Polycarbonate
536313
226076345
2008-07-16T18:49:06Z
ChemGardener
423122
[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225778653 by [[Special:Contributions/219.87.90.12|219.87.90.12]] ([[User talk:219.87.90.12|talk]]) - remove spam link
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<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#cccccc">'''Polycarbonate'''</th></tr>
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Polycarbonate_forula.gif|300px|thumb|Repeating chemical structure unit of Polycarbonate made from Bisphenol A]] -->
<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#cccccc">'''Physical Properties'''</th></tr>
<tr><td>[[Density|Density (ρ)]]</td><td>1200-1220 [[Kilogram per cubic metre|kg/m³]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Abbe number|Abbe number (V)]]</td><td>34.0</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Refractive index|Refractive index (n)]]</td><td>[[List of indices of refraction|1.584-6]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Flammability]]</td><td>V0-V2</td></tr>
<tr><td>Limiting [[oxygen]] index</td><td>25-27%</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Hydroxyl ion absorption|Water absorption]] - [[Chemical equilibrium|Equilibrium]][[ASTM International|(ASTM)]]</td><td>0.16-0.35%</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Hydroxyl ion absorption|Water absorption]] - over 24 [[hour]]s</td><td>0.1%</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Radiation resistance]]</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">Fair</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Ultraviolet|Ultraviolet (1-380nm)]] [[Radiation resistance|resistance]]</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">Fair</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#cccccc">'''Mechanical Properties'''</th></tr>
<tr><td>[[Young's modulus|Young's modulus (E)]]</td><td>2-2.4 [[Giga|G]][[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Tensile strength|Tensile strength (σ<sub>t</sub>)]]</td><td>55-75 [[Mega|M]][[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Compressive strength|Compressive strength (σ<sub>c</sub>)]]</td><td>>80 [[Mega|M]][[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Strain (materials science)|Elongation (ε)]] @ [[Structural failure|break]]</td><td>80-150%</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Poisson's ratio|Poisson's ratio (ν)]]</td><td>0.37</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Hardness]] - [[Rockwell scale|Rockwell]]</td><td>M70</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Izod impact strength test|Izod impact strength]]</td><td>600-850 [[Joule|J]]/[[Metre|m]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Charpy impact test|Notch test]]</td><td>20-35 [[Kilo|k]][[Joule|J]]/[[Square metre|m²]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Abrasive resistance - [[ASTM International|ASTM]] D1044</td><td>10-15 [[Milli|m]][[Gram|g]]/1000 [[rotation|cycles]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Coefficient of friction|Coefficient of friction (μ)]]</td><td>0.31</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#cccccc">'''Thermal Properties'''</th></tr>
<tr><td>[[Melting temperature|Melting temperature (T<sub>m</sub>)]]</td><td>267 °[[Celsius|C]]*</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Glass transition temperature|Glass transition temperature(T<sub>g</sub>)]]</td><td>150 °[[Celsius|C]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Heat deflection temperature]] - 10 [[Kilo|k]][[Newton|N]] (Vicat B){{Fact|date=February 2007}}</td><td>145 °[[Celsius|C]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Heat deflection temperature]] - 0.45 [[Mega|M]][[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]</td><td>140 °[[Celsius|C]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Heat deflection temperature]] - 1.8 [[Mega|M]][[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]</td><td>128-138 °[[Celsius|C]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Upper working [[temperature]]</td><td>115-130 °[[Celsius|C]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lower working [[temperature]]</td><td>-135 °[[Celsius|C]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Coefficient of thermal expansion#Linear thermal expansion coefficient|Linear thermal expansion coefficient (α)]]</td><td>65-70 × 10<sup>-6</sup>/[[Kelvin|K]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Specific heat capacity|Specific heat capacity (c)]]</td><td>1.2-1.3 [[Kilo|k]][[Joule|J]]/[[Kilogram|kg]]·[[Kelvin|K]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Thermal conductivity|Thermal conductivity (k)]] @ 23 °[[Celsius|C]]</td><td>0.19-0.22 [[Watt|W]]/([[Metre|m]]·[[Kelvin|K]])</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Heat transfer coefficient|Heat transfer coefficient (h)]]</td><td>0.21 [[Watt|W]]/([[Square metre|m²]]·[[Kelvin|K]])</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#cccccc">'''Electrical Properties'''</th></tr>
<tr><td>[[Dielectric constant|Dielectric constant (ε<sub>r</sub>)]] @ 1 [[Mega|M]][[Hertz|Hz]]</td><td>2.9</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Permittivity|Permittivity (ε)]] @ 1 [[Mega|M]][[Hertz|Hz]]</td><td>2.568 x10<sup>-11</sup> [[Farad|F]]/[[Metre|m]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Permeability (electromagnetism)|Relative permeability (μ<sub>r</sub>)]] @ 1 [[Mega|M]][[Hertz|Hz]]</td><td>0.866(2)</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Permeability (electromagnetism)|Permeability (μ)]] @ 1 [[Mega|M]][[Hertz|Hz]]</td><td>1.089(2) [[Micro|μ]][[Newton|N]]/[[Ampere|A]]²</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Dielectric strength]]</td><td>15-67 [[Kilovolt|kV]]/[[Millimetre|mm]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Dissipation factor]] @ 1 [[Megahertz|MHz]]</td><td>0.01</td></tr>
<tr><td>Surface [[resistivity]]</td><td>10<sup>15</sup> [[Ohm|Ω]]/sq</td></tr>
<tr><td>Volume [[Resistivity|resistivity (ρ)]]</td><td>10<sup>12</sup>-10<sup>14</sup> [[Ohm|Ω]]·[[Metre|m]]</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#cccccc">'''Near to Short-wave [[Infrared]] [[Transmittance]] [[Electromagnetic spectrum|Spectrum]]'''</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align=center>[[Image:Polycarbonate IR transmission.png|thumb|300px|Polycarbonate transmittance in 5/6 of the NIR & 1/5 of the SWIR regions. Also, polycarbonate is almost completely transparent throughout the entire visible region of the spectrum and very sharply cuts off to ~0% transmission at almost exactly 400 nm, blocking all UV light transmission.]]</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#cccccc">'''Chemical Resistance'''</th></tr>
<tr><td>[[Acid]]s - [[Concentration|concentrated]]</td><td bgcolor="#ffcccc">Poor</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Acid]]s - [[Concentration|dilute]]</td><td bgcolor="#ccffcc">Good</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Alcohol]]s</td><td bgcolor="#ccffcc">Good</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Alkali]]s</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">Good-Poor</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Aromatic hydrocarbon]]s</td><td bgcolor="#ffcccc">Poor</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Grease (lubricant)|Greases]] & [[Oil]]s</td><td bgcolor="#e5ffcc">Good-Fair</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Haloalkane|Halogenated Hydrocarbons]]</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">Good-Poor</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Halogen]]s</td><td bgcolor="#ffcccc">Poor</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Ketone]]s</td><td bgcolor="#ffcccc">Poor</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#cccccc">'''Economic Properties'''</th></tr>
<tr><td>Price</td><td>5-9 [[Euro|€]]/[[Kilogram|kg]]</td></tr>
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'''Polycarbonates''' are a particular group of [[thermoplastic]] [[polymer]]s. They are easily worked, [[injection moulding|moulded]], and [[thermoforming|thermoformed]]; as such, these [[plastic]]s are very widely used in the modern [[chemical industry]]. Their interesting features (temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical properties) position them between [[commodity plastics]] and [[engineering plastic]]s. Its [[Plastic recycling#Plastic Identification Code|plastic identification code]] is 7.
==Chemistry==
'''Polycarbonates''' got their name because they are [[polymer]]s having functional groups linked together by [[carbonate ester|carbonate group]]s (-O-(C=O)-O-) in a long molecular chain.
<!--'''Polycarbonates''' could be divided to (this sentence is dangling) -->
Also [[carbon monoxide]] was used as a C1-synthon on an industrial scale to produce [[diphenyl carbonate]], being later trans-esterified with a diphenolic derivative affording poly (aromatic carbonate)s.
Taking into consideration the C1-[[synthon]] we can divide polycarbonates into '''poly(aromatic carbonate)s''' and '''poly(aliphatic carbonate)s'''. The second one, poly(aliphatic carbonate)s are a product of the reaction of [[carbon dioxide]] with [[epoxide]]s, which owing to the [[thermodynamic]]al stability of [[carbon dioxide]] requires the use of a [[catalyst]]. The working systems are based on [[porphyrin]]s, [[alkoxide]]s, [[carboxylate]]s, [[Salen ligand|salen]]s and [[beta-diiminates]] as organic, chelating [[ligand]]s and [[aluminium]], [[zinc]], [[cobalt]] and [[chromium]] as the metal centres. Poly(aliphatic carbonate)s display promising characteristics, have a better [[biodegradability]] than the aromatic ones and could be employed to develop other specialty polymers.
One type of polycarbonate plastic is made from [[bisphenol A]] ([[BPA]]). This polycarbonate is a very durable material, and can be laminated to make [[bullet-proof glass|bullet-proof "glass"]], though “bullet-resistant” would be more accurate. Although polycarbonate has high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance and so a hard coating is applied to polycarbonate [[eyewear]] [[corrective lens|lenses]]. The characteristics of polycarbonate are quite like those of [[polymethyl methacrylate]] (''[[Polymethyl methacrylate|PMMA]]''; ''[[Polymethyl methacrylate|acrylic]]''), but polycarbonate is stronger and more expensive. This [[polymer]] is highly [[Transparency (optics)|transparent]] to [[visible light]] and has better light transmission characteristics than many kinds of [[glass]]. [[CR-39]] is a specific polycarbonate material — although it is usually referred to as CR-39 plastic — with good optical and mechanical properties, frequently used for eyeglass lenses.
==Processing==
Polycarbonate has a [[glass transition temperature]] of about 150 C, so it softens gradually above this point and flows above about 300 C. [[Injection moulding]] is more difficult than other common thermoplastics owing to its [[non-Newtonian fluid]] flow behaviour. Tools must be held at high temperatures, generally above 80 C to make strain- and stress-free products. Low [[molecular mass]] grades are easier to mould than higher grades, but their strength is lower as a result. The toughest grades have the highest molecular mass, but are much more difficult to process.
== Applications ==
Polycarbonate is becoming more common in housewares as well as laboratories and in industry, especially in applications where any of its main features—high impact resistance, temperature resistance, optical properties—are required.
Main transformation techniques for polycarbonate resins:
* [[injection molding]] into ready articles
* [[extrusion]] into tubes, rods and other profiles
* [[extrusion]] with cylinders into sheets (0.5-15 mm) and films (below 1 mm), which can be used directly or manufactured into other shapes using [[thermoforming]] or secondary fabrication techniques, such as bending, drilling, routing, laser cutting etc.
Typical injected applications:
* lighting lenses, sunglass/eyeglass lenses, safety glasses, automotive headlamp lenses
* [[compact disc]]s, [[DVD]]s
* lab equipment, research animal enclosures
* drinking bottles
* [[Digital audio player|MP3/Digital audio player cases]]
Typical sheet/film application:
* Industry: machined or formed, cases, [[glazing|machine glazing]], [[riot shields]], [[visor]]s, instrument panels
* Advertisement: signs, displays, poster protection
* Building: domelights, flat or curved glazing, [[sound wall]]s,
* Computers: Apple, Inc.'s [[MacBook]], and Mac mini
For use in applications exposed to weathering or UV-radiation, a special surface treatment is needed. This either can be a coating (e.g. for improved abrasion resistance), or a [[Makroclear|coextrusion]] for enhanced weathering resistance.
Some polycarbonate grades are used in medical applications and comply with both ISO 10993-1 and USP Class VI standards (occasionally referred to as PC-ISO). Class VI is the most stringent of the six USP ratings. These grades can be sterilized using steam at 120 °C, gamma radiation or the ethylene oxide (EtO) method. See [http://devicelink.com/mpb/archive/98/09/003.html Medical Applications of Polycarbonate] for more information. However, scientific research indicates possible problems with [[biocompatibility]]. Dow Chemical strictly limits all its plastics with regard to medical applications. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://plastics.dow.com/plastics/medical/|title=Dow Plastics Medical Application Policy}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omnexus.com/tc/polycarbonate/index.aspx?id=biocompatibility|title=MAKROLON Polycarbonate Biocompatibility Grades}}</ref>
The cockpit canopy of the [[F-22 Raptor]] jet fighter is made from a piece of high optical quality polycarbonate, and is the largest piece of its type formed in the world. [http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/future-weapons/weapons/zone2/raptor/raptor.html]
Being based on [[bisphenol A]] (a [[phenol]] based on [[benzene]]) pricing is largely dependent on phenol and benzene pricing.
===Makes===
The most common polycarbonate resins are
*[[Lexan]] from SABIC Innovative Plastics (formerly [[General Electric]] Plastics)
*[http://plastics.dow.com/plastics/na/prod/engineering/cal.htm Calibre] from [[Dow Chemicals]]
*[http://omnexus.com/tc/polycarbonate/ Makrolon] from [[Bayer]]
*[http://www.teijinkasei.com/ Panlite] from [[Teijin]] Chemical Limited.
==Potential hazards in food contact applications==
Polycarbonate may be appealing to manufacturers and purchasers of food storage containers due to its clarity and toughness, being described as lightweight and highly break resistant particularly when compared to silica [[glass]]. Polycarbonate may be seen in the form of single use and refillable plastic water bottles.
More than 100 studies have explored the bioactivity of [[bisphenol A]] leachates from polycarbonates. Bisphenol A appeared to be released from polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature and that it may have been responsible for enlargement of the reproductive organs of female mice.<ref>{{cite journal | first = KL | last = Howdeshell | coauthors = Peterman PH, Judy BM, Taylor JA, Orazio CE, Ruhlen RL, Vom Saal FS, Welshons WV | year = 2003 | month = Jul | title = Bisphenol A is released from used polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 111 | issue = 9 | pages = 1180–7 | pmid = 12842771 | url = http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2003/5993/5993.html | accessdate = 2006-06-07 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.5993}}</ref>
An analysis of the literature on bisphenol A leachate low-dose effects by vom Saal and Hughes published in August 2005 seems to have found a suggestive correlation between the source of funding and the conclusion drawn. Industry funded studies tend to find no significant effects while government funded studies tend to find significant effects.<ref>{{cite journal | first = FS | last = vom Saal | coauthors = Hughes C | year = 2005 | month = Aug | title = An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 113 | issue = 8 | pages = 926–33 | pmid = 16079060 | url = http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2005/7713/abstract.html | accessdate = 2006-06-07}}</ref>
Research by Ana M. Soto, professor of anatomy and cellular biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, published Dec. 6 in the online edition of Reproductive Toxicology (DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.10.002) describes exposure of pregnant rats to bisphenol A at 2.5 to 1,000 µg per kilogram of body weight per day. At the equivalent of puberty for the pups (50 days old), about 25% of their mammary ducts had precancerous lesions, some three to four times higher than unexposed controls. The study is cited as evidence for the hypothesis that environmental exposure to bisphenol A as a fetus can cause breast cancer in adult women.<ref>http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/84/i50/8450bisphenol.html Retrieved on 2007-02-26</ref>
An expert panel of 12 scientists has found that there is "some concern that exposure to the chemical bisphenol A in utero causes neural and behavioral effects," according to the draft report prepared by The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction.
For the general adult population, the expert panel found a "negligible concern for adverse reproductive effects following exposures."<ref>[http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/features_julieshealthclub/2007/08/the-verdict-on-.html Julie's Health Club - Where alternative and mainstream health meet | Chicago Tribune | Blog | Julie's Health Club<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
One point of agreement among those studying polycarbonate water and food storage containers may be that using sodium hypochlorite bleach and other alkali cleaners to clean polycarbonate is not recommended, as they catalyze the release of the bisphenol-A. The tendency of polycarbonate to release bisphenol A was discovered after a lab tech used strong cleaners on polycarbonate lab containers. Endocrine disruption later observed on lab rats was traced to exposure from the cleaned containers. <ref>{{cite journal | first = PA | last = Hunt | coauthors = Kara E. Koehler, Martha Susiarjo, Craig A. Hodges, Arlene Ilagan, Robert C. Voigt, Sally Thomas, Brian F. Thomas and Terry J. Hassold | year = 2003 | month = April | title = Bisphenol A Exposure Causes Meiotic Aneuploidy in the Female Mouse | url = http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Plasticizers/BPA-Mouse1apr03.htm | journal = Current Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 546–553 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00189-1 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | first = KE | last = Koehler | coauthors = Robert C. Voigt, Sally Thomas, Bruce Lamb, Cheryl Urban, Terry Hassold, and Patricia A. Hunt | year = 2003 | month = April | title = When disaster strikes: rethinking caging materials | url = http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Plasticizers/BPA-Lab-Animal-CagesApr03.htm | journal = Lab Animal | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 24–27}}</ref>
On April 18, 2008, [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/index_e.html Health Canada] announced that Bisphenol A is "'toxic' to human health".<ref>{{cite web | title=Questions and Answers for Action on Bisphenol A Under the Chemicals Management Plan | url=http://www.chemicalsubstanceschimiques.gc.ca/faq/bisphenol_a_qa-qr_e.html}}</ref> Canada is the first nation to make this designation.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080415.wtoxic15/BNStory/National/home</ref>
A [[chemical compatibility chart]] shows reactivity between chemicals such as polycarbonate and a cleaning agent.<ref>[http://www.greenhouse-coverings.usgr.com/polycarbonate.html Polycarbonate<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Alcohol]] is one recommended [[organic solvent]] for cleaning grease and oils from polycarbonate. For treating mold, [[borax]]:H<sub>2</sub>O 1:96 to 1:8 may be effective.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
==Synthesis==
Polycarbonate can be synthesized from bisphenol A and [[phosgene]] (carbonyl dichloride, COCl<sub>2</sub>). The first step in the synthesis of polycarbonate from bisphenol A is treatment of [[bisphenol A]] with [[sodium hydroxide]]. This deprotonates the [[hydroxyl group]]s of the bisphenol A [[molecule]].
<center>[[Image:Bisphenol A plus NaOH.PNG]]</center>
The deprotonated oxygen reacts with phosgene through carbonyl addition to create a [[tetrahedral]] intermediate (not shown here), after which the negatively charged oxygen kicks off a [[chloride ion]] (Cl<sup>-</sup>) to form a [[chloroformate]].
<center>[[Image:Bisphenolate A plus Phosgene.PNG]]</center>
The chloroformate is then attacked by another deprotonated bisphenol A, eliminating the remaining chloride ion and forming a dimer of bisphenol A with a carbonate linkage in between.
<center>[[Image:Adding Bisphenolate A to Chloroformate.PNG]]</center>
Repetition of this process yields a polycarbonate with alternating carbonate groups and groups from bisphenol A.
==Interaction with other chemicals==
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Will damage Polycarbonate'''{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
| '''Require caution '''
| '''Are considered safe'''
|-
|valign="top"|
*[[Acetone]]
*[[Acrylonitrile]]
*[[Ammonia]]
*[[Amyl acetate]]
*[[Benzene]]
*[[Bromine]]
*[[Butyl acetate]]
*[[Sodium hydroxide]]
*[[Chloroform]]
*[[Dimethylformamide]]
*Concentrated [[hydrochloric acid]]
*Concentrated [[hydrofluoric acid]]
*[[Iodine]]
*[[Methanol]]
*[[Methyl ethyl ketone]]
*[[Styrene]]
*[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
*[[Toluene]]
*Concentrated [[sulfuric acid]]
*[[Xylene]]
*[[Cyanoacrylate]] monomers
|valign="top"|
*Alkali bleaches such as [[sodium hypochlorite]]
*[[Cyclohexanone]]
*[[Diesel oil]]
*[[Formic acid]]
*[[Gasoline]]
*[[Glycerine]]
*[[Heating oil]]
*[[Jet fuel]]
*Concentrated [[perchloric acid]]
*[[Sulfur dioxide]]
*[[Turpentine]]
|valign="top"|
*[[Acetic acid]]
*[[Ammonium chloride]]
*[[Antimony trichloride]]
*[[Borax]] in H<sub>2</sub>O
*[[Butane]]
*[[Calcium chloride]]
*[[Calcium hypochlorite]]
*[[Carbon dioxide]]
*[[Carbon monoxide]]
*[[Citric acid]] 10%
*[[Copper(II) sulfate]]
*[[Ethyl alcohol]], i.e. ethanol 95%
*[[Ethylene glycol]]
*[[Formaldehyde]] 10%
*[[Hydrochloric acid]] 20%
*[[Hydrofluoric acid]] 5%
*[[Isopropyl alcohol]]
*[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]
*[[Methane]]
*[[Oxygen]]
*[[Ozone]]
*[[Sulfur]]
*[[Urea]]
*[[Water]]*<!-- casual parenthetical footnote immediately below this table -->
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> At room temperature. At temperatures above 60 °C [[hydrolysis]] can occur, degrading the plastic. Degradation depends on time and temperature.
Using [[sodium hypochlorite]] ([[bleach]]) and other alkali cleaners on polycarbonate are not recommended as they cause the release of bisphenol A, a known [[endocrine]] disrupter.
{| class="wikitable"
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commonscat|Polycarbonate}}
{{Plastics}}
{{HealthIssuesOfPlastics}}
[[Category:Plastics]]
[[Category:Polymers]]
[[Category:Optical materials]]
[[Category:Polycarbonates| ]]
[[Category:dielectrics]]
[[Category:Thermoplastics]]
[[Category:Transparent materials]]
[[de:Polycarbonate]]
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