Politics of Hong Kong 13408 225358494 2008-07-13T07:34:01Z SmackBot 433328 Date the maintenance tags or general fixes {{Politics of Hong Kong}} '''Politics of [[Hong Kong]]''' takes place in a framework of a political system dominated by [[People's Republic of China]], its own legislature, the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] as the [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. On [[July 1]], [[1997]], [[Hong Kong]] returned to [[China|Chinese]] control, when the [[sovereignty]] of [[Hong Kong]] was [[Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|transferred]] to the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), ending more than 150 years of [[British Empire|British]] [[colonialism|colonial]] rule. Hong Kong became a [[Special Administrative Region]] (SAR) of the PRC with a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defence affairs. According to the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] ([[1984]]) and the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]], Hong Kong will retain its political, economic, and judicial systems and unique way of life and continue to participate in international agreements and organisations as a dependent territory for at least 50 years after retrocession. For instance, the [[International Olympic Committee]] recognises Hong Kong as a participating dependency under the name, "Hong Kong, China", separate from the [[People's Republic of China]]. ==Overview== In accordance with Article 31 of the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]], [[Hong Kong]] has [[Special Administrative Region]] status, which provides constitutional guarantees for implementing the policy of "[[one country, two systems]]".<ref>Wong, Yiu-chung. [2004] (2004). One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation. Lexington Books. Hong Kong. ISBN 0739104926.</ref> The government is economically liberal, but lacks [[universal suffrage]] for except for [[District Council]] elections and Legislative council seats for geographical constituencies. The head of government (the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]]) is elected indirectly through an [[Election Committee|electoral college]], the majority of whose members are appointed. The [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]], Hong Kong's constitutional document, was approved in March 1990 by [[National People's Congress]] of the PRC. On the other hand, Hong Kong enjoys an independent judiciary, and the legal system is based on the English [[common law]] system. The current legal system will stay in force until at least [[30 June]] [[2047]]. All permanent residents over 18 years of age are eligible to vote in direct elections for the 30 seats representing geographical constituencies in the 60-seat [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]. However, eligibility for certain indirect elections is limited to about 180,000 voters in 28 [[functional constituencies]] (composed of business and professional sectors), and the Chief Executive is elected by an 800-member [[electoral college]] drawn mostly from the voters in the functional constituencies but also from religious organisations and municipal and central government bodies. ==Government== {{main|Government of Hong Kong}} The [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] is the head of [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China]] and the executive branch. The Chief Executive is elected in a small-circle election by 800 electors; the Executive Council is entirely appointed by the Chief Executive. Since May 2008, an additional layer of political appointees was appointed by the Government. The legislative branch is the unicameral [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] (LegCo). The judicial branch consists of a series of courts, of which the [[court of last resort|court of final adjudication]] is the [[Court of Final Appeal]]. Hong Kong is represented in the [[National People's Congress]] by a delegation which is elected by a special electoral committee. ==Major political issues in recent years== [[Image:Article23Marchdemo.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A poster promoting the March for Democracy]] ===Right of Abode=== {{main|Right of abode issue, Hong Kong}} On [[29 January]], [[1999]], the Court of Final Appeal, the highest judicial authority in [[Hong Kong]] interpreted several Articles of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]], in such a way that the Government estimated would allow 1.6 million [[Mainland China]] immigrants to enter Hong Kong within ten years. This caused widespread concerns among the public on the social and economic consequences. While some in the legal sector advocated that the [[National People's Congress]] (NPC) should be asked to amend the part of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]] to redress the problem, the HKSAR Government decided to seek an interpretation to, rather than an amendment of, the relevant Basic Law provisions from the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] (NPCSC). The NPCSC issued an interpretation in favour of the Hong Kong Government in June 1999, thereby overturning parts of the court decision. While the full powers of NPCSC to interpret the Basic Law is provided for in the Basic Law itself, some critics argues this undermines [[judicial independence]]. [[Image:HKpoliticalstreet.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A number of [[Communist Party of China|anti-Communist party promotions]]]] ===[[Hong Kong July 1 marches|July 1 marches]] and [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23]]=== {{main|Hong Kong July 1 marches|Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23}} The Hong Kong July 1 march is an annual protest rally led by the [[Civil Human Rights Front]] since the 1997 handover on the [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day|HKSAR establishment day]]. However, it was only in 2003 when it drew large public attention by opposing the bill of the Article 23. It has become the annual platform for demanding universal suffrage, calling for observance and preservation [[civil liberties]] such as [[freedom of speech|free speech]], venting dissatisfaction with the [[Hong Kong Government]] or the Chief Executive, rallying against actions of the Pro-Beijing camp. In 2003, the HKSAR Government proposed to implement Article 23 of the Basic Law by legislating against acts such as [[treason]], [[Subversion (political)|subversion]], [[secession]] and [[sedition]].<ref name="Basiclaw23HK1">Basiclaw23HK. "[http://www.basiclaw23.gov.hk/english/pamphlet/pamphlet3_2.htm#1 Basiclaw23]." ''Treason, subversion and secession.'' Retrieved on [[2007-12-28]].</ref> However, there were concerns that the legislation would infringe human rights by introducing the mainland's concept of "national security" into the HKSAR. Together with the general dissatisfaction with the Tung administration, about 500,000 people participated in this protest. Article 23 enactment was "temporarily suspended"<ref name="Wyc">Wong, Yiu-Chung. One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation Since the Handover. Lexington books. ISBN 0739104926.</ref> [[Image:HKmarch1 13 2008pic3.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Political activists voicing their concern in the Jan 2008 protest]] ===Universal suffrage=== {{main|Democratic development in Hong Kong}} Towards the end of [[2003]], the focus of political controversy shifted to the dispute of how subsequent [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executives]] get elected. The [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45|Basic Law's Article 45]] stipulates that the ultimate goal is [[universal suffrage]]; when and how to achieve that goal, however, remains open but controversial. Under the Basic Law, electoral law could be amended to allow for this as soon as [[Hong Kong Chief Executive election, 2007|2007]] (Hong Kong Basic Law Annex .1, Sect.7). Arguments over this issue seemed to be responsible for a series of Mainland Chinese newspapers commentaries in February 2004 which stated that power over Hong Kong was only fit for "patriots." The interpretation of the NPCSC to Annex I and II of the Basic Law, promulgated on [[April 6]] [[2004]], made it clear that the [[National People's Congress]]' support is required over proposals to amend the electoral system under Basic Law. On [[April 26]], [[2004]], the Standing Committee of National People's Congress denied the possibility of universal suffrage in [[2007]] (for the Chief Executive) and [[2008]] (for LegCo). The NPCSC interpretation and decision were regarded as obstacles to the democratic development of Hong Kong by the democratic camp, and were criticized for lack of consultation with Hong Kong residents. On the other hand, the pro-government camp considered them to be in compliance with the legislative intent of the Basic Law and in line with the [[One country, two systems]] principle, and hoped that this would put an end to the controversies on development of political structure in Hong Kong. In 2007 Chief Executive Donald Tsang requested for Beijing to allow direct elections for the Chief Executive. He referred to a survey which said more than half of the citizens of Hong Kong wanted direct elections by 2012. However, he said waiting for 2017 may be the best way to get two-thirds of the support of Legislative Council.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-12-12-voa22.cfm|title=Hong Kong Leader Urges Beijing to Allow More Democracy, Suggests Delay in Direct Elections|publisher=[[Voice of America News]]|date=2007-12-12|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> The NPC replied that it would consider holding the 2017 Chief Executive elections and the 2020 Legislative Council elections by universal suffrage.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7163758.stm BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific |HK 'to elect its leader by 2017'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Resignation of Tung Chee-hwa and interpretation of Basic Law=== {{main|Tung Chee Hwa's resignation}} On [[March 12]], [[2005]], the Chief Executive, Tung Chee-hwa, resigned. Immediately after Tung's resignation, Tsang assumed the role of ''acting'' Chief Executive, which he stepped down from prior to putting himself forward as a candidate for the post of Chief Executive. Tsang was subsequently [[Hong Kong Chief Executive election, 2005|chosen]] to be the next Chief Executive. After Tung's resignation, there was dispute over the length of the term of the Chief Executive. To most local legal professionals, the length is obviously five years, under whatever circumstances.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} It should also be noted that the wording of the Basic Law on the term of the Chief Executive is substantially different from the articles in the PRC constitution concerning the length of term of the president, premier, etc. Nonetheless, legal experts from the mainland said it is a convention a successor will only serve the remainder of the term if the position is vacant because the predecessor resigned. The [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee]] of the [[National People's Congress]] exercised its right to interpret the Basic Law, and affirmed that the successor would only serve the remainder of the term. Many in Hong Kong saw this as an adverse impact on [[one country, two systems]], as the [[Central People's Government]] interpret the Basic Law to serve its need, that is, a two-year probation for Tsang, instead of a five-year term.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} ===Political Reform Package=== [[Image:P1020965.JPG|thumb|right|230px|Demonstration against reform package]] {{main|December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong}} On [[December 4]] [[2005]], people in Hong Kong demonstrated against [[Donald Tsang]]'s proposed reform package, before a vote on [[December 21]]. An estimated 250,000 turned out into the streets.<ref>Alliance.org.hk. "[http://www.alliance.org.hk/english/szetospeech.htm Alliance.org.hk]." ''Szeto Wah Speech.'' Retrieved on [[2007-12-29]].</ref> The march has sent a strong message to hesitant pro-democracy legislators to follow public opinion. The pro-government camp claims to have collected 700,000 signatures on a petition backing Mr. Tsang's reform package. This number, however, is widely seen as too small to influence pro-democracy lawmakers. The Reform Package debate has seen the return of key political figure and former Chief Secretary [[Anson Chan]], raising speculations of a possible run up for the 2007 Chief Executive election, though she dismissed having a personal interest in standing for the next election. In an attempt to win last minute votes from moderate pro-democracy lawmakers, the government amended its reform package on [[December 19]] by proposing a gradual cut in district councils appointed members. Their number would be reduced from 102 to 68 by 2008. It would then be decided in 2011 whether to scrap the remaining seats in 2012 or in 2016. The amendment has been seen as a reluctant response by Donald Tsang to give satisfaction to the democratic demands of the [[December 4]] demonstrations. The move has been qualified "Too little, too late" by pan-democrates in general. On [[December 21]], [[2005]], the reform political reform package was vetoed by the pro-democracy lawmakers. Chief Secretary [[Rafael Hui]] openly criticised pro-democracy [[Martin Lee]] and [[Bishop Zen]] for blocking the proposed changes. ===Political Appointments System=== {{main|Political Appointments System}} The 24 non-civil-service positions under the political appointment system comprise 11 undersecretaries and 13 political assistants.<ref name=nohurry>Bonnie Chen, [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=62467&sid=17880395&con_type=1&d_str=20080304&sear_year=2008 "No hurry to present new deputy ministers"], ''[[The Standard]]'', 4 March 2008</ref> The government named eight newly appointed [[Undersecretary|Undersecretaries]] on 20 May, and nine Political Assistants on 22 May 2008. The posts were newly created, ostensibly to work closely with bureau secretaries and top civil servants in implementing the Chief Executive's policy blueprint and agenda in an executive-led government. Donald Tsang described the appointments as a milestone in the development of Hong Kong's political appointment system.<ref name=highhopes>Diana Lee, [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=66142&sid=19014731&con_type=1&d_str=20080521&sear_year=2008 "High hopes for appointees"], ''[[The Standard]]'', 21 May 2008</ref> Controversies arose with the disclosure of foreign passports and salaries.<ref>Page A1, [[South China Morning Post]], 5 June, 2008</ref> Pressure for disclosure continued to mount despite government insistence on the right of the individuals to privacy: on 10 June 2008, newly-appointed Undersecretaries and political assistants, who had previously argued were contractually forbidden from disclosing their remuneration, revealed their salaries. The Government news release stated that the appointees had "voluntarily disclosed their salaries, given the sustained public interest in the issue."<ref name="disclose">[http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/administration/080610/print/080610en01002.htm "Political appointees disclose salaries"], Hong Kong Government, 10 June 2008, retrieved 2008-06-12</ref> ==Other political issues since 1997== [[Image:HK Victoria Park Cable TV HK RTHK Free Ching Cheong.JPG|thumb|right|A "free [[Ching Cheong]]" poster]] {|class="wikitable" ! width=10% | Year ! width=80% | Event |- | '''2001''' || [[Yeung Kwong#The Grand Bauhinia Medal controversy|The Grand bauhinia medal controversy]] with the award going to [[Yeung Kwong]] a supporter of the [[Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots]].<ref>Chan, Ming K. So, Alvin Y. White III, Lynn T. [2002] (2002). Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765610000.</ref> |- | '''2003''' || [[Central_and_Wan_Chai_Reclamation#Controversy|Central and Wan Chai Reclamation Controversy]] |- | '''2005''' || Arrest of journalist [[Ching Cheong]] by the [[People's Republic of China]] on spying charges. |- | '''2006''' || Aborted proposal to introduce a [[Goods and Services Tax (Hong Kong)|Goods and Services Tax]]. |- | '''2007''' || Battle for conservation of [[Edinburgh_Place_Ferry_Pier#Relocation|Star Ferry Pier]] and [[Queen%27s_Pier#The_Pier.27s_future|Queen's Pier]]. |- | '''2007''' || [[Szeto Wah]]'s selective [[persecution]] at [[Hong Kong Citizen Radio#Citizen's radio broadcast incident|Citizen's radio incident]]. |- | '''2008''' || Arrest of writer [[Lü Gengsong]] by the [[People's Republic of China]]. His book ''"Corrupted Officials in China"'' was available in HK in 2000. |- | '''2008''' || Actress [[Liza Wang]] reaches out to [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] to [[Liza Wang#Pan-democrat home return permits request|unban the democrats]], [[Pro-democracy]] [[Leung Kwok-hung|Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair)]] [[Leung Kwok-hung#Denied to Sichuan|denied to Sichuan]]. |- |} ==Nationality and citizenship== ===Chinese nationality=== {{main|Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China|HKSAR passport}} Before and after the [[Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|handover]], the PRC recognizes the ethnic Chinese people in Hong Kong as its [[Chinese nationality law|citizens]]. The PRC issues [[Home Return Permit]]s for them to enter the mainland China. Hong Kong issues the [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport|HKSAR passport]] through its Immigration Department<ref>GovHK. "[http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/immigration/traveldoc/hksarpassport/index.htm GovHK]." ''HK SAR passport.'' Retrieved on [[2007-12-28]].</ref>. to all PRC citizens who are permanent residents of Hong Kong fitting the [[right of abode]] rule. The HKSAR passport is not the same as the ordinary [[People's Republic of China passport|PRC passport]], which is issued to residents of [[mainland China]]. Only permanent residents of Hong Kong who are PRC citizens are eligible to apply. To acquire the status of permanent resident one has to have "ordinarily resided" in Hong Kong for a period of seven years and adopted Hong Kong as their permanent home. Therefore, citizenships rights enjoyed by residents of [[mainland China]] and residents Hong Kong are differentiated even though both hold the same citizenship. Interestingly, new immigrants from mainland China (still possess Chinese Citizenship) to Hong Kong are denied from getting PRC passport from the mainland authorities, and are not eligible to apply for an HKSAR passport. They usually hold the [[Document of Identity]] (DI) as the travel document, until the permanent resident status is obtained after seven years of residence. [[Naturalisation]] as a PRC Citizen is common among ethnic Chinese people in Hong Kong who are not PRC Citizens. Some who have surrendered their [[Chinese nationality law|PRC citizenship]], usually those who have emigrated to foreign countries and have retained the permanent resident status, can apply for PRC citizenship at the Immigration Department, though they must renounce their original nationality in order to acquire the PRC citizenship. Naturalisation of persons of non-Chinese ethnicity are rare because China does not allow dual citizenship and becoming a Chinese citizen requires the renouncement of other passports. A notable example is [[Michael Rowse]], a permanent resident of Hong Kong and the current Director-General of Investment Promotion of Hong Kong Government, naturalised and became a PRC citizen, for the offices of secretaries of the [[Government of Hong Kong|policy bureaux]] are only open to PRC citizens. In 2008, a row erupted over [[Political Appointments System|political appointees]]. Five newly appointed [[Undersecretary|Undersecretaries]] declared that they were in the process of renouncing foreign citizenship as at 4 June 2008, citing [[public opinion]] as an overriding factor, and one Assistant had initiated the renunciation process. This was done despite there being no legal or constitutional barrier for officials at this level of government to have foreign nationality.<ref name=giveup>{{cite journal|author= Ambrose Wong ''et al''|title=Deputy Ministers give up passports"|publisher= ''[[South China Morning Post]]''|date= 5 June 2008}}</ref> ===British nationality=== {{main|British nationality law and Hong Kong}} Hong Kong residents who were born in Hong Kong in the colonial era (about 3.5 million) could acquire the British Dependent Territories citizenship (BDTC). HK residents who were not born in Hong Kong could also naturalize as a BDTC before the handover. To allow them to retain the status of British national while preventing a possible flood of immigrants from Hong Kong, the United Kingdom created a new nationality status, [[British National (Overseas)]] (BN(O)) that Hong Kong British Dependent Territories citizens could apply for. Holders of the BN(O) passports, however, have no right of abode in the UK. See [[British nationality law and Hong Kong]] for details. British National (Overseas) status was given effect by the [http://www.britishcitizen.info/HKBNO1986.pdf Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986]. Article 4(1) of the Order provided that on and after [[1 July]] [[1987]], there would be a new form of British nationality, the holders of which would be known as British Nationals (Overseas). Article 4(2) of the Order provided that adults and minors who had a connection to Hong Kong were entitled to make an application to become British Nationals (Overseas) by ''registration''. Becoming a British National (Overseas) was therefore not an automatic or involuntary process and indeed many eligible people who had the requisite connection with Hong Kong never applied to become British Nationals (Overseas). Acquisition of the new status had to be voluntary and therefore a conscious act. To make it involuntary or automatic would have been contrary to the assurances given to the Chinese government which led to the words "eligible to" being used in paragraph (a) of the [http://www.info.gov.hk/trans/jd/jd6.htm United Kingdom Memorandum] to the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]]. The deadline for applications passed in 1997. Any person who failed to register as a British Nationals (Overseas) by [[1 July]] [[1997]] and were eligible to become PRC citizens became solely PRC citizens on [[1 July]] [[1997]]. However, any person who would be rendered stateless by failure to register as a British Nationals (Overseas) automatically became a British Overseas citizen under [http://www.britishcitizen.info/StatelessReductionProvisions.pdf article 6(1) of the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986]. After the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]], people urged the British Government to grant full British citizenship to all Hong Kong BDTCs — but this request was never accepted. However, it was considered necessary to devise a [[British Nationality Selection Scheme]] to enable some of the population to obtain British citizenship. The United Kingdom made provision to grant citizenship to 50,000 families whose presence was important to the future of Hong Kong under the [http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/Ukpga_19900034_en_1.htm British Nationality Act (Hong Kong) 1990]. After reunification, all PRC citizens with the right of abode in Hong Kong (holding Hong Kong permanent identity cards) are eligible to apply for the HKSAR passport issued by the Hong Kong Immigration Department. As the visa-free-visit destinations of the HKSAR passport are very similar with that of a BN(O) passport and the application fee for the former is much lower (see articles [[HKSAR passport]] and [[British passport]] for comparison and verification), the HKSAR passport is becoming more popular among residents of Hong Kong. Hong Kong residents who were not born in Hong Kong (and had not naturalised as a BDTC) could only apply for the [[Certificate of identity]] (CI) from the colonial government as travel document. They are not issued (by neither the British nor Chinese authorities) after handover. Former CI holders holding PRC Citizenship (e.g. born in mainland China or Macau) and are permanent residents of Hong Kong are now eligible for the HKSAR passports, making the HKSAR passports more popular. Recent changes to India's Citizenship Act, 1955 (see [[Indian nationality law]]) will also allow some [http://www.britishcitizen.info/ children of Indian origin, born in Hong Kong after [[7 January]] [[2004]]], who have a solely BN(O) parent to automatically acquire British Overseas citizenship at birth under the provisions for reducing statelessness in [http://www.britishcitizen.info/StatelessReductionProvisions.pdf article 6(2) or 6(3) of the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986]. If they have acquired no other nationality after birth, they will be entitled to [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds04/text/41220w04.htm#column_WA123 subsequently register for full British citizenship] with right of abode in the UK. See also: [[British nationality law and Hong Kong]], [[nationality]], [[citizenship]] ==Political parties and elections== {{elect|List of political parties in Hong Kong|Elections in Hong Kong}} {{main|Hong Kong legislative election, 2004}} {{Hong Kong legislative election, 2004}} The four main political parties are as follows. Each holds a significant portion of LegCo. Twelve members are registered as affiliated with the DAB, ten with the Liberal Party, nine with the Democratic Party and six with the Civic Party. There are also many unofficial party members: politicians who are members of political parties but have not registered such status in their election applications. There are two major blocs: the democratic camp and the pro-government camp. * [[Civic Party]] ([[Kuan Hsin-chi]], chairman) * [[Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong]] (DAB) ([[Tam Yiu Chung]], chairman) * [[Democratic Party (Hong Kong)|Democratic Party]] ([[Albert Ho]], chairman) * [[Liberal Party (Hong Kong)|Liberal Party]] ([[James Tien|James Tien Pei-chun]], chairman) ''Others include:'' * [[Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood]] ([[Frederick Fung Kin-kee]], chairman) * [[Citizens Party (Hong Kong)|Citizens Party]] (Alex Chan Kai-chung, chairperson) * [[The Frontier (Hong Kong)|The Frontier]] ([[Emily Lau Wai-hing]], convenor) * [[Hong Kong Progressive Alliance]] ([[Ambrose Lau Hon-chuen]], chairman) (merged with the DAB [[16 February]] [[2005]]) * [[Hong Kong Frontline]] (Mr. Chong, chairman) * [[League of Social Democrats]] ([[Raymond Wong Yuk Man|Raymond Wong]], chairman) * [[Southern Democratic Alliance]] ([[James Lung Wai Man|James Lung]], chairman) ==Political pressure groups and leaders== * [http://www.cgcc.org.hk Chinese General Chamber of Commerce] * [http://www.cma.org.hk Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong] * [[Confederation of Trade Unions|Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions]] ([http://www.labour.org.hk/can_lau.html Lau Chin-shek], President; [http://www.labour.org.hk/can_lee.html Lee Cheuk-yan], General Secretary) * [http://www.fhki.org.hk Federation of Hong Kong Industries] * [[Hong Kong Federation of Students]] * [[International Action]] * [[Federation of Trade Unions|Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions]] ([http://www.info.gov.hk/ce/exco/eng/members.htm#ytcheng Cheng Yiu-tong], President) * [[The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China]] ([[Szeto Wah]], Chairman) * Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council * [http://www.chamber.org.hk Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce] * [http://www.hkptu.org Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union]([http://www.cheungmankwong.org.hk Cheung Man-kwong], President) * Liberal Democratic Federation (Hu Fa-kuang, Chairman) * [[Anson Chan]], Convener of her Core Group ==References== {{reflist}} ==See also== {{portal|Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR Regional Emblem.svg}} * [[Politics of China]] * [[Politics of the People's Republic of China]] * [[PRC United Front strategy]] * [[Foreign relations of Hong Kong]] * [[One country, two systems]] * [[Principal Officials Accountability System]] * [[Political Appointments System]] * [[District Council of Hong Kong]] ==External links== * [http://www.info.gov.hk HKSAR Government web site] * [http://www.info.gov.hk/ce/exco/eng/members.htm Executive Council] * [http://www.legco.gov.hk Legislative Council] * [http://www.olympicwatch.org/news.php?id=63 Olympic Watch (Committee for the 2008 Olympic Games in a Free and Democratic Country) on the status of Hong Kong] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sVgQ3_7R9A Sight & Sound of a recent protest march] {{Hong Kong parties}} [[Category:Politics of Hong Kong|*]] [[he:פוליטיקה של הונג קונג]] [[ja:香港の政治]] [[zh-yue:香港政治]] [[zh:香港政治]]