounder]], ''Rhombosolea retiaria'']]
*** [[Indonesian ocellated flounder]], ''[[Psammodiscus ocellatus]]'' <small>(Starks & Thompson, 1910)</small>.
** Genus ''[[Rhombosolea]]''
*** [[Yellowbelly flounder]], ''[[Rhombosolea leporina]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862</small>.
*** [[New Zealand flounder]], ''[[Rhombosolea plebeia]]'' <small>([[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1843)</small>.
*** [[Black flounder]], ''[[Rhombosolea retiaria]]'' <small>Hutton, 1873</small>
*** [[Greenback flounder]], ''[[Rhombosolea tapirina]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862</small>.
** Genus ''[[Taratretis]]''
*** [[Derwent flounder]], ''[[Taratretis derwentensis]]'' <small>Last, 1978</small>.
== References ==
{{commonscat}}
<references/>
[[Category:Pleuronectidae| ]]
[[Category:Pleuronectiformes]]
[[da:Højrevendte fladfisk]]
[[de:Schollen]]
[[fr:Pleuronectidae]]
[[it:Pleuronectidae]]
[[lt:Plekšninės]]
[[hu:Lepényhalfélék]]
[[nl:Schollen]]
[[ja:カレイ]]
[[no:Flyndrefamilien]]
[[pl:Flądrowate]]
[[pt:Pleuronectidae]]
[[zh:鰈科]]