Pleurothallis 216644 222339454 2008-06-28T20:32:22Z DOI bot 6652755 Citation maintenance. Formatted: pages. You can [[WP:DOI|use this bot]] yourself! Please [[User:DOI_bot/bugs|report any bugs]]. {{Taxobox | name = Bonnet orchid | image = Pleurothallis-sp.jpg | image_width = 250px | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Asparagales]] | familia = [[Orchidaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]] | tribus = [[Epidendreae]] | subtribus = [[Pleurothallidinae]] | genus = '''''Pleurothallis''''' | genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist)| R. Br.]], 1813 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = <center>More than 1200, see text</center> }} '''''Pleurothallis''''', abbreviated '''Pths''' in horticultural trade, is a [[genus]] of [[orchid]]s commonly named '''Bonnet Orchids'''. The genus name is derived from the Greek word 'pleurothallos', meaning 'riblike branches'. This refers to the rib-like stems of many species. This was a huge genus, which used to contain more than 1,200 [[species]] - the second largest in the [[Orchidaceae]] after ''[[Bulbophyllum]]''. In 2004, it decreased by more than half when many species were moved into new genera (''Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.'' 95: 256. Feb 2004). ==Distribution== It is a completely [[New World]] group and occurs from the southeast [[United States]] down into the [[tropics]] of [[South America]], with most species in the high [[Andes]] chain of cloud forest in [[Colombia]]. They grow in dry or wet, tropical or temperate climates. , ==Morphology== As a group they show a huge range in vegetative form, [[terrestrial plant |terrestrial]] or [[epiphyte|epiphytic]], and can be found as tall cane-like plants a metre or so high, clumped or trailing, pendent or climbing, erect or creeping, tufted and tiny, delicate moss-like species that can grow on the thinnest of twigs. But they have one common denominator: they all have two [[pollinium|pollinia]]. They have reduced their [[pseudobulb]]s and instead, some species have thick succulent leaves. Their flowers are among the most diverse and unusual, although often very small, and specialise in using tiny [[insect]]s such as [[gnat]]s or [[Chalcid]] wasps for [[pollination]]. ==Taxonomy== To bring some order in this extremely diverse genus, 29 subgenera and 25 sections had been created. Much of this work has been done by Dr. C. Luer of [[Missouri Botanical Garden|MOBOT]]. A new analysis, based on DNA testing, has confirmed on the whole the classification of the subtribe Pleurothallidinae, with however ''Pleurothallis'' as the main difference. This should not surprise anyone, since this somewhat artificial genus has been the dumping ground for species that did not fit into any other genus. New genetic insight has broken up this huge genus and made it more consistent with the principles of [[monophyletic]] genera and [[evolution|evolutionary]] relationships. Several times before, a splitting up has been attempted, but there were always too many intermediate forms. In 2004 the new genera ''[[Acianthera]]'', ''[[Ancipitia]]'', ''[[Antilla (orchid)|Antilla]]'', ''[[Apoda-prorepentia]]'', ''[[Areldia]]'', ''[[Atopoglossum]]'', ''[[Brenesia]]'', ''[[Crocodeilanthe]]'' were created, incorporating a large number of former ''[[Pleurothallis]]'' species (''Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.'' 95: 255. 2004 [Feb 2004]). The subgenera ''Pleurothallis'' and ''Specklinia'' are becoming separate genera, and the subgenus ''Acuminatae'' might become the proposed genus ''[[Anathallis]]''. Other allied genera include: ''[[Dracula orchid|Dracula]]'', ''[[Masdevallia]]'', ''[[Restrepia]]'' and ''[[Stelis]]''. <ref> [http://www.loujost.com/DNAFrameset/DNAanalysisDocument.htm Analysis of the DNA-Based Reclassification of the Pleurothallidinae] </ref> ==[[Synonymy]]== The following taxa: '''''Acronia''''' <small>[[C.Presl]]</small>, ''''' Andreettaea''''' <small>[[Carlyle August Luer|Luer]]</small>, '''''Centranthera''''' <small>[[Scheidw.]]</small>, '''''Colombiana''''' <small>[[Ospina]]</small>, '''''Cryptophoranthus''''' <small>[[Barb.Rodr.]]</small>, '''''Geocalpa''''' <small>[[Brieger]]</small> (nom. inval.), '''''Kraenzlinella''''' <small>[[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>, '''''Otopetalum''''' <small>[[Lehm.]] & [[Kraenzl.]]</small>, '''''Pabstiella''''' <small>[[Brieger]] & [[Senghas]]</small>, '''''Palmoglossum''''' <small>[[Klotzsch]] ex [[Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach|Rchb.f.]]</small>, '''''Phloeophila''''' <small>[[Hoehne]] & [[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small>, '''''Physosiphon''''' <small>[[John Lindley|Lindl.]]</small>, '''''Physothallis''''' <small>[[Garay]]</small>, '''''Pleurobotryum''''' <small>[[Barb.Rodr.]]</small>, '''''Pseudoctomeria''''' <small>[[Kraenzl.]]</small>, '''''Pseudostelis''''' <small>[[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small>, '''''Rhynchopera''''' <small>[[Klotzsch]]</small>, '''''Sarracenella''''' <small>[[Carlyle August Luer|Luer]]</small>, '''''Specklinia''''' <small>[[John Lindley|Lindl.]]</small> and '''''Talpinaria''''' <small>[[H.Karst.]]</small> are [[synonymy|synonyms]] of ''Pleurothallis''. ==Species== This is a long list, with about 1240 species. See [[List of Pleurothallis species]]. A few have common names : *''[[Pleurothallis angustifolia]]'' : Wilson's Bonnet Orchid *''[[Pleurothallis appendiculata]]'' : Hand Bonnet Orchid (now a synonym of ''Antilla appendiculata'' ([[Cogn.]]) Luer in 2004) *''[[Pleurothallis aristata]]'' : Forest Bonnet Orchid *''[[Pleurothallis domingensis]]'' : Guadeloupe Bonnet Orchid (now a synonym of ''Crocodeilanthe domingensis'' (Cogn.) Luer 2004) *''[[Pleurothallis immersa]]'' : Black Orchid - now a synonym of ''Specklinia immersa'' (Linden & Rchb.f.) Luer *''[[Pleurothallis oblongifolia]]'' : Ladies' Bonnet Orchid *''[[Pleurothallis obovata]]'' : South American Bonnet Orchid *''[[Pleurothallis pruinosa]]'' : Waxy Bonnet Orchid *''[[Pleurothallis pubescens]]'' : Hairy Bonnet Orchid *''[[Pleurothallis ruscifolia]]'' : Green Bonnet Orchid *''[[Pleurothallis segoviensis]]'' : Trout-fly Orchid - now synonym of ''Unciferia segoviensis'' (Rchb.f.) Luer == Notes == {{reflist}} {{Commons|Pleurothallis}} ==References== *Luer, Carlyle; 1986 - Icones Pleurothallidinarum III: Systematics of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae); Missouri Botanical Garden Press. *{{cite journal|author=Pridgeon, A., and M. Chase|year= 2001|title= A phylogenetic reclassification of Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae)|journal= Lindleyana|volume= 16|pages= 235–271}} ==External links== *[http://www.loujost.com/DNAFrameset/DNAanalysisDocument.htm Analysis of the DNA-Based Reclassification of the Pleurothallidinae] *[http://www.pleurothallids.com/ Orchids of the Pleurothallid Alliance] *[http://www.msu.edu/user/zablotn1/pleuros/genera/pleuro/pleuro.htm Photos] [[Category:Orchid genera]] [[Category:Plants and pollinators]] [[es:Pleurothallis]] [[lt:Griautenė]] [[pt:Pleurothallis]]