Primorsky Krai
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2008-07-07T14:51:39Z
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Sardanaphalus|Sardanaphalus]] ([[User talk:Sardanaphalus|talk]]) to last version by Lightbot
{{Otheruses3|Primorsky}}
{{Infobox Russian federal subject
|EnglishName=Primorsky Krai
|RussianName=Приморский край
|LocatorMap=Map of Russia - Primorsky Krai (2008-03).svg
|LocatorMapLegend=Location of Primorsky Krai in Russia
|CoatOfArms=Coat of arms of Primorsky Krai.svg
|CoatOfArmsLink=[[Coat of arms of Primorsky Krai]]
|Flag=Flag of Primorsky Krai.svg
|FlagLink=[[Flag of Primorsky Krai]]
|AnthemLink=''none''
|AdmCtrOrCapital=Administrative center
|AdmCtrName=[[Vladivostok]]
|FoundationDate=[[October 20]], [[1938]]
|PoliticalStatus=Krai
|PoliticalStatusLink=Krais of Russia
|FederalDistrict=[[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastern]]
|EconomicRegion= [[Far Eastern economic region|Far Eastern]]
|CodeNumber=25
|Area=165900
|AreaRank=23rd
|Population=2071210
|PopulationRank=26th
|UrbanPopulation=78.3%
|RuralPopulation=21.7%
|LangLangs
|LangList=[[Russian language|Russian]]
|HeadTitle=[[Governor of Primorsky Krai|Governor]]
|HeadName=[[Sergey Darkin]]
|PrimeTitle=First Vice-Governor
|PrimeName=[[Alexander Kostenko]]
|Legislature=[[Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai|Legislative Assembly]]
|ConstitutionType=Charter
|ConstitutionName=[[Charter of Primorsky Krai]]
|Website=http://www.primorsky.ru/
}}
'''Primorsky Krai''' ({{lang-ru|Примо́рский край}}) also known as '''Primorye''' ({{lang|ru|Примо́рье}}), is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of [[Russia]] (a [[krai]]). ''Primorsky'' means "maritime" in Russian, hence the region is sometimes referred to as '''Maritime Province'''.
==Geography==
*'''Borders length''' — over {{km to mi|3000|precision=-1}}, including {{km to mi|1350|precision=-1}} of the sea borders.
*'''Highest peak''' — [[Anik Mountain]], {{m to ft|1933}}
*'''Average [[life expectancy]]''' in 1994 — 62.5 years (male — 56.8, female — 69.4).
*'''Railroads length''' — {{km to mi|1628}} (of which {{km to mi|345}} are electrified).
*'''Automobile roads length''' — {{km to mi|12633|precision=0}}
Primorsky Krai, bordered by [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[North Korea]], and warm, but freezing in winter waters of the [[Sea of Japan]], is the extreme South-Eastern region of [[Russia]], located between 42° and 48° North Latitude and 130° and 139° East Longitude. It is stretched in the [[meridian (geography)|meridianal]] direction, the distance from its extreme Northern point to the extreme Southern point totals about {{km to mi|900|precision=0}}. Highlands dominate the territory of the [[krai]]. Most of the territory is mountainous, and almost 80% is forested. The average elevation is about {{m to ft|500|precision=-1}}. [[Sikhote-Alin]] is a mountainous formation, extending for the most part of the Krai. It consists of a number of parallel ranges: the [[Partizansky Range|Partizansky]], the [[Siny Range|Siny]] (Blue), the [[Kholodny Range|Kholodny]] (Cold), and others. There are many [[karst]] caves in the South of Primorye. The relatively accessible [[Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave]] (the Sleeping Beauty) in the [[Ussuriysky Nature Preserve]] could be recommended for tourists. There are comparatively well-preserved fragments of the ancient volcanoes in the area. The ranges are cut by the picturesque narrow and deep valleys of the rivers and by large brooks, such as the [[Partizanskaya River|Partizanskaya]], the [[Kiyevka River|Kiyevka]], the [[Zerkalnaya River|Zerkalnaya]], the [[Cheryomukhovaya River|Cheryomukhovaya]], the [[Yedinka River|Yedinka]], the [[Samarga River|Samarga]], the [[Bikin River|Bikin]], and the [[Bolshaya Ussurka River|Bolshaya Ussurka]]. Most rivers in the [[Krai]] have rocky bottoms and limpid water. The largest among them is the [[Ussuri River|Ussuri]], with a length of {{km to mi|903}}. The head of the [[Ussuri River]] originates {{km to mi|20}} to the East of [[Oblachnaya Mountain]]. The vast [[Prikhankayskaya Lowland]] extends into the West and the South-West of Primorye, carpeted by coniferous-deciduous forests. A part of the Lowland surrounding the largest lake in the [[Russian Far East]], [[Khanka Lake]], is occupied by a forest-steppe.
The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its [[flora (plants)|flora]] - there are the mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the [[Far Eastern Prairie]], where the ancient plant species have been preserved: the [[fern]]s, the [[nelumbo|lotus]], the [[Chozenia Willow]], etc. The [[Fauna (animals)|fauna]] of Primorye is also diverse, the following animals are found in the [[Krai]]: the [[Ussuri black bear]] (''Ursus thibetanis''), the [[Amur tiger]], the [[leopard]], the [[lynx]], the [[wild boar]], the [[Manchurian deer]] (''Cervus elaphus xanthopygos''), the [[roe deer]], the [[musk deer]], the [[Gray Goral|goral]] (''Nemorhaedus goral''), the [[Sika Deer|sika deer]], the [[sable]], the [[mandarinka duck]] (''Aix galericulata''), the [[black stork]] (''Ciconia nigra''), the [[scaly goosander]] (''Mergus squamatus''), the [[Japanese starling]] (''Sturnia philippensis''), the [[black griffon]] (''Aegypius monachus''), the [[large-winged cuckoo]] (''[[Cuculidae]]'' family), and others. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting the territory of the former [[Soviet Union|USSR]], 350 are found in Primorye.
Primorye is one of the few places where the forests are still pristine, comparable in terms of passability to a tropical jungle. The climate conditions of the [[Krai]] are also extraordinary. All this makes Primorye one of the unique regions of the Earth, and it undoubtedly must excite the interest of all lovers of nature and those willing to test their strength.
===Time zone===
[[Image:RTZ9.png|left|75px]]
Primorsky Krai is located in the [[Vladivostok Time|Vladivostok Time Zone]] (VLAT/VLAST). [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] offset is +1000 (VLAT)/+1100 (VLAST).
<div style="clear:left"></div>
===Climate===
[[Image:Brat i sestra nakhodka.jpg|thumb|300px|The cliffs Brat ("Brother") and Sestra ("Sister") in the environs of Nakhodka.]]
*Average annual temperature — near {{C to F|1}} in the North of the krai, {{C to F|5.5}} on the southern coast.
*Average annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] — 600–850 mm.
==Ancient history==
{{Main|History of Primorsky Krai}}
According to archaeological data, the first inhabitants of Primorsky Krai were the [[Palaeasiatic]] and [[Tungus]] peoples. They probably appeared in this area 50-60 thousand years ago in the [[Paleolithic period]]. The descendants of the Tungus-speaking tribes are still inhabiting [[Primorye]] and [[Priamurye]]. These are the [[Nanai]], the [[Orochs]] and the [[Udege]].
From 698 to 926, the Korean kingdom of [[Balhae]] occupied northern [[Korea]] and parts of [[Manchuria]] and Primorsky Krai, consisting of the above-mentioned people and the people of the recently fallen [[Goguryeo]] kingdom of Korea. Balhae was an early [[feudal]] [[medieval]] state of [[Eastern Asia]], which developed its industry, agriculture, animal [[husbandry]], and had its own cultural traditions and art. People of Balhae maintained political, economic and cultural contacts with the Chinese [[Tang]] dynasty, as well as [[Japan]].
From 1115 to 1234, the southern area of the modern [[Russian Far East]] was occupied by a more powerful state — The [[Jurchen]] Empire, also called the [[Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)|Jin Dynasty]]. The Jurchen were a Tungusic people. [[Nomadic]] stock raising and common [[agriculture]] formed their economic basis. They also developed a metallurgical industry, [[shipbuilding]], and the manufacture of luxury articles. The Jin Dynasty conducted independent foreign and domestic policies. The Jurchen established close contacts with the southern Chinese [[Song]] dynasty, [[Korea]] and [[Japan]]. Having conquered northern China, the Jurchens dominated the territory for a long time.
<!--http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&vid=ISBN0631235914&id=0KHLEvqvET8C&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=Bohai&vq=Parhae&prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Flr%3D%26q%3DBohai%26start%3D40&sig=32fPF4qzHDzyofHkPR4-zTt20dI-->
The Jin Dynasty crumbled as a result of the [[Genghis Khan]] invasion. The [[Mongols]] destroyed all cities, ports, and the fleet of the Jurchens. They killed, or turned into slaves most of the country's population. The survivors hid themselves from the Mongols in the forests, river valleys, and the remote reas of the [[Amur]] and [[Zabaykalye]], the [[Sea of Okhotsk|Okhotsky]] coast and parts of [[Sakhalin]] island. As time went on, the people forgot the trades developed by the Balhae people and the Jurchen. They got used to collecting the [[taiga]]'s gifts, [[fishing]] and [[hunting]] wild animals.
==Modern history==
For many centuries these rich lands, unique in the structure of [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]], had not been cultivated. In the beginning of the 17th century, when the Russians first appeared in this land, the forefathers of today's small ethnic groups of the Far East were a primitive society. It should be noted that the Mongols, the invaders of the [[Mongol Empire]], did not settle in Primorye, but left for [[China]] and the Central Asian [[steppe]]s.
[[Image:Primorskaya Oblast CoA.png|thumb|150px|Coat of arms of Primorskaya Oblast in the beginning of the 20th century]]
According to the [[Nerchinsk Treaty]] of 1689 between [[Russia]] and [[China]], lands south of the [[Stanovoy Mountains]], including Primorye, were Chinese territory. However, with the weakening of the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing Empire]] in the second half of the 19th century, Russia began its expansion into the area. In 1858 the towns of [[Khabarovsk]] and [[Blagoveshchensk]] were founded.
In 1858, [[Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky]] signed the [[Aigun Treaty]] with [[China]], which was followed by the [[Beijing Treaty]] two years later. Under these treaties, the Russian-Chinese border was moved south to the [[Amur]] and [[Ussuri]] rivers. This granted [[Russia]] possession of Primorye.
In the period from 1859 to 1882 ninety five settlements had been established in Primorye, including [[Vladivostok]], [[Ussuriysk]], [[Razdolnoye]], [[Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoye]], [[Shkotovo]], [[Pokrovka]], [[Tury Rog]], and [[Kamen-Rybolov]]. The major occupations of the population were the agricultural, hunting and fishing trades, involving more than two-thirds of the territory's inhabitants.
At the end of the 19th century, the [[coal-mining]] industry started developing. The territory also exported [[Seakale|sea-kale]], [[antlers]] of young [[Siberian stag]], [[timber]], [[crab]]s, [[dried fish]], and [[Sea cucumber|trepangs]]. Thus, it took Primorye about half a century to enter into the all-Russian economic and cultural process, and to establish close contacts with the countries of the Asian Pacific region. This was accomplished through the efforts of the territory's population, and the Russian and foreign capital inflow to the area.
From 1922, after the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] in Primorye ended, economic, scientific, and cultural development of the territory followed the plans of the [[Bolshevik]]s who had won in [[Russia]]. During the first ten years of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Power, the cultural sphere struggled against the "[[bourgeois]] [[ideology]]". As a result [[music]], [[theater]], [[fine arts]], and [[literature]] in Primorye had to begin almost at the beginning, on the ruins of the pre-Revolutionary culture. The priority in economy was set on the primary industries - [[mining]] and [[fishing]] in particular. [[Railroad]] and [[sea transport]] was also being developed at the time, accompanied with the intensive ports construction works. By the early 1990s the once small enterprises had developed into large companies. These are ''Far Eastern Shipping Company'' (''FESCO'' or ''DVMP''), ''Dalmoreprodukt'', V''ladivostok base of Trawling and Refrigerating Fleet'' (''VBTRF''), Active Marine Fisheries Base of [[Nakhodka]], ''[[Vostok]] Mining Company'', ''Progress'' [[Arsenyev]] Aircraft Works, etc. The ''Fishing and Marine Transport Fleet of Primorye'' had worked in all regions of the world's oceans. Numerous enterprises of the Military Industrial Complex were established in Primorye. In the 1970s, Primorye witnessed an intensive development of science. Today [[Vladivostok]] boasts such worldwide known scientific-research institutions as Biology and Soil Institute, The Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biology, The Pacific Institute of Geography, The Pacific Oceanological Institute, a total of more than 10 Institutes of Far Eastern Division of [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (''DVO RAN''). [[Vladivostok]] is also the home of the ''DVO RAN'' presidium.
==Economy==
Primorsky Krai's economy, the most balanced in the [[Russian Far East]], is also the largest in absolute terms. [[Food]] production is the most important sector, represented mainly by [[fish processing]]. Annual catch exceeds two million [[tonne]]s, or one half of the Russian Far East total. Second is [[machine building]], where half of the output is geared toward the [[fishing industry]] and [[shipyard]]s. [[Arms industry|Defense]] is another important sector, producing naval vessels and military [[aircraft]]. The [[construction]] materials industry here provides for the whole Russian Far East. Lead smelting is conducted in the coastal town of [[Rudnaya Pristan]].
The [[timber]] industry, though in [[recession]], is still second only to [[Khabarovsk Krai]]'s with an annual yield of about 3 million cubic meters of [[timber]]. Primorsky Krai is the largest [[coal]] producer in the Russian Far East and generates more [[electricity]] than any other Russian Far East administrative division, but power shortages are common. [[Agriculture]] is also important; the Krai produces [[rice]], [[milk]], [[Egg (food)|eggs]], and [[vegetable]]s.
Primorsky Krai is the Russian Far East's [[banking]] and [[finance]] center. It has more than 100 [[bank]]s and affiliates and well-developed [[futures exchange|futures]] and [[stock exchange]]s.
The Krai's proximity to Pacific Rim markets gives it an edge over most other Russian Far East administrative divisions in developing [[foreign trade]]. Major trade items are [[seafood]] products, timber products, and ferrous metals. Major trading partners are [[Japan]], [[China]], and [[Korea]].
Primorsky Krai's compact territory is well endowed with [[infrastructure]]. Its [[railway]] density is twice the Russian average. Railroads connect it with [[China]] and [[North Korea]]. [[Vladivostok]], the eastern terminus of the [[Trans-Siberian railway]], was surpassed as a port by the nearby [[Nakhodka]]-[[Vostochny Port]] container, [[coal]] and [[timber]] terminals. Primorsky Krai-based shipping companies provide 80% of marine shipping services in the [[Russian Far East]]. All the Krai's significant ports are now open to international shipping.
Production of [[grain]], [[soybeans]], [[potatoes]], and [[vegetables]] is the leading agricultural sector. The [[breeding]] of [[livestock]], especially [[sheep]], is well developed in Primorye; a [[fur]] farming industry is also being developed through the establishment of [[fur farms]] and animal nurseries.
==Natural resources==
{{Main|Natural resources of Primorsky Krai}}
==Demographics==
''Population'': According to the ([[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]]), the population of the krai was 2,071,210, which is down from 2,258,391 recorded in the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]. Due to its geographical location, Primosky Krai boasts a mixture of not only ethnic Russians, but also [[Koryo-saram|Korean]], [[Volga German]], [[Udege]], [[Buriat]], [[Nanai]], [[Oroch]], and [[Taz people|Taz]] minorities. There are emerging inter-ethnic tensions in the area as a result of Chinese migration.<ref>[http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~alexseev/ Russia In Asia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This has major implications for the security of the Russian Far East, as Primosky Krai is home to more than 50% of the population of the region.
''Ethnic groups'': There were thirteen recognised ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each, and the national composition was • [[Russians|Russian]] 89.89% • [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] 4.54% • [[Koryo-saram|Korean]] 0.86% • [[Tatars|Tatar]] 0.70% • [[Belarusans|Belarusan]] 0.56% • [[Armenians|Armenian]] 0.27%% • [[Azeris in Russia|Azeri]] 0.21% • [[Mordovians|Mordovian]] 0.20% • [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] 0.19% • [[Ethnic Germans|German]] 0.17% • [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] 0.16% • [[Moldovans|Moldovan]] 0.11% • [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] 0.10% • [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] 0.08% • [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] 0.06% • [[Udmurts|Udmurt]] 0.06% • [[Poles|Polish]] 0.05% • [[Jews|Jewish]] 0.05% • [[Mari people|Mari]] 0.05% • [[Udege]] 0.04% • [[Buriats|Buriat]] 0.04 • [[Georgian people|Georgian]] 0.04% • [[Lezgins|Lezgin]] 0.04%, and many other ethnic groups of less than eight hundred persons each. Another 0.92% of the inhabitants declined to state their nationality on the census questionnaire.<ref>{{cite paper|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls |title=National Composition of Population for Regions of the Russian Federation |accessdate=2006-07-20 |format=XLS |publisher=2002 Russian All-Population Census |date=2002}}</ref>
In the first 11 months of 2007, there were 20,882 births compared to 19,674 in same period 2006. This returns a birth rate of 11.4 for the region, which is considerably higher than the national average. [http://vladivostoktimes.ru/show.php?id=19163] In total there were 22,304 births in 2007. [http://vladivostoktimes.ru/show.php?id=21082]
==Miscellaneous==
The krai is the location of the massive [[Sikhote-Alin Meteorite]], which fell February 12, 1947, in the [[Sikhote-Alin Mountains]], near the village of Paseka (approximately 440 km northeast of [[Vladivostok]]).
==Administrative divisions==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Primorsky Krai}}
==See also==
*[[Outer Manchuria]]
{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Primorsky Krai| ]]
[[Category:Manchuria]]
{{Link FA|hu}}
[[ar:بريمورسكي كراي]]
[[be:Прыморскі край]]
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[[ca:Territori de Primórie]]
[[cv:Тинĕсçум Енĕ]]
[[cs:Přímořský kraj]]
[[de:Region Primorje]]
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[[el:Κράι Πριμόρσκι]]
[[es:Krai de Primorie]]
[[eo:Ĉemara Regiono]]
[[fa:سرزمین پریمورسکی]]
[[fr:Krai de Primorsk]]
[[ga:Críoch Phrimorsky]]
[[ko:프리모르스키 크라이]]
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[[id:Krai Primorsky]]
[[it:Territorio di Primorje]]
[[he:מחוז פרימוריה]]
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[[hu:Tengermelléki határterület]]
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[[no:Primorskij kraj]]
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[[pl:Kraj Nadmorski]]
[[pt:Krai do Litoral]]
[[ro:Ţinutul Primorie]]
[[ru:Приморский край]]
[[sk:Primorský kraj]]
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[[zh:滨海边疆区]]