Pregnancy over age 50
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2008-07-16T10:52:37Z
NorthernThunder
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/* Age 67 to 70 */ Linked to British Raj
'''Pregnancy over age 50''' has become more possible for [[woman|women]], due to recent advances in [[assisted reproductive technology]], such as [[egg donor|egg donation]].<ref name="salihu">Salihu, Hamisu M., Shumpert, M. Nicole, Slay, Martha, Kirby, Russell S., & Alexander, Greg R. (2003). [http://www.greenjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/102/5/1006 Childbearing Beyond Maternal Age 50 and Fetal Outcomes in the United States]. ''Obstetrics & Gynecology, 102 (5),'' 1006-1014. Retrieved March 5, 2007.</ref> Typically, a woman's [[fecundity]] ends with [[menopause]], which usually begins between ages 40 and 51 (men, in contrast, generally remain [[fertility|fertile]] throughout their lives,<ref>The Alfred Foundation. (n.d.) [http://www.baysidehealth.org.au/uploads/general/MensHealthBooklet.pdf Men's Health]. Retrieved May 18, 2007.</ref> although the risk of genetic defects is greatly increased due to the [[paternal age effect]]). [[Pregnancy]] over age 35 is associated with increased risks.
In the [[United States]], between 1997 and 1999, 539 births were reported among mothers over age 50.<ref name="salihu" /> According to statistics from the [[Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority]], in [[UK|Britain]], more than 20 babies are born to women over age 50 per year through [[in-vitro fertilization]].<ref>Hall, Sarah. (May 8, 2006). "[http://lifeandhealth.guardian.co.uk/family/story/0,,1770125,00.html Surge in number of children in UK born to mothers over 50]." ''The Guardian.'' Retrieved March 29, 2007.</ref> The oldest known birth mother in the world currently is Maria del Carmen Bousada de Lara of [[Spain]] who delivered [[twin]]s at the age of 66 in 2006. The oldest known [[Parent#Biological parents and parental testing|biological mother]] currently is Dawn Brooke of [[Guernsey]] who gave birth to a boy in 1997 at the age of 59.
==Medical considerations==
Risks associated with childbearing over the age of 50 include an increased incidence of [[gestational diabetes]], [[hypertension]], delivery by [[caesarean section]], [[miscarriage]], [[preeclampsia]], and [[placenta previa]].<ref name="salihu" /><ref name="james">Schienberg, Jonathan. (November 9, 2004). "[http://www.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/11/08/mom.57/index.html?eref=sitesearch New Age mystic to become mom at 57]." ''CNN.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref> In comparison to mothers between 20 and 29 years of age, mothers over 50 are at almost three times the risk of [[Birth weight|low birth weight]], [[premature birth]], and extremely premature birth; their risk of extremely low birth weight, small size for [[gestational age]], and [[perinatal mortality|fetal mortality]] was almost double.<ref>Lister Hill Center for Health Policy. (October 31, 2003). [http://www.uab.edu/images/isoph/LHC/Childbearing.pdf Pregnancy After 50: More Risky Than We Thought?] Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
==Biblical references==
One early reference to an aged mother can be found in the [[Bible]], where [[Sarah]] is described as having given birth to her husband [[Abraham|Abraham's]] son, [[Isaac]], at the age of 90. An unverified record is that of Margaret Krasiowa (1655-1763) of [[Konin]], [[Poland]], who is said to have married her third husband in her 94th year of life and borne two sons and a daughter by him during their 14 years of marriage.<ref name="salihu" />
==Cases of pregnancy over 50==<!-- This section is linked from [[Fertility]] -->
===Birth mothers over 50===
====Age 50 to 54====
*'''1999:''' Aracelia Garcia of [[Sunnyside, Washington]] astounded doctors when she naturally conceived (without hormonal treatment) all-female triplets in 1999 at the age of 54. She delivered three healthy girls Arianna, Brianna and CeCelia by Caesarean section in January of 2000.<ref>Davis, Simon. (January 8, 2000). "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/2000/01/08/wtrip08.html Triplet shock for 54-year-old grandmother]. ''Telegraph.'' Retrieved March 2, 2007.</ref><ref>"[http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:zFtUY0usEpMJ:www.amarillo.com/stories/010700/usn_grandmother.shtml+%22Aracelia+Garcia%22&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 Grandmother of 15 pregnant with triplets]." (January 7, 2000). ''Amarillo Globe-News.'' Retrieved March 2, 2007.</ref><ref>(January 10, 2000) TRIPLETS DOING WELL AFTER BIRTH TO 54-YEAR-OLD MOM http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-63380734.html</ref>
*'''2000:''' [[Elizabeth Edwards]], wife of the former [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice Presential]] nominee [[John Edwards]], gave birth to son Jack in 2000 at the age of 51. The couple decided to have children again after their 16-year-old son was killed in a car accident in 1996. Mrs. Edwards had also had a daughter at the age of 49. Some fertility experts believe she used donor eggs; Elizabeth Edwards has remained silent on this question.<ref>http://www.slate.com/id/2108863/ (Oct. 29, 2004) Did Elizabeth Edwards Use Donor Eggs?</ref>
*'''2001:''' American portrait [[photography|photographer]] [[Annie Leibovitz]] was 52 when she gave birth to her daughter Sarah in October 2001.
*'''2007:''' Rosinete Serrao gave birth to her own twin grandsons at a hospital in [[Recife]], [[Brazil]] on [[September 28]], [[2007]] at the age of 51, after choosing to act as a [[gestational surrogacy|gestational surrogate]] for her 27-year-old daughter, Claudia, who had tried to become pregnant for four years. Under Brazilian law, a surrogate mother is required to be one's close relative, so Serrao volunteered because Claudia had no sisters. The children were conceived through [[artificial insemination]] using Claudia's eggs and her husband's sperm.<ref>"[http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/woman-gives-birth-to-own-grandchildren/2007/09/29/1190486609173.html Woman gives birth to own grandchildren]." (September 29, 2007). ''The Sydney Morning Herald.'' Retrieved October 3, 2007.</ref><ref>"[http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30200-1286369,00.html Woman Gives Birth To Own Grandchildren]." (September 30, 2007). ''Sky News.'' Retrieved October 3, 2007.</ref><ref>"[http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=0a1d0fcb-f0b2-457f-bd81-210e16143d1a Woman bears her own grandchildren]." (October 1, 2007). ''Edmonton Journal.'' Retrieved October 3, 2007.</ref>
====Age 55 to 59====
*'''1956:''' Ruth Kistler of [[Portland, Oregon]] gave birth to a daughter in [[Los Angeles, California]] on [[October 18]], [[1956]], at the age of 57. The birth predated the advent of [[in-vitro fertilization]] (IVF) making Kistler one of the oldest women known to have conceived naturally.<ref name="kelly">Kelly, Tom. (September 8, 2007). "[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=480591&in_page_id=1770 HRT could have triggered pregnancy in world's oldest mum]." ''Daily Mail.'' Retrieved September 28, 2007.</ref><ref>Dukeminier, Jesse. (1986). [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0008-1221(198612)74%3A6%3C1867%3AAMGTP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D A Modern Guide to Perpetuities]. ''California Law Review, 74 (6),'' 1867-1913. Retrieved September 28, 2007.</ref><ref>"[http://christianliferesources.com/index.php?news/view.php&newsid=169 Woman, 59, Has Twins, Sets Record]." (December 28, 1993). ''Milwaukee Sentinel.'' Retrieved September 28, 2007.</ref>
*'''1987:''' Kathleen Campbell of [[Kimberley, Nottinghamshire]] gave birth to a son in 1987 at the age of 55, having conceived naturally.<ref name="kelly" />
*'''1997:''' Dawn Brooke of [[Guernsey]] gave birth to a son by caesarian section on [[August 20]], [[1997]], at the age of 59. She became pregnant unexpectedly, initially mistaking the symptoms she experienced for [[cancer]], and is the oldest mother currently known to have conceived naturally. It has been speculated that the [[hormone replacement therapy]] which Brooke had may have contributed to her ability to [[ovulation|ovulate]] past menopause.<ref>Basnett, Guy, & Calvert, Gemma. (n.d.) "[http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/0909_oldmum.shtml The World's Oldest Natural Mum at 58]." ''News of the World.'' Retrieved September 28, 2007.</ref><ref>Farmer, Ben. (August 20, 2007). "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/20/nbirth120.xml UK woman, 59, world's oldest natural mother]." ''The Telegraph.'' Retrieved September 28, 2007.</ref><ref name="kelly" />
*'''1998:''' Judith Cates of [[Evansville, Indiana]] gave birth to [[twin]] girls on [[December 12]], [[1998]], at the age of 57. She got pregnant after IVF treatment, and she has said that she and her husband, Carl, are often mistaken for grandparents.<ref>"[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6593933 More older women reveling in motherhood]." (December 3, 2004). ''MSNBC.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
*'''2004:''' Aleta St. James gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl, at [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in [[New York City]] on [[November 9]], [[2004]], at the age of 56, after having undergone IVF treatment. The birth occurred just three days before St. James's 57th birthday.<ref name="james" />
*'''2006:''' Lauren Cohen of [[Paramus, New Jersey]] gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl, in [[New York]] on [[May 22]], [[2006]], at the age of 59. Cohen and her husband, Frank Garcia, had previously had a daughter together through IVF in December 2004, using the husband's sperm and an egg from a donor. The couple, faced with either [[embryo adoption|giving away]] the [[embryo]]s left over from the first IVF treatment or letting them be destroyed, decided to try again. As to why she chose to have children at such a late age, with a husband approximately 20 years her junior, Cohen stated, "I just thought it would be unfair to Frank for him to marry me and never have the opportunity to have a child. He never asked me to have a child, but I knew it would make him happy".<ref>"[http://www.sciencedaily.com/upi/?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20060705-12182900-bc-us-oldestmom.xml Mom says no big deal having twins at 59]." (July 5, 2006). ''Science Daily.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref><ref>Lamb, William. (July 4, 2006). "[http://www.northjersey.com/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjczN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkzJmZnYmVsN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk2OTU3MDY1JnlyaXJ5N2Y3MTdmN3ZxZWVFRXl5Mw New mom at 59 doesn't see herself as role model]." ''The Record.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
====Age 60 to 64====
*'''1994:''' Rosanna Della Corte of [[Canino]], [[Italy]] gave birth to a son on [[July 18]], [[1994]], at the age of 62. After their first son was killed when a car crashed into his [[motorcycle]] in 1991, Della Corte and her husband, Mauro, decided to attempt to have a second child. The couple tried to adopt, but were unable to, as under Italian law an adoptive parent could be no more than 40 years older than their potential child. Mauro read in the newspaper about an Italian doctor, [[Severino Antinori]], who had helped a woman in her late 50s have a child. With Dr. Antinori's help, the Della Cortes conceived through IVF, using a donor egg and Mauro's sperm. Della Corte became pregnant on the first attempt, but [[miscarriage|miscarried]] after 40 days, and it took 6 more attempts before there was success.<ref>D'Emilio, Frances. (July 22, 1997). "[http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/07-97/07-22-97/c01ho111.htm#cut A child to relieve her grief]." ''SouthCoast Today.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
*'''1996:''' Arceli Keh of [[Highland, California]] gave birth to a daughter on [[November 7]], [[1996]], at the age of 63. She and her husband, Isagani, had been married for 16 years when they decided to try to have a child. In order to gain admission to a fertility program that had an upper age limit of 55, Keh told doctors that she was 50, although she was in fact 10 years older at the time. Five IVF transfer cycles were required before Keh successfully became pregnant. The ovum came from a donor and was [[fertilization|fertilized]] with sperm from Keh's husband.<ref>"[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/2811_baby_01.html 18 Ways to Make a Baby: Student Handout]." (2001). ''[[NOVA (TV series)|NOVA Online]]'' . Retrieved March 7, 2007.</ref><ref name="james">Schienberg, Jonathan. (November 9, 2004). "[http://www.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/11/08/mom.57/index.html?eref=sitesearch New Age mystic to become mom at 57]." ''CNN.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
*'''1997:''' Liz Buttle of [[Wales]] gave birth to a son in November 1997, at the age of 64, after she had informed doctors that she was 49 in order to be eligible for fertility treatment.<ref>"[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/05/05/nmum205.xml 'I had to lie about my age']." (May 5, 2006). ''Telegraph.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref><ref>O'Neill, Sean. (November 20, 1998). "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/11/20/nbaby20.html First birthday for baby born to woman aged 60]." ''Telegraph.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
*'''2004:''' Papathiammal Subramaniam gave birth to a son in [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] on [[February 23]], [[2004]], at the age of 64. The baby was delivered by [[caesarean section]] and weighed 1.75 kg (3.8 lb). He was conceived through IVF, with an egg donated by a 30-year-old relative of Subramaniam and the sperm of Subramaniam's husband, a 74-year-old farmer.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3515059.stm 64-year-old woman delivers baby]." (February 23, 2004). ''BBC News.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
*'''2006:''' Janise Wulf of [[Redding, California]] gave birth to a girl on [[February 19]], [[2006]], at the age of 62. The baby was delivered by caesarean section, weighing 6 lb 10 oz (3.00 kg), and was conceived through in-vitro fertilization. Her doctor stated that, for women over 35, giving birth can have risks, but he agreed to oversee the procedure because Wulf was in good health. She and her second husband, Scott, said that they decided to have children together because Scott had not had any children in his previous marriage, and because they did not want their other son, also conceived through IVF, to grow up an only child. Of the 11 children Wulf had previously, the oldest was 40 at the time of the birth, and the youngest was 3. Wulf also has several grandchildren and great-grandchildren.<ref>"[http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Health/story?id=1637601&page=1 Great-Grandmother Gives Birth at 62]." (February 19, 2006). ''ABC News.'' Retrieved March 4, 2003.</ref><ref>Goldenberg, Suzanne. (February 23, 2006). "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,1715946,00.html Woman, 62, gives birth to 12th child]." ''The Guardian.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
*'''2006:''' [[Patricia Rashbrook]] gave birth to a son in [[Brighton]], [[United Kingdom]] on [[July 5]], [[2006]], at the age of 62. She and her husband, John Farrant, received IVF treatment from the same fertility expert who the Della Cortes had consulted, Severino Antinori. The birth of the baby, which was born by caesarean section and weighed 6 lb 10.5 oz (3.02 kg), sparked debate over the ethics of late motherhood in the U.K.<ref>"[http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060710/british_birth_old_060710/20060710 62-year-old British woman gives birth]." (July 10, 2006). ''CTV.ca.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5160812.stm Briton becomes new mother at 62]." (July 8, 2006). ''BBC News.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
*'''2007:''' Frieda Birnbaum of [[Saddle River, New Jersey]] gave birth to twin sons on [[May 22]], [[2007]], at the age of 60. The babies weighed 4 lb 11 oz (2.12 kg) each and were delivered by caesarean section. Birnbaum underwent IVF at a [[South Africa]]n fertility clinic specializing in older women. She and her husband, who have a six-year-old son and two adult children, said that they wanted their younger son to have siblings close in age. Hospital officials believe Birnbaum may be the oldest woman to give birth to twins in the United States.<ref>"[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/05/24/health/main2845879.shtml 60-Year-Old Woman Gives Birth To Twins]." (May 24, 2007). ''CBS News.'' Retrieved May 25, 2007.</ref>
*'''2007:''' Türkan Katicelik, a Turkish woman living in [[Aschaffenburg]], [[Germany]] gave birth to her daughter in December, [[2007]]. The child weighed 2.1 kg, 46 cm tall and was delivered by caesarean section. She had several miscarriages before she gave birth to her first, perfectly healthy child. She had an IVF with an egg cell of an unknown 25 year old donor. <ref>"[http://www.br-online.de/wissen-bildung/artikel/0712/03-mutter-mit-64/index.xml]" ''BR-Online.'' Retrieved December 3, 2007</ref>
====Age 65 to 66====
*'''1999:''' Harriet Stole of Southgate, North London, gave birth to a son in April 1999, aged 66, after agreeing to be a surrogate mother for her infertile daughter in-law, Lucy Handerson. Lucy and her husband, Harriet's son, Ross Stole, had an egg fertilized and later implanted into the womb of Harriet. The child was born prematurely at 8 months, weighing 4 pounds 5 oz, but survived and grew up to be a healthy boy named Henry Thomas Handerson Stole.
*'''2003:''' Satyabhama Mahapatra of [[Nayagarh]], [[Orissa]], [[India]] gave birth to a son on [[April 9]], [[2003]], at the age of 65. The baby, weighing 6 lb 8 oz (2.95 kg), was born by [[caesarean section]]. Mahapatra became pregnant through the help of IVF, using an [[ova|ovum]] donated by her 26-year-old niece and [[spermatozoon|sperm]] from her husband, Krishnachandra, with whom this was their first child after 50 years of [[marriage]]. Doctors had attempted to persuade her and her husband out of undergoing IVF. Mahapatra was also hospitalized for the last [[Pregnancy#Timeline of a typical pregnancy|trimester]] of her pregnancy.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2932561.stm Indian 'is world's oldest mother']." (April 9, 2003). ''BBC News.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
*'''2005:''' [[Adriana Iliescu]] gave birth to a daughter at a hospital in [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]] on [[January 16]], [[2005]], at the age of 66. After undergoing IVF using donated eggs, Iliescu initially became pregnant with [[multiple birth|triplets]], but two of the [[fetus]]es [[perinatal mortality|died]] in utero. The surviving one was delivered by caesarean section.
*'''2006:''' Maria del Carmen Bousada de Lara (b. January 5, 1940) gave birth to twin sons at Sant Pau Hospital in [[Barcelona, Spain]] on [[December 29]], [[2006]], at the age of 66 — one week before her 67th birthday. The babies were delivered [[premature birth|prematurely]] by caesarean section and weighed 3.5 [[pound (mass)|lb]] (1.6 kg) each. Bousada became pregnant after receiving IVF treatment using [[Egg donor|donor egg]]s from a fertility clinic in [[Los Angeles, California]], which claims that Bousada informed them that she was 55. Her family was unaware that she had gone to the United States to undergo fertility treatment prior to the births. Manuel Bousada de Lara, Bousada's older brother, criticized her decision, expressing concern over whether she would be able to raise children at her age. In response to such concerns, Bousada stated, "My mum lived to be 101 and there's no reason I couldn't do the same".
*'''2007:''' An unnamed [[Austria]]n woman gave birth to her third child in [[March 2007]] at the age of 66. She had previously given birth to another child, a girl weighing 6 lb (2.72 kg), in the middle of [[December 2002]] at the age of 61. Her oldest child, a daughter, is 30. Both pregnancies over 60 were made possible by IVF. The second was overseen by Severino Antinori. This could be the first and only known case in the world of two pregnancies and births at over age 60.<ref>"[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/28/europe/EU-ODD-Austria-Old-Mother.php Austria: 66-year-old woman gives birth to healthy baby]." (March 28, 2007). ''International Herald Tribune.'' Retrieved April 18, 2007.</ref><ref>{{De icon}} "[http://www.oe24.at/zeitung/oesterreich/chronik/article122611.ece Die Geheimnisse der späten Mutter]." (n.d.). ''Österreich.'' Retrieved June 23, 2007.</ref>
====Age 67 to 70====
*'''2008:''' 70 year old Omkari Panwar gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl, in [[India]] via emergency [[cesarean section]]. the babies weighed 2lbs each. Omkari became pregnant through IVF treatment, which she and her husband pursued in order to produce a male heir. Omkari has two adult daughters and five grandchildren. Omkari does not have a [[birth certificate]], her age has been estimated by her claim that she was nine years old when the [[British Raj]] left India in 1947. In response to hearing that she'd possibly broken the record for world's oldest mother, Omkari stated, "If I am the world's oldest mother it means nothing to me. I just want to see my new babies and care for them while I am still able."
==Debate==
Pregnancies among older women have been a subject of controversy and debate. Some argue against motherhood late in life on the basis of the health risks involved, or out of concern that an older mother might not be able or around to care for a child as she ages, while others contend that having a child is a fundamental right and that it is commitment to a child's wellbeing, not the parents' ages, that matters.<ref>"[http://www.infertile.com/inthenew/lay/midlife.htm Motherhood At Mid-Life—A Medical and Ethical Dilema]." (July 1997). ''St. Louis Times.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref><ref>Hinman, Lawrence M. (April 30, 1997). "[http://ethics.sandiego.edu/lmh/op-ed/parenthood/ What Counts in Parenthood?]." ''San Diego Union-Tribune.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref><ref name="hinman">Hinman, Lawrence M. [http://ethics.sandiego.edu/LMH/Papers/Papers/Older_Pregnancies.html Are Some Parents Too Old?]. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
A survey of attitudes towards pregnancy over age 50 among [[Australia]]ns found the 54.6% believed it was acceptable for a postmenopausal woman to have her own eggs transferred and that 37.9% believed it was acceptable for a postmenopausal women to receive donated [[ovum|ova]] or [[embryo]]s.<ref>Bowman, M. C., & Saunders, D. M. (1994). [http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/1/167 Community attitudes to maternal age and pregnancy after assisted reproductive technology: too old at 50 years?]. ''Human Reproduction, 9 (1)'', 167-171. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
Governments have sometimes taken actions to regulate or restrict later-in-life childbearing. In the 1990s, [[France]] approved a bill which prohibited postmenopausal pregnancy, which the French Minister of Health at the time, [[Philippe Douste-Blazy]], said was "...immoral as well as dangerous to the health of mother and child". In [[Italy]], the Association of Medical Practitioners and Dentists prevented its members from providing women aged 50 and over with fertility treatment, and the National Council of the Federation of Doctors would not allow anyone but married, [[heterosexual]] couples to undergo [[artificial insemination]]. [[UK|Britain's]] then-[[Secretary of State for Health]], [[Virginia Bottomley]], stated, "Women do not have the right to have a child; the child has a right to a suitable home".<ref name="hinman"/> However, in 2005, age restrictions on IVF in the United Kingdom were officially withdrawn.<ref>Gray, Louise. (November 3, 2005). "[http://news.scotsman.com/health.cfm?id=2186242005 Couples any age to be allowed to apply for fertility treatment]." ''The Scotsman.'' Retrieved March 4, 2007.</ref>
==See also==
*[[Mother]]
*[[Fertility#Female fertility after 30|Female fertility after 30]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Sexuality in older age]]
*[[Teenage pregnancy]]
*[[List of youngest birth mothers]]
==References==
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[[Category:Gerontology]]
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