President 24110 226102115 2008-07-16T20:51:48Z Okiefromokla 5736838 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/209.244.42.151|209.244.42.151]] to last version by Thatotherdude (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{otheruses}} {{Nofootnotes|article|date=July 2007}} {{Executive}} '''President''' is a [[title]] held by many leaders of [[organization]]s, [[company|companies]], [[trade union]]s, [[university|universities]], and [[country|countries]]. [[Etymology|Etymologically]], a "president" is one who [[Wiktionary:Preside|presides]], who sits in leadership (from [[Latin]] ''pre-'' "before" + ''sedere'' "to sit"; giving the term ''[[praeses]]''). Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting (i.e. [[chairman]]); but today it most commonly refers to an official with [[executive (government)|executive]] powers. Among other things, '''president''' today is a common title for the [[head of state]] of most [[republic]]s, whether popularly [[election|elected]], chosen by the [[legislature]] or a special [[electoral college]]. It is also often adopted by [[dictator]]s. ==History== {{main|History of president}} As an English word, the term was originally used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain. Early examples are from the universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] (from 1464); the founding [[President of the Royal Society]] [[William Brouncker]] in [[1660]]. Later this usage was applied to political leaders, including the leaders of some of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] (originally Virginia in 1608); in full, the "President of the Council"..<ref>[[OED]], ''s. v.''</ref> The first President of a country was [[George Washington]], the [[President of the United States]]. In America the title was 'upgraded' from its earlier use for the [[President of the Continental Congress]], the "officer in charge of the [[Continental Congress]]" since 1774. As other countries followed the [[American Revolution]], and deposed their monarchies, ''president'' was commonly adopted as the title for the new republican heads of state. The first European president was the [[president of France]], a post created in the [[Second French Republic|Second Republic]] of 1848. (The [[First French Republic|First Republic]] had begun with no separate executive, then established five [[French Directory|directors]], and finally echoed the ancient [[Roman Republic]] by appointing three [[consul]]s at its head.) The first president of an internationally recognized African state was the [[President of Liberia]] in 1848. Today, most [[republic]]s have a President as their head of state. == Presidents as head of state == === Presidents in democratic countries === ==== Presidential systems ==== In states with a [[presidential system]] of [[government]], the President exercises the functions of [[Head of State]] and [[Head of Government]], i.e. he directs the Executive arm of Government. Presidents in this system are either ''directly'' elected by popular vote or ''indirectly'' elected by an electoral college. In the [[United States of America]], the [[President of the United States of America|President]] is indirectly elected by the [[U.S. Electoral College|Electoral College]] made up of electors chosen by voters in the presidential election. In most U.S. states, each elector is committed to voting for a specified candidate determined by the popular vote in each state, so that the people, in voting for each elector, is in effect voting for the candidate. However, in several close U.S. elections (notably [[U.S. presidential election, 1876|1876]], [[U.S. presidential election, 1888|1888]], [[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]]), the candidate with the most popular votes still lost the electoral count. Many [[South America]]n, [[Central America]]n, and [[Africa]]n nations follow the presidential model. ==== Parliamentary systems ==== Other states have adopted a [[parliamentary system]] of government, in which the president is head of state but largely ceremonial. In these cases the separate head of government (often a [[prime minister]]), who is usually indirectly elected by the parliamentary majority, holds the executive power and forms the government. Countries with such systems include most European and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] republics including [[Germany]], [[India]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Israel]], [[Italy]], [[Hungary]], the [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Turkey]] and [[Singapore]], as well as [[Portugal]] (which has a slightly different system). The president of [[Nauru]] is, however, elected by the parliament according to the [[Westminster system]] and acts as both the head of state and head of government. This is also the case for the presidents of Botswana and South Africa (since 1984). Under such a system, the president as head of state generally takes a similar role to a [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarch]], with the government governing in his or her name, producing phrases such as "His/Her Excellency's Government" in formal state documentation. A president may also possess some [[reserve power]]s, which can be exercised by the president without formal advice (that is, binding instruction) from the government. In some constitutional systems the president chairs (at least some) cabinet meetings and often has access to all cabinet memoranda. Especially in fields where [[Protocol (diplomacy)|protocol]] is important, such as diplomacy, the head of state tends to be a major player. The president can therefore exercise a degree of ''informal'' influence not often publicly realised. For example, between 1870 and 1940, and again from 1945 to 1958, France operated a classic parliamentary system of government, with power in a cabinet chosen by the [[National Assembly]], and a largely, though not totally, symbolic president; in 1877, President [[Patrice Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta|Mac-Mahon]] showed that his office was constitutionally significant when he dismissed the prime minister before calling new elections, in the hope of achieving a royalist majority to restore the monarchy (the plan failed). ==== Semi-presidential systems ==== A third system is the [[semi-presidential system]], also known as the [[France|French]] system, in which like the Parliamentary system there is both a president and a prime minister, but unlike the parliamentary system, the president may have significant day-to-day power. When his party controls the majority of seats in the National Assembly, the president can operate closely with the parliament and prime minister, and work towards a common agenda. When the National Assembly is controlled by opponents of the President however, the president can find himself marginalized with the opposition party prime minister exercising most of the power. Though the prime minister remains an appointee of the president, the president must obey the rules of parliament, and select a leader from the house's majority holding party. Thus, sometimes the president and prime minister can be allies, sometimes rivals; the latter situation is known as [[cohabitation (government)|cohabitation]]. Variants of the French semi-presidential system, developed at the beginning of the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] by [[Charles de Gaulle]], are used in [[France]], [[Finland]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Sri Lanka]] and several [[post-colonial]] countries which have emulated the French model. ==== Collective Presidency ==== Only a tiny minority of modern republics do not have a single head of state; examples include: * [[Switzerland]], where the headship of state is collectively vested in the seven-member [[Swiss Federal Council]] despite the fact the system includes a [[President of the Swiss Confederation|president of the Confederation]]. The president is a member of the Federal Council elected by the [[Federal Assembly of Switzerland|Federal Assembly]] (the Swiss [[Parliament]]) for a year ([[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]] mandates that the post rotates every [[New Year's Day]]). * The [[List of Captains Regent of San Marino|Captains Regent of]] [[San Marino]] elected by the [[Grand and General Council]]. * In the [[Soviet Union]], while the real power was exercised by the [[General Secretary|general secretary]] of the [[CPSU|Communist Party]], the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] executed powers of collective [[head of state]], and its [[chairman]] was often called "president" in the [[Western World|West]]. ===Presidents in dictatorships=== In [[dictatorship]]s, the title is frequently taken by self-appointed and/or military-backed leaders. Such is the case in many African states; [[Idi Amin]] in [[Uganda]], for example. [[President for Life]] is a title assumed by some [[dictator]]s to ensure that their authority or legitimacy is never questioned. [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] appointed himself in [[82 BC]] to an entirely new office, dictator [[rei publicae]] constituendae causa, which was functionally identical to the dictatorate rei gerendae causa except that it lacked any set time limit, although Sulla held this office for over two years before he voluntarily abdicated and retired from public life. The second well-known incident of a leader extending his term indefinitely was Roman dictator [[Julius Caesar]], who made himself "[[Roman dictator|Perpetual Dictator]]" (commonly mistranslated as 'Dictator-for-life') in [[45 BC]]. His actions would later be mimicked by the French leader [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] who was appointed "First Consul for life" in 1802. Ironically, most leaders who proclaim themselves President for Life do not in fact successfully serve a life term. Even so presidents like [[Alexandre Sabès dit Pétion]], [[Rafael Carrera]], [[Josip Broz Tito]] and [[François Duvalier]] died in office. The last living person to be officially proclaimed president for life was the late [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] of [[Turkmenistan]]. Several presidents have ruled until their death, but they have not officially proclaimed themselves as President for Life. For instance, [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] of [[Romania]], who ruled until his [[execution]] (see [[Romanian revolution]]). [[Makarios III|Archbishop President Makarios]] became [[president of Cyprus]] late in his life (in 1960) and ruled until his death in 1977, having successfully won [[election|re-election]] several times. === Presidential symbols === As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain perquisites, and may have a prestigious residence; often a lavish mansion or palace, sometimes more than one (e.g. summer and winter residence, country retreat) - for a list see [[Official residence]]. Furthermore in some nations the Presidency enjoys certain symbols of office, such as an official uniform, decorations, a presidential seal, coat of arms, flag and other visible accessories; military honours such as [[gun salute]]s, [[Ruffles and flourishes]], and a presidential guard. A common presidential symbol is the [[presidential sash]]es worn by [[Latin America]]n presidents as a symbol of the presidency's continuity, and presenting the sash to the new president. === Presidential chronologies of [[United Nations]] member countries === <table width="90%"><tr><td valign=top width=33%> *[[President of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] *[[List of Presidents of Albania|Albania]] *[[List of presidents of Algeria|Algeria]] *[[President of Angola|Angola]] *[[List of Presidents of Argentina|Argentina]] *[[President of Armenia|Armenia]] *[[President of Austria|Austria]] *[[President of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] *[[List of Presidents of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] *[[President of Belarus|Belarus]] *[[List of Presidents of Benin|Benin]] *[[List of Presidents of Bolivia|Bolivia]] *[[Chairmen of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] *[[List of Presidents of Botswana|Botswana]] *[[List of Presidents of Brazil|Brazil]] *[[List of Presidents of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] *[[List of Presidents of Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]] *[[List of Presidents of Burundi|Burundi]] *[[List of Presidents of Cameroon|Cameroon]] *[[List of Presidents of Cape Verde|Cape Verde]] *[[List of Presidents of the Central African Republic|Central African Republic]] *[[List of Presidents of Chad|Chad]] *[[List of Presidents of Chile|Chile]] *[[President of the People's Republic of China|China (People's Republic)]] *[[List of Presidents of Colombia|Colombia]] *[[List of Presidents of Comoros|Comoros]] *[[Heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]] *[[Heads of state of the Republic of the Congo|Congo, Republic of the]] *[[List of Presidents of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]] *[[List of Presidents of Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] *[[President of Croatia|Croatia]] *[[List of Presidents of Cuba|Cuba]] *[[Presidents of Cyprus|Cyprus]] *[[List of Presidents of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] *[[Heads of state of Djibouti|Djibouti]] *[[List of Presidents of Dominica|Dominica]] *[[List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]] *[[President of East Timor|East Timor]] *[[List of Presidents of Ecuador|Ecuador]] *[[Rulers and heads of state of Egypt|Egypt]] *[[President of El Salvador|El Salvador]] *[[Heads of state of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]] *[[Heads of state of Eritrea|Eritrea]] *[[President of Estonia|Estonia]] *[[List of Presidents of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] *[[List of Presidents of Fiji|Fiji]] *[[List of Presidents of Finland|Finland]] *[[List of Presidents of the French Republic|France]] *[[List of Presidents of Gabon|Gabon]] </td><td valign=top width=33%> *[[Heads of State of The Gambia|The Gambia]] *[[President of Georgia|Georgia]] *[[List of Presidents of Germany|Germany]] *[[List of Presidents of Ghana|Ghana]] *[[List of Presidents of Greece|Greece]] *[[President of Guatemala|Guatemala]] *[[List of Presidents of Guinea|Guinea]] *[[List of Presidents of Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]] *[[List of Presidents of Guyana|Guyana]] *[[List of Presidents of Haiti|Haiti]] *[[List of Presidents of Honduras|Honduras]] *[[List of Presidents of Hungary|Hungary]] *[[List of Presidents of Iceland|Iceland]] *[[Lists of Presidents of India|India]] *[[List of Presidents of Indonesia|Indonesia]] *[[President of Iran|Iran]] *[[President of Iraq|Iraq]] *[[List of Presidents of Ireland|Ireland]] *[[President of Israel|Israel]] *[[List of Presidents of the Italian Republic|Italy]] *[[List of Presidents of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] *[[List of Presidents of Kenya|Kenya]] *[[President of Kiribati|Kiribati]] *[[List of Presidents of North Korea|Korea, North]] *[[President of South Korea|Korea, South]] *[[President of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]] *[[President of Laos|Laos]] *[[List of Presidents of Latvia|Latvia]] *[[List of Presidents of Lebanon|Lebanon]] *[[List of Presidents of Liberia|Liberia]] *[[List of Presidents of Lithuania|Lithuania]] *[[President of the Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] *[[List of Presidents of Madagascar|Madagascar]] *[[Heads of state of Malawi|Malawi]] *[[President of the Maldives|Maldives]] *[[Heads of state of Mali|Mali]] *[[President of Malta|Malta]] *[[President of the Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]] *[[Heads of state of Mauritania|Mauritania]] *[[List of Presidents of Mauritius|Mauritius]] *[[List of Presidents of Mexico|Mexico]] *[[President of the Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]] *[[President of Moldova|Moldova]] *[[President of Mongolia|Mongolia]] *[[President of Montenegro|Montenegro]] *[[Heads of state of Mozambique|Mozambique]] *[[List of Presidents of Namibia|Namibia]] *[[President of Nauru|Nauru]] *[[President of Nepal|Nepal]] </td><td valign=top width=33%> *[[List of Presidents of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]] *[[List of Presidents of Niger|Niger]] *[[President of Nigeria|Nigeria]] *[[List of Presidents of Pakistan|Pakistan]] *[[List of Presidents of Palau|Palau]] *[[List of Presidents of Panama|Panama]] *[[List of Presidents of Paraguay|Paraguay]] *[[List of Presidents of Peru|Peru]] *[[List of Presidents of the Philippines|Philippines]] *[[List of Presidents of Poland|Poland]] *[[List of Presidents of Portugal|Portugal]] *[[List of Presidents of Romania|Romania]] *[[List of presidents of Russia|Russian Federation]] *[[List of Presidents of Rwanda|Rwanda]] *[[List of Captains Regent of San Marino|San Marino]] *[[Heads of state of São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]] *[[List of Presidents of Senegal|Senegal]] *[[List of Presidents of Serbia|Serbia]] *[[List of Presidents of Seychelles|Seychelles]] *[[Heads of government of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]] *[[President of Singapore|Singapore]] *[[List of Presidents of Slovakia|Slovakia]] *[[List of Presidents of Slovenia|Slovenia]] *[[List of Presidents of Somalia|Somalia]] *[[List of Presidents of Somaliland|Somaliland]] *[[State President of South Africa|South Africa (1961-1994)]] *[[List of Presidents of South Africa|South Africa (1994 &ndash; )]] *[[List of Sri Lankan presidents|Sri Lanka]] *[[List of Presidents of Sudan|The Sudan]] *[[President of Suriname|Suriname]] *[[List of Presidents of the Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]] *[[List of Presidents of Syria|Syria]] *[[List of Presidents of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]] *[[List of Presidents of Tanzania|Tanzania]] *[[List of Presidents of Togo|Togo]] *[[List of Presidents of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] *[[List of Presidents of Tunisia|Tunisia]] *[[List of Presidents of Turkey|Turkey]] *[[President of Uganda|Uganda]] *[[President of Ukraine|Ukraine]] *[[List of Presidents of the United States|United States]] *[[List of Presidents of Uruguay|Uruguay]] *[[President of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] *[[President of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]] *[[President of Venezuela|Venezuela]] *[[President of Vietnam|Vietnam]] *[[List of Presidents of Yemen|Yemen]] *[[List of Presidents of Zambia|Zambia]] *[[List of Presidents of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] </td> *[[List of Presidents of the European Commission|European Commission]] *[[President of the Republic of China]] (Taiwan) *[[List of leaders of the Soviet Union#Leaders of post-Soviet independent states]] </table> == Presidential titles for non heads of state == === As head of government === Some countries with parliamentary systems use a term meaning/translating as 'president' (in some languages indistinguishable from chairman) for the head of parliamentary government, often as [[President of the Government]], [[President of the Council of Ministers]] or [[President of the Executive Council]]. However, such an official is explicitly not the president of the ''country''. Rather, he or she is called a [[president (history of the term)|president in an older sense of the word]] to denote the fact that he or she heads the ''[[cabinet]]''. A separate [[head of state]] generally exists in their country that instead serves as the president or monarch of the country. Thus, such officials are really [[premier]]s, and to avoid confusion are often described simply as 'prime minister' when being mentioned internationally. There are several examples for this kind of presidency: * The official title of the [[Prime Minister of Italy|Italian Prime Minister]] is [[President of the Council of Ministers]] (''[[Italian language|Italian]] Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri'') * Under the French [[French Third Republic|Third]] and the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republics]], the "[[President of the Council]]" (of ministers - or prime minister) was the head of government, with the [[President of the French Republic|President of the Republic]] a largely symbolic figurehead. * The [[Prime minister]] of the [[Irish Free State]] from 1922 to 1937 was titled [[President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State]]. At the same time, the Irish Free State was a constitutional monarchy with a reigning monarch, the [[Monarchy in the Irish Free State|King of Ireland]], as well as a resident [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State|Governor-General]] carrying out many head of state functions. * The [[Prime Minister of Spain]] is officially referred to as the President of the Government of [[Spain]], and informally known as the "president". Spain is also a kingdom with a reigning [[King of Spain|king]]. * The official title of the [[Prime Minister of Poland|Polish prime minister]] is [[President of the Council of Ministers]] (''[[Polish language|Polish]] Prezes Rady Ministrów'') *In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an [[Executive Council]], acting in such a capacity, is known as a [[President of the Executive Council]]. Usually this person is the [[Governor]] but is not always so. === Other executive positions === ==== Sub-national presidents==== President can also be the title of the chief executive at a lower administrative level, such as the [[Parish President|parish president]]s of the [[parish]]es of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Louisiana]], the presiding member of city council for villages in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Illinois]], or the [[municipal president]]s of [[Mexico]]'s [[municipio (Mexico)|municipalities]]. Perhaps the best known sub-national presidents are the [[borough president]]s of the [[borough (New York City)|Five Boroughs]] of [[New York City]]. ====Presidential ranks==== Below a President, there can be a number of vice-presidents. This rank does not hold the same power, but power can be transferred in special circumstances. Normally Vice-Presidents hold some power and special responsibilities below that of the President. ===Judiciary=== ====France==== In [[France|French]] legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple [[judge]]s is the foremost judge; he chairs the meeting of the court and directs the debates (and this thus addressed as "Mr President", ''Monsieur le Président'', or appropriate feminine forms). In general, a court comprises several chambers, each with its own president; thus the most senior of these is called the "first president" (as in: "the First President of the [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]] is the most senior judge in France"). Similarly in English legal practice the most senior judge in each division uses this title (e.g. President of the Family Division, President of the Court of Appeal). ====Scotland==== The [[Lord President of the Court of Session]] is head of the judiciary in [[Scotland]], and presiding judge (and Senator) of the [[College of Justice]] and [[Court of Session]], as well as being Lord Justice General of Scotland and head of the [[High Court of Justiciary]], the offices having been combined in 1836. === Non-governmental presidents ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Nintendo]] --> ''President'' is also used as a title in some non-governmental organizations. The head of a university or non-profit corporation, particularly in the United States of America, is often known as president. In [[university]] systems with multiple independent campuses, the relationship between the roles of [[University President|president]] and [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]] can become quite complicated. President is also a title in many corporations. In some cases the president acts as [[chief operating officer]] under the direction of the [[chief executive officer]]. In [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], the head of the church is known as the [[President of the Church (Mormonism)|President]]. Together with his two counselors, they are known as the [[First Presidency]]. This pattern is repeated throughout the church in [[Quorum (Mormonism)|quorums]] and in other bodies, each of which is led by a president. The [[Methodist Church]] in the UK (and also other provinces) is led by the President of the Methodist Council, and assumes the role of leading minister and spokesperson. Many other organisations, clubs, and committees, both political and non-political are led by Presidents as well. Examples can vary from the President of a [[political party]], to the president of a [[chamber of commerce]], to the President of a [[students' union]] and even the president of a [[high school]] chess club. ==Sources and additional reading == {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} *The powers, functions and functioning of presidents were reviewed by six international experts for Australia's [[Republic Advisory Committee]] in 1993. Reports by among others Professor [[Klaus Von Beyme]] (on Germany), [[A. G. Noorani]] (on India), [[Jim Duffy (author)|Jim Duffy]] (on Ireland) and Sir [[Ellis Clarke]] (on Trinidad and Tobago) outline the role of various presidencies. The full report is called ''An Australian Republic: The Options - The Appendices'' (ISBN 0-644-32589-5) == See also == *[[List of basic political science topics]] *[[list of chief executive officers|CEOs of major corporations]] *[[Head of state]] *[[Governor-General]] *[[Alcalde-Presidente|Mayor-President]] *[[Minister-President]] (a head of government, not of state) *[[Monarch]] *[[Prime minister]] *[[List of state leaders]] *[[State leaders by year|Heads of state timeline]] *[[World government]] *[[Presidents Day (United States)|Presidents Day]] *[[Mr. President (title)]] *[[Bombay Presidency]] *[[Bengal Presidency]] {{Heads of state}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Chief executives|Chief executives]] [[Category:Heads of state]] [[Category:Management occupations]] [[Category:Positions of authority]] [[Category:Titles]] [[Category:Presidents|*]] [[af:President]] [[ang:Foresittend]] [[ast:Presidente]] [[bm:Jamanatigi]] [[zh-min-nan:Chóng-thóng]] [[map-bms:Presiden]] [[be-x-old:Прэзыдэнт]] [[bs:Predsjednik]] [[bg:Президент]] [[ca:President]] [[cs:Prezident]] [[cy:Arlywydd]] [[da:Præsident]] [[de:Präsident]] [[et:President]] [[el:Πρόεδρος]] [[es:Presidente]] [[eo:Prezidento]] [[eu:Presidente]] [[fa:رئیس جمهور]] [[fr:Président]] [[fy:Presidint]] [[gl:Presidente]] [[gan:總統]] [[ko:대통령]] [[hi:राष्ट्रपति]] [[hr:Predsjednik]] [[id:Presiden]] [[os:Президент]] [[is:Forseti]] [[it:Presidente]] [[he:נשיא]] [[ka:პრეზიდენტი]] [[sw:Rais]] [[la:Praeses]] [[lv:Prezidents]] [[lt:Prezidentas]] [[hu:Elnök]] [[mn:Ерөнхийлөгч]] [[nah:Tlahtohcātēīxiptla]] [[nl:President]] [[ja:大統領]] [[no:President]] [[nn:President]] [[pl:Prezydent]] [[pt:Presidente]] [[ro:Preşedinte]] [[qu:Umalliq]] [[ru:Президент]] [[sco:Preses]] [[simple:President]] [[sk:Prezident]] [[sr:Председник]] [[sh:Predsjednik]] [[fi:Presidentti]] [[sv:President]] [[tl:Pangulo]] [[th:ประธานาธิบดี]] [[vi:Tổng thống]] [[tg:Президент]] [[tr:Cumhurbaşkanı]] [[tk:Prezident]] [[udm:Президент]] [[uk:Президент]] [[vec:Presidente]] [[yi:פרעזידענט]] [[zh-yue:總統]] [[cbk-zam:Presidente]] [[zh:總統]]