Polydactyly
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223966499
2008-07-06T19:04:38Z
Martarius
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corrected Slipknot link
{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}
{{otheruses4|the human congenital disorder (disease)|the paleontological application|Dactyly}}
{{Infobox_Disease
| Name = Polydactyly
| Image =
| Caption =
| DiseasesDB = 24853
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|69||q|65}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|755.0}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM = 603598
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj = derm
| eMedicineTopic = 692
| MeshID =
}}
'''Polydactyly''' or '''polydactylism''' (from [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] '''[[wikt:πολύς|πολύς]]''' (polus) "many" + '''δάκτυλος''' (daktulos) "finger"), also known as '''hyperdactyly''', is a [[congenital disorder|congenital physical anomaly]] consisting of [[supernumerary body part|supernumerary]] fingers or toes. When each hand or foot has six digits, it is sometimes called '''sexdactyly''', '''hexadactyly''', or '''hexadactylism'''.
The extra digit is usually a small piece of soft tissue; occasionally it may contain bone without joints; rarely it may be a complete, functioning digit. The extra digit is most common on the [[ulna]]r (little finger) side of the hand, less common on the [[radius (bone)|radial]] ([[thumb]]) side, and very rarely within the middle three digits. The extra digit is most commonly an abnormal fork in an existing digit, or it may rarely originate at the wrist like a normal digit does.
Polydactyly can occur by itself, or more commonly, as one feature of a [[syndrome]] of congenital anomalies. When it occurs by itself, it is associated with [[autosomal dominant]] mutations in single genes, i.e. it is not a [[multifactorial trait]].<ref>[http://www.hmc.psu.edu/healthinfo/pq/poly.htm Polydactyly and Syndactyly]</ref> But mutation in a variety of genes can give rise to polydactyly. Typically the mutated gene is involved in developmental patterning, and a [[syndrome]] of congenital anomalies results, of which polydactyly is one feature.
The condition has an incidence of 1 in every 500 live births<ref name="drgreene">[http://www.drgreene.com/21_182.html Polydactylism FAQ]</ref> although the frequency is higher in some groups (an example is the [[Amish]] in the [[United States]], due to the [[founder effect]]).
[[Image:Polydactyly 01 Lfoot AP.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Left foot with postaxial polydactyly of 5th ray]]
[[Image:Polydactyly 01 Rhand AP.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Right hand with mid-ray duplication]]
== Types of polydactyly ==
* Polydactyly with [[cleft palate|cleft lip/palate]] and psycho motor retardation ([[Varadi-Papp Syndrome]])
* Polydactyly tiopia syndrome
* Polydactyly post axial dental and vertebral
* Polydactyly post axial with median cleft of upper lip
* Polydactyly post axial
* Polydactyly preaxial type 1
* Polydactyly syndrome middle ray duplication
* Polydactyly visceral anomalies cleft lip palate
{{Expand-section|date=May 2008}}
==Real polydactyls==
* [[Hrithik Roshan]], a [[Bollywood]] actor born with a supernumerary thumb on his right hand.<ref>[http://www.bollyvista.com/homepages/hrithikroshan/factfile.php Hrithik Roshan Factfile]</ref>
* [[Antonio Alfonseca]], a [[Major League Baseball]] [[pitcher]]
* It is commonly believed that [[Anne Boleyn]], second wife of [[Henry VIII]], had this disorder, though this has never been definitively confirmed.
* [[Norwegian Lundehund]]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Lundehund]</ref>
* [[Polydactyl cat]]s
* [[Little Tich]]
* [[Hound Dog Taylor]], blues guitarist
* [[ Oneli Perez]], a minor league baseball pitcher in the [[New York Yankees]] organization.
* [[Sid Wilson]], turn-tablist in NU-metal band [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]] had an extra finger on each hand. They were removed at birth.
==Mythological and fictional polydactyls ==
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*[[Hannibal Lecter]], the fictional [[psychiatrist]] and [[serial murderer]], had a sixth finger on his left hand. Its removal is crucial to the plot of the novel ''[[Hannibal (novel)|Hannibal]].''
* Swartt and Veil Sixclaw, fictional [[anthropomorphic]] [[ferret]]s from Brian Jacques's book series, ''[[Redwall]],'' were both polydactyls. It was stated in the novel that Veil inherited polydactylism from his father, Swartt.
* [[Tyrone Rugen|Count Rugen]], one of the villains in the novel and movie ''[[The Princess Bride]]'', had six fingers on his right hand, by which feature [[Inigo Montoya]] was able to identify him as the man who had killed his father. Also, this made finding a good sword difficult for the count.
*The [[biblical]] giant [[Goliath]] is said to have had six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot:
*:'''2 Samuel 21:20'''
*:And there was yet a battle in Gath, where was a man of great stature, that had on every hand six fingers, and on every foot six toes, four and twenty in number; and he also was born to the giant. - [[Authorized King James Version|KJV]]
*:'''1 Chronicles 20:6'''
*:And yet again there was war at Gath, where was a man of great stature, whose fingers and toes were four and twenty, six on each hand, and six on each foot and he also was the son of the giant. - [[Authorized King James Version|KJV]]
==See also==
* [[Syndactyly]]
* [[Dactyly]]
* [[Polydactyl cat]]
* [[Polycephaly]] = extra head(s)
* [[Polymelia]] = extra limb(s)
* [[Supernumerary body part]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system}}
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Supernumerary body parts]]
[[ca:Hexadactília]]
[[de:Polydaktylie]]
[[es:Polidactilia]]
[[fr:Polydactylie]]
[[he:פולידקטיליה]]
[[nl:Polydactylie]]
[[ja:多指症]]
[[no:Polydaktyli]]
[[pl:Polidaktylia]]
[[pt:Polidactilia]]
[[ru:Полидактилия]]
[[sr:Полидактилија]]
[[fi:Polydaktylia]]
[[sv:Polydaktyli]]
[[vi:Polydactyly]]
[[uk:Полідактилія]]