Pleuronectidae 2245845 215302691 2008-05-27T16:35:35Z DOI bot 6652755 Citation maintenance. You can [[WP:DOI|use this bot]] yourself! Please [[User:DOI_bot/bugs|report any bugs]]. {{Taxobox | name = Righteye flounders | image = Pleuronectes platessa.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = [[European plaice]], ''Pleuronectes platessa'' | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Pleuronectiformes]] | familia = '''Pleuronectidae''' | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = [[Eopsettinae]]<br/> [[Hippoglossinae]]<br/> [[Hippoglossoidinae]]<br/> [[Lyopsettinae]]<br/> [[Paralichthodinae]]<br/> [[Pleuronectinae]]<br/> [[Poecilopsettinae]]<br/> [[Rhombosoleinae]]<br/> For genera and species see text }} '''Righteye flounders''' are a family, '''Pleuronectidae''', of [[flounder]]s. They are called "righteye flounders" because most species lie on the sea bottom on their left side, with both eyes on the right side.<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase family | family = Pleuronectidae | month = February | year = 2006}}</ref> Their [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[anal fin]]s are long and continuous, with the dorsal fin extending forward onto the head. They are found on the bottoms of oceans around the world, with some species, such as the [[Atlantic halibut]], ''Hippoglossus hippoglossus'', being found down to 2,000&nbsp;m. The smaller species eat sea-floor invertebrates such as [[polychaete]]s and [[crustacean]]s, but the larger righteye flounders, such as ''H. hippoglossus'', which grows up to 2.4&nbsp;m, feed on other fishes and [[cephalopod]]s as well. They include many important commercially fished species, including not only the various fish called [[flounder]]s, but also the [[European plaice]], the [[halibut]]s, the [[lemon sole]], the [[common dab]], the [[Microstomus pacificus|Pacific Dover sole]], and the [[fluke]]s. == Classification == In some classifications the subfamilies [[Paralichthodinae]], [[Poecilopsettinae]], and [[Rhombosoleinae]] are raised to the level of families.<ref>{{cite journal | author = J. A. Cooper and F. Chapleau | year = 1998 | title = Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification | journal = Fish. Bull. | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 686–726}}</ref><ref>{{ITIS | taxon = Pleuronectidae | ID = 172859 | date = 2 April | year = 2006}}</ref> According to [[FishBase]] there are 101 species in 41 genera and five subfamilies:<ref name="fishbase"/> * Subfamily [[Eopsettinae]] ** Genus ''[[Atheresthes]]'' *** [[Kamchatka flounder]], ''[[Atheresthes evermanni]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904</small>. *** [[Arrowtooth flounder]], ''[[Atheresthes stomias]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1880)</small>. ** Genus ''[[Eopsetta]]'' *** [[Shotted halibut]], ''[[Eopsetta grigorjewi]]'' <small>(Herzenstein, 1890)</small>. *** [[Petrale sole]], ''[[Eopsetta jordani]]'' <small>(Lockington, 1879)</small>. * Subfamily [[Hippoglossinae]] ** Genus ''[[Clidoderma]]'' *** [[Roughscale sole]], ''[[Clidoderma asperrimum]]'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1846)</small>. ** Genus ''[[Hippoglossus]]'' *** [[Atlantic halibut]], ''[[Hippoglossus hippoglossus]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>. [[Image:Hippoglossus hippoglossus.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Atlantic halibut]], ''Hippoglossus hippoglossus'']] *** [[Pacific halibut]], ''[[Hippoglossus stenolepis]]'' <small>Schmidt, 1904</small>. ** Genus ''[[Reinhardtius]]'' *** [[Greenland halibut]], ''[[Reinhardtius hippoglossoides]]'' <small>([[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792)</small> [[Image:Reinhardtius hippoglossoides.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Greenland halibut]], ''Reinhardtius hippoglossoides'']] ** Genus ''[[Verasper]]'' *** [[Barfin flounder]], ''[[Verasper moseri]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1898</small>. *** [[Spotted halibut]], ''[[Verasper variegatus]]'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1846)</small>. * Subfamily [[Hippoglossoidinae]] ** Genus ''[[Acanthopsetta]]'' *** [[Scale-eye plaice]], ''[[Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi]]'' <small>Schmidt, 1904</small>. ** Genus ''[[Cleisthenes (genus)|Cleisthenes]]'' *** [[Sôhachi]], ''[[Cleisthenes herzensteini]]'' <small>(Schmidt, 1904)</small>. *** ''[[Cleisthenes pinetorum]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904</small>. ** Genus ''[[Hippoglossoides]]'' *** [[Flathead flounder]], ''[[Hippoglossoides dubius]]'' <small>Schmidt, 1904</small>. *** [[Flathead sole]], ''[[Hippoglossoides elassodon]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1880</small>. *** [[American plaice]], ''[[Hippoglossoides platessoides]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1780)</small> [[Image:Hippoglossoides platessoides.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[American plaice]], ''Hippoglossoides platessoides'']] *** [[Bering flounder]], ''[[Hippoglossoides robustus]]'' <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]] & Townsend, 1897</small>. * Subfamily [[Lyopsettinae]] ** Genus ''[[Lyopsetta]]'' *** [[Slender sole]], ''[[Lyopsetta exilis]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1880)</small>. * Subfamily [[Paralichthodinae]] ** Genus ''[[Paralichthodes]]'' *** [[Peppered flounder]], ''[[Paralichthodes algoensis]]'' <small>Gilchrist, 1902</small>. * Subfamily [[Pleuronectinae]] ** Tribe [[Isopsettini]] *** Genus ''[[Isopsetta]]'' **** [[Butter sole]], ''[[Isopsetta isolepis]]'' <small>(Lockington, 1880)</small>. ** Tribe [[Microstomini]] *** Genus ''[[Dexistes]]'' **** [[Rikuzen flounder]], ''[[Dexistes rikuzenius]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904</small>. *** Genus ''[[Embassichthys]]'' **** [[Deepsea sole]], ''[[Embassichthys bathybius]]'' <small>(Gilbert, 1890)</small>. *** Genus ''[[Glyptocephalus]]'' **** [[Torbay sole|Witch]], ''[[Glyptocephalus cynoglossus]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small> [[Image:Glyptocephalus cynoglossus.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Witch (righteye flounder)|Witch]], ''Glyptocephalus cynoglossus'']] **** [[Blackfin flounder]], ''[[Glyptocephalus stelleri]]'' <small>(Schmidt, 1904)</small>. **** [[Rex sole]], ''[[Glyptocephalus zachirus]]'' <small>Lockington, 1879</small>. *** Genus ''[[Hypsopsetta]]'' **** [[Diamond turbot]], ''[[Hypsopsetta guttulata]]'' <small>([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1856)</small>. **** ''[[Hypsopsetta macrocephala]]'' <small>Breder, 1936</small>. *** Genus ''[[Lepidopsetta]]'' **** [[Rock sole]], ''[[Lepidopsetta bilineata]]'' <small>([[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1855)</small>. **** [[Dusky sole]], ''[[Lepidopsetta mochigarei]]'' <small>Snyder, 1911</small>. **** [[Northern rock sole]], ''[[Lepidopsetta polyxystra]]'' <small>Orr & Matarese, 2000</small>. *** Genus ''[[Microstomus]]'' **** [[Slime flounder]], ''[[Microstomus achne]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904)</small>. **** [[Lemon sole]], ''[[Microstomus kitt]]'' <small>([[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792)</small> [[Image:Microstomus kitt.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Lemon sole]], ''Microstomus kitt'']] **** [[Dover sole]], ''[[Microstomus pacificus]]'' <small>(Lockington, 1879)</small>. **** ''[[Microstomus shuntovi]]'' <small>Borets, 1983</small>. *** Genus ''[[Pleuronichthys]]'' **** [[C-O sole]], ''[[Pleuronichthys coenosus]]'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854</small>. **** [[Ridged-eye flounder]], ''[[Pleuronichthys cornutus]]'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1846)</small>. **** [[Curlfin sole]], ''[[Pleuronichthys decurrens]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1881</small>. **** [[Ocellated turbot]], ''[[Pleuronichthys ocellatus]]'' <small>Starks & Thompson, 1910</small>. **** [[Spotted turbot]], ''[[Pleuronichthys ritteri]]'' <small>Starks & Morris, 1907</small>. **** [[Hornyhead turbot]], ''[[Pleuronichthys verticalis]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1880</small>. *** Genus ''[[Tanakius]]'' **** [[Willowy flounder]], ''[[Tanakius kitaharae]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904)</small>. ** Tribe [[Pleuronectini]] *** Genus ''[[Kareius]]'' **** [[Stone flounder]], ''[[Kareius bicoloratus]]'' <small>(Basilewsky, 1855)</small>. *** Genus ''[[Limanda]]'' **** [[Yellowfin sole]], ''[[Limanda aspera]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814)</small>. **** [[Yellowtail flounder]], ''[[Limanda ferruginea]]'' <small>(Storer, 1839)</small>. **** [[Common dab]], ''[[Limanda limanda]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small> [[Image:Limanda limanda.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Common dab]], ''Limanda limanda'']] **** [[Longhead dab]], ''[[Limanda proboscidea]]'' <small>Gilbert, 1896</small>. **** [[Sand flounder]], ''[[Limanda punctatissimus]]'' <small>([[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1879)</small>. **** [[Sakhalin sole]], ''[[Limanda sakhalinensis]]'' <small>Hubbs, 1915</small>. *** Genus ''[[Liopsetta]]'' **** [[Arctic flounder]], ''[[Liopsetta glacialis]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776)</small>. **** [[Far Eastern smooth flounder]], ''[[Liopsetta pinnifasciata]]'' <small>(Norman, 1926)</small>. **** [[American smooth flounder]], ''[[Liopsetta putnami]]'' <small>([[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1864)</small>. *** Genus ''[[Parophrys]]'' **** [[English sole]], ''[[Parophrys vetulus]]'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854</small>. [[Image:Parophrys vetulus 1.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[English sole]], ''Parophrys vetulus'']] *** Genus ''[[Platichthys]]'' **** [[European flounder]], ''[[Platichthys flesus]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>. **** [[Starry flounder]], ''[[Platichthys stellatus]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1788)</small>. *** Genus ''[[Pleuronectes]]'' **** [[European plaice]], ''[[Pleuronectes platessa]]'' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small>. **** [[Alaska plaice]], ''[[Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus]]'' <small>[[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814</small>. *** Genus ''[[Pseudopleuronectes]]'' **** [[Winter flounder]], ''[[Pseudopleuronectes americanus]]'' <small>([[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1864)</small>. **** [[Littlemouth flounder]], ''[[Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini]]'' <small>(Schmidt, 1904)</small>. **** ''[[Pseudopleuronectes obscurus]]'' <small>(Herzenstein, 1890)</small>. **** [[Cresthead flounder]], ''[[Pseudopleuronectes schrenki]]'' <small>(Schmidt, 1904)</small>. **** [[Marbled flounder]], ''[[Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1877)</small>. ** Tribe [[Psettichthyini]] *** Genus ''[[Psettichthys]]'' **** [[Pacific sand sole]], ''[[Psettichthys melanostictus]]'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854</small>. * Subfamily [[Poecilopsettinae]] ** Genus ''[[Marleyella]]'' *** [[Comb flounder]], ''[[Marleyella bicolorata]]'' <small>(Basilewsky, 1855)</small>. *** ''[[Marleyella maldivensis]]'' <small>Norman, 1939</small>. ** Genus ''[[Nematops]]'' *** [[Narrow-body righteye flounder]], ''[[Nematops chui]]'' <small>Fowler, 1934</small>. *** [[Large-scale righteye flounder]], ''[[Nematops grandisquama]]'' <small>Weber & de Beaufort, 1929</small>. *** [[Long-fin righteye flounder]], ''[[Nematops macrochirus]]'' <small>Norman, 1931</small>. *** [[Small-mouth righteye flounder]], ''[[Nematops microstoma]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1880</small>. *** ''[[Nematops nanosquama]]'' <small>Amaoka, Kawai & Seret, 2006</small>.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ichthyological Research | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | year = 2006 | pages = 223ff | title = ''Nematops nanosquama'', a new species of righteye flounder (Pleuronectiformes: Poecilopsettidae) from off the Marquesas Islands. | author = Amaoka, Kawai & Seret | doi = 10.1007/s10228-006-0337-3}}</ref> ** Genus ''[[Poecilopsetta]]'' *** ''[[Poecilopsetta albomaculata]]'' <small>Norman, 1939</small>. *** [[Deepwater dab]], ''[[Poecilopsetta beanii]]'' <small>([[George Brown Goode|Goode]], 1881)</small> [[Image:Poecilopsetta beanii.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Deepwater dab]], ''Poecilopsetta beanii'']] *** [[Coloured righteye flounder]], ''[[Poecilopsetta colorata]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1880</small>. *** ''[[Poecilopsetta dorsialta]]'' <small>Guibord & Chapleau, 2001</small>. *** ''[[Poecilopsetta hawaiiensis]]'' <small>Gilbert, 1905</small>. *** ''[[Poecilopsetta inermis]]'' <small>(Breder, 1927)</small>. *** ''[[Poecilopsetta macrocephala]]'' <small>(Breder, 1936)</small>. *** [[Fowler's large-scale righteye flounder]], ''[[Poecilopsetta megalepis]]'' <small>Fowler, 1934</small>. *** [[African righteye flounder]], ''[[Poecilopsetta natalensis]]'' <small>Norman, 1931</small>. *** ''[[Poecilopsetta normani]]'' <small>Foroshchuk & Fedorov, 1992</small>. *** ''[[Poecilopsetta pectoralis]]'' <small>Kawai & Amaoka, 2006</small>.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ichthyological Research | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | year = 2006 | pages = 264 | title = A new righteye flounder, ''Poecilopsetta pectoralis'' (Pleuronectiformes: Poecilopsettidae), from New Caledonia. | author = Kawai & Amaoka | doi = 10.1007/s10228-006-0344-4}}</ref> *** [[Tile-colored righteye flounder]], ''[[Poecilopsetta plinthus]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Starks, 1904)</small>. *** [[Alcock's narrow-body righteye flounder]], ''[[Poecilopsetta praelonga]]'' <small>[[Alfred William Alcock|Alcock]], 1894</small>. *** ''[[Poecilopsetta vaynei]]'' <small>Quéro, Hensley & Maugé, 1988</small>. *** ''[[Poecilopsetta zanzibarensis]]'' <small>Norman, 1939</small>. * Subfamily [[Rhombosoleinae]] ** Genus ''[[Ammotretis]]'' *** [[Shortfin flounder]], ''[[Ammotretis brevipinnis]]'' <small>Norman, 1926</small>. *** [[Elongate flounder]], ''[[Ammotretis elongatus]]'' <small>(Yarrell, 1839)</small>. *** [[Tudor's flounder]], ''[[Ammotretis lituratus]]'' <small>([[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1844)</small>. *** ''[[Ammotretis macrolepis]]'' <small>McCulloch, 1914</small>. *** [[Longsnout flounder]], ''[[Ammotretis rostratus]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862</small>. ** Genus ''[[Azygopus]]'' *** [[Banded-fin flounder]], ''[[Azygopus pinnifasciatus]]'' <small>Norman, 1926</small>. ** Genus ''[[Colistium]]'' *** [[New Zealand brill]], ''[[Colistium guntheri]]'' <small>(Hutton, 1873)</small>. *** [[New Zealand turbot]], ''[[Colistium nudipinnis]]'' <small>(Waite, 1911)</small>. ** Genus ''[[Oncopterus]]'' *** [[Remo flounder]], ''[[Oncopterus darwinii]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1874</small>. ** Genus ''[[Pelotretis]]'' *** [[Southern lemon sole]], ''[[Pelotretis flavilatus]]'' <small>Waite, 1911</small>. ** Genus ''[[Peltorhamphus]]'' *** [[Speckled sole]], ''[[Peltorhamphus latus]]'' <small>James, 1972</small>. *** [[New Zealand sole]], ''[[Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862</small>. *** ''[[Peltorhamphus tenuis]]'' <small>James, 1972</small>. ** Genus ''[[Psammodiscus]]'' [[Image:Rhombosolea retiaria (Black Flounder).gif|thumb|right|240px|[[Black flounder]], ''Rhombosolea retiaria'']] *** [[Indonesian ocellated flounder]], ''[[Psammodiscus ocellatus]]'' <small>(Starks & Thompson, 1910)</small>. ** Genus ''[[Rhombosolea]]'' *** [[Yellowbelly flounder]], ''[[Rhombosolea leporina]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862</small>. *** [[New Zealand flounder]], ''[[Rhombosolea plebeia]]'' <small>([[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1843)</small>. *** [[Black flounder]], ''[[Rhombosolea retiaria]]'' <small>Hutton, 1873</small> *** [[Greenback flounder]], ''[[Rhombosolea tapirina]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862</small>. ** Genus ''[[Taratretis]]'' *** [[Derwent flounder]], ''[[Taratretis derwentensis]]'' <small>Last, 1978</small>. == References == {{commonscat}} <references/> [[Category:Pleuronectidae| ]] [[Category:Pleuronectiformes]] [[da:Højrevendte fladfisk]] [[de:Schollen]] [[fr:Pleuronectidae]] [[it:Pleuronectidae]] [[lt:Plekšninės]] [[hu:Lepényhalfélék]] [[nl:Schollen]] [[ja:カレイ]] [[no:Flyndrefamilien]] [[pl:Flądrowate]] [[pt:Pleuronectidae]] [[zh:鰈科]]