Probiotic
731740
225894052
2008-07-15T22:10:31Z
Rbanzai
1371800
Reverted 6 edits by [[Special:Contributions/Chios1127|Chios1127]]; Removed spammy additions.. using [[WP:TWINKLE|TW]]
'''Probiotics''' are [[dietary supplement]]s containing potentially beneficial [[bacteria]] or [[yeast]]s. According to the currently adopted definition by [[FAO]]/[[world health organization|WHO]], probiotics are: ''‘Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host’''.<ref name="FAO/WHO">FAO/WHO (2001) Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria.</ref>
[[Lactic acid bacteria]] (LAB) are the most common type of [[microbes]] used. LAB have been used in the food industry for many years, because they are able to convert [[sugars]] (including [[lactose]]) and other [[carbohydrates]] into [[lactic acid]]. This not only provides the characteristic [[sour]] taste of [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] dairy foods such as [[yogurt]], but also by lowering the [[pH]] may create fewer opportunities for spoilage organisms to grow, hence creating possible health benefits on preventing [[Digestive disease|gastrointestinal infections]].<ref name=pap>{{cite journal
| last = Nichols
| first = Andrew W.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Probiotics and athletic performance: A systematic review
| journal = Current Sports Medicine Reports
| volume = 6
| issue = 4
| pages = 269–273
| publisher = Current Medicine Group LLC
| location =
| date = 2007
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/x363q11g7878m4tj/
| doi = 10.1007
| id =
| accessdate = 6 November
| accessyear = 2007
| doi_brokendate = 2008-06-21 }}</ref>. Strains of the genera ''[[Lactobacillus]]'' and ''[[Bifidobacterium]]'', are the most widely used probiotic bacteria.<ref name=Tannock>{{cite book | author = Tannock G (editor). | title = Probiotics and Prebiotics: Scientific Aspects | edition = 1st ed. | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2005 | url=http://www.horizonpress.com/pro3 | id = [http://www.horizonpress.com/pro3 ISBN 978-1-904455-01-8 ]}}</ref>
Probiotic bacterial cultures are intended to assist the body's naturally occurring [[gut flora]], an [[ecology]] of [[microbe]]s, to re-establish themselves. They are sometimes recommended by doctors, and, more frequently, by [[nutritionist]]s, after a course of [[antibiotics]], or as part of the treatment for gut related [[candidiasis]]. Claims are made that probiotics strengthen the [[immune system]] to combat [[allergies]], excessive [[alcohol]] intake, [[stress (medicine)|stress]], exposure to [[toxic]] substances, and other diseases.<ref name=pap /><ref name="Sanders">Sanders ME. Considerations for use of probiotic bacteria to modulate human health. J Nutr. 2000;130:384S-390S. {{Entrez Pubmed|10721912}}</ref> In these cases, the bacteria that work well with our bodies (see [[symbiosis]]) may decrease in number, an event which allows harmful [[competition|competitors]] to thrive, to the detriment of our health.
Maintenance of a healthy gut flora is, however, dependent on many factors, especially the quality of food intake. Including a significant proportion of [[prebiotic (nutrition)|prebiotic]] foods in the diet has been demonstrated{{Fact|date=October 2007}} to support a healthy gut flora and may be another means of achieving the desirable health benefits promised by probiotics.
==History of probiotics==
Probiotics, which means "for life", have been used for centuries as natural components in health-promoting foods. The original observation of the positive role played by certain bacteria was first introduced by Russian scientist and [[Nobel prize|Nobel laureate]] [[Eli Metchnikoff]], who in the beginning of the 20th century suggested that it would be possible to modify the [[gut flora]] and to replace harmful microbes by useful microbes.<ref name=”Metchnikoff”> Metchnikoff, E. 1907. Essais optimistes. Paris. The prolongation of life. Optimistic studies. Translated and edited by P. Chalmers Mitchell. London: Heinemann, 1907.</ref> Metchnikoff, at that time a professor at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in [[Paris]], produced the notion that the ageing process results from the activity of [[Putrefaction|putrefactive]] ([[proteolytic]]) [[microbe]]s producing toxic substances in the [[large bowel]]. Proteolytic bacteria such as [[clostridia]], which are part of the normal gut flora, produce toxic substances including [[phenols]], [[Indole|indols]] and [[ammonia]] from the [[digestion]] of [[proteins]]. According to Metchnikoff these compounds were responsible for what he called “intestinal [[auto-intoxication]]”, which caused the physical changes associated with old age.
It was at that time known that [[Fermented milk|milk fermented]] with lactic-acid bacteria inhibits the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low [[pH]] produced by the fermentation of [[lactose]]. Metchnikoff had also observed that certain rural populations in Europe, for example in [[Bulgaria]] and the Russian Steppes who lived largely on milk fermented by lactic-acid bacteria were exceptionally long lived. Based on these facts, Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk would “seed” the [[intestine]] with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal [[pH]] and that this would suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet [[sour milk]] fermented with the bacteria he called “Bulgarian Bacillus” and found his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour milk diet for their patients.<ref name=”Vaughan”>Vaughan RB. 1965. The romantic rationalist: A study of Elie Metchnikoff. Med Hist. 9:201-15.</ref>
Henry Tissier, also from the Pasteur Institute, was the first to isolate a ''[[Bifidobacterium]]''. He isolated the bacterium from a [[Breastfeeding|breast-fed]] infant and named it Bacillus bifidus communis.<ref name="Tissier">Tissier, H. 1900. Recherchers sur la flora intestinale normale et pathologique du nourisson. Thesis, University of Paris, Paris, France.</ref> This bacterium was later renamed ''[[Bifidobacterium bifidum]]''. Tissier showed that bifidobacteria are predominant in the gut flora of breast-fed babies, and he recommended administration of bifidobacteria to infants suffering from [[diarrhea]]. The mechanism claimed was that bifidobacteria would displace the proteolytic bacteria that cause the disease.
German professor Alfred Nissle, in 1917 isolated a strain of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' from the [[feces]] of a [[First world war|First World War]] soldier who did not develop [[enterocolitis]] during a severe outbreak of shigellosis.<ref name=”Nissle”>Nissle, A. 1918. Die antagonistische Behandlung chronischer Darmstörungen mit Colibakterien. Med Klin 1918, 2:29-30.</ref> In those days, [[antibiotics]] were not yet discovered, and Nissle used the strain with considerable success in acute cases of infectious intestinal diseases ([[salmonellosis]] and [[shigellosis]]). ''Escherichia coli'' Nissle 1917 is still in use and is one of the few examples of a non-LAB probiotic.
In 1920 Rettger demonstrated that Metchnikoff’s “Bulgarian Bacillus”, later called ''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus]]'', could not live in the human intestine,<ref name=”Cheplin”> Cheplin, H.A., and L.F. Rettger, 1920. Studies on the transformation of the intestinal flora, with special reference to the implantation of Bacillus acidophilus, II. Feeding experiments of man. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1920 December; 6(12): 704–705.</ref> and the fermented food phenomena petered out. Metchnikoff’s theory was disputable (at this stage), and people doubted his theory of longevity.
After Metchnikoff’s death in 1916, the centre of activity moved to the [[US]]. It was reasoned that bacteria originating from the gut were more likely to produce the desired effect in the gut, and in 1935 certain strains of ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus]]'' were found to be very active when implanted in the human digestive tract.<ref name=”Rettger”>Rettger, L.F., W.N. Levy, L. Weinstein, and J.E. Weiss. 1935. Lactobacillus acidophilus and its therapeutic application. Yale University Press, New Haven.</ref> Trials were carried out using this organism, and encouraging results were obtained especially in the relief of chronic [[constipation]].
The term “probiotics” was first introduced in 1953 by Kollath (see Hamilton-Miller et al 2003). Contrasting antibiotics, probiotics were defined as microbially derived factors that stimulate the growth of other microorganisms. In 1989 Roy Fuller suggested a definition of probiotics which has been widely used: “''A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance''”.<ref name=”Fuller”>Fuller, R. 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Appl. Bacteroil. 66:365-378.</ref> Fuller’s definition emphasizes the requirement of viability for probiotics and introduces the aspect of a beneficial effect on the host.
In the 1960s the [[dairy industry]] began to promote fermented milk products containing ''Lactobacillus acidophilus''.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} In subsequent decades other ''[Lactobacillus]'' species have been introduced including ''[[Lactobacillus rhamnosus]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus casei]]'', and ''[[Lactobacillus johnsonii]]'', because they are intestinal species with beneficial properties.<ref name=”Tannock”>Tannock, G.W. 2003. Probiotics: Time for a dose of realism. Curr. Intest. Microbiol. 4:33-42.</ref>
==Adverse Effects==
There is no published evidence that probiotic supplements are able to completely replace the body’s natural flora when these have been killed off; indeed bacterial levels in faeces disappear within days when supplementation ceases.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/gutreactions.shtml Gut Reactions programme 3]</ref>
While the oral use of probiotics is considered safe and even recommended by [[World Health Organization]] under specific guidelines [http://www.who.int/entity/foodsafety/fs_management/en/probiotic_guidelines.pdf], in some specific situations (such as critically ill patients) they could be potentially harmful. In one therapeutic clinical trial, a probiotic cocktail have been shown to increase the death rates of patients with acute pancreatitis <ref>{{cite journal |last=Beselink |first=MGM |title=Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet 14 Feb 2008}}</ref>, but was given through tube feeding directly in the intestine instead of the usual oral way since oral re-feeding following acute pancreatitis increases morbidity and mortality. Some other therapeutic use of probiotics have been shown to be beneficial for other types of patients [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/bmj.39231.599815.55v1], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18223503?ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum].
==Potential benefits==
Experiments into the benefits of probiotic therapies suggest a range of potentially beneficial medicinal uses for probiotics. For many of the potential benefits, research is limited and only preliminary results are available. It should be noted that the effects described are ''not'' general effects of probiotics. '''All effects can only be attributed to the strain(s) tested, not to the species, nor to the whole group of LAB (or other probiotics).'''<ref>{{cite journal| title=Factors to consider when selecting a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct to produce a hypocholesterolemic effect in humans| year=1990| month=Apr| pmid=2111831| author=Gilliland SE, Walker DK| journal=J Dairy Sci| volume=73(4)| pages=905–11}}</ref>
===Managing Lactose Intolerance===
As lactic acid bacteria actively convert [[lactose]] into [[lactic acid]], ingestion of certain active strains may help lactose intolerant individuals tolerate more lactose than what they would have otherwise.<ref name="Sanders"/> In practice probiotics are not specifically targeted for this purpose, as most are relatively low in lactase activity as compared to the normal [[yogurt]] bacteria.
===Prevention of Colon Cancer===
In laboratory investigations, some strains of LAB have demonstrated anti-mutagenic effects thought to be due to their ability to bind with [[heterocyclic amines]], which are [[carcinogenic]] substances formed in cooked meat.<ref name="Wollowski">Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G, Pool-Zobel BL. Protective role of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:451S-455S. {{Entrez Pubmed|11157356}}</ref> Animal studies have demonstrated that some LAB can protect against colon cancer in rodents, though human data is limited and conflicting.<ref name="Brady">Brady LJ, Gallaher DD, Busta FF. The role of probiotic cultures in the prevention of colon cancer. J Nutr. 2000;130:410S-414S. {{Entrez Pubmed|10721916}}</ref> Most human trials have found that the strains tested may exert anti-[[carcinogenic]] effects by decreasing the activity of an enzyme called β-glucuronidase<ref name="Brady"/> (which can generate carcinogens in the digestive system). Lower rates of colon cancer among higher consumers of fermented dairy products have been observed in some population studies.<ref name="Sanders"/>
===Cholesterol Lowering===
Animal studies have demonstrated the efficacy of a range of LAB to be able to lower serum [[cholesterol]] levels, presumably by breaking down [[bile]] in the [[gut]], thus inhibiting its reabsorption (which enters the blood as cholesterol). Some, but not all human trials have shown that dairy foods fermented with specific LAB can produce modest reductions in total and [[LDL]] cholesterol levels in those with normal levels to begin with, however trials in hyperlipidemic subjects are needed.<ref name="Sanders"/>
===Lowering Blood Pressure===
Several small clinical trials have shown that consumption of milk fermented with various strains of LAB can result in modest reductions in [[blood pressure]]. It is thought that this is due to the [[ACE inhibitor]]-like [[peptides]] produced during fermentation.<ref name="Sanders"/>
===Improving Immune Function and Preventing Infections===
LAB are thought to have several presumably beneficial effects on immune function. They may protect against [[pathogens]] by means of [[competitive inhibition]] (i.e., by competing for growth) and there is evidence to suggest that they may improve immune function by increasing the number of [[IgA]]-producing plasma cells, increasing or improving [[phagocytosis]] as well as increasing the proportion of [[T lymphocytes]] and Natural Killer cells.<ref name="Reid_Jass_Sebulsky">Reid G, Jass J, Sebulsky MT, McCormick JK. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16:658-72. {{Entrez Pubmed|14557292}}</ref><ref name="Ouwehand_Salminen_Isolauri">Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2002;82:279-89. {{Entrez Pubmed|12369194}}</ref> [[Clinical trials]] have demonstrated that probiotics may decrease the incidence of respiratory tract infections<ref>Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Ponka A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Nase L, Saxelin M, Korpela R. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial. BMJ. 2001;322:1327 {{Entrez Pubmed|11387176}}</ref> and [[dental caries]] in children.<ref>Nase L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Saxelin M, Ponka A, Poussa T, Korpela R, Meurman JH. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res. 2001;35:412-20. {{Entrez Pubmed|11799281}}</ref> LAB foods and supplements have been shown to be effective in the treatment and prevention of acute [[diarrhea]], and in decreasing the severity and duration of [[rotavirus]] infections in children and travelers' diarrhea in adults.<ref name="Reid_Jass_Sebulsky"/><ref name="Ouwehand_Salminen_Isolauri"/>
====Helicobacter pylori====
LAB are also thought to aid in the treatment of ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' infections (which cause [[peptic ulcers]]) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments.<ref name="pmid14522098">Hamilton-Miller JM. The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003;22:360-366. {{Entrez Pubmed|14522098}}</ref>
====Antibiotic-associated diarrhea====
A meta-analysis suggested probiotics may reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea.<ref name="pmid12182746">Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Nista EC, Bartolozzi F, Capelli G, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1461–1467 {{Entrez Pubmed|12182746}}</ref> A subsequent randomized controlled trial also found benefit in elderly patients.<ref name="pmid17604300"/>
===Reducing Inflammation===
LAB foods and supplements have been found to modulate [[inflammatory]] and [[hypersensitivity]] responses, an observation thought to be at least in part due to the regulation of [[cytokine]] function.<ref name="Reid_Jass_Sebulsky"/> Clinical studies suggest that they can prevent reoccurrences of [[inflammatory bowel disease]] in adults,<ref name="Reid_Jass_Sebulsky"/> as well as improve milk [[allergies]]<ref>Kirjavainen PV, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: underscoring the importance of viability. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36:223-227 {{Entrez Pubmed|12548058}}</ref> and decrease the risk of [[atopic eczema]] in children.<ref>Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1869–1871. {{Entrez Pubmed|12788576}}</ref>
===Improving Mineral Absorption===
It is hypothesized that probiotic lactobacilli may help correct malabsorption of trace minerals, found particularly in those with diets high in [[phytate]] content from [[whole grains]], [[nut (fruit)|nuts]], and [[legumes]].<ref>Famularo G, De Simone C, Pandey V, Sahu AR, Minisola G. Probiotic lactobacilli: an innovative tool to correct the malabsorption syndrome of vegetarians? Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(6):1132-5. {{Entrez Pubmed|16095846}}</ref>
===Prevents Harmful Bacterial Growth Under Stress===
In a study done to see the effects of stress on intestinal flora, rats that were fed probiotics had little occurrence of harmful bacteria latched onto their intestines compared to rats that were fed sterile water.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Probiotics May Help Stressed Gut
| first=Miranda
| last=Hitti
| url=http://www.webmd.com/content/article/121/114283.htm
| publisher=[[WebMD]]
| date=[[April 25]], [[2006]]
| accessdate=2006-10-24
}}</ref>
===Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Colitis===
B. infantis 35624, sold as Align, was found to improve some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in women in a recent study.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome
|author=Whorwell PJ, Altringer L, Morel J, Bond Y, Charbonneau D, O'Mahony L, Kiely B, Shanahan F, Quigley EM.
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16863564&dopt=Abstract
|publisher=Am J Gastroenterol.
|date=July, 2006
|accessdate=2007-12-02
}}</ref> Another probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum 299V, was also found to be effective in reducing IBS symptoms.<ref name="EurJGastroHepatol2001-Niedzielin"> {{cite journal | author=Niedzielin K, Kordecki H, Birkenfeld B | title=A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of [[Lactobacillus]] plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome | journal=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol | year=2001 | pages=1143–7 | volume=13 | issue=10| doi=10.1097/00042737-200110000-00004}}</ref>
Additionally, a probiotic formulation, VSL3, was found to be effective in treating ulcerative colitis.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Probiotics Significantly Reduce Symptoms of IBS, Ulcerative Colitis
|first=Martha
|last=Kerr
|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/455964
|date=[[May 21]], [[2003]]
|accessdate=2006-06-12
}}</ref>
Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 may help.<ref name="pmid17635382">{{cite journal |author=Guyonnet D, Chassany O, Ducrotte P, ''et al'' |title=Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on the health-related quality of life and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=475–86 |year=2007 |pmid=17635382 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03362.x |doi_brokendate=2008-06-21}}</ref>
==Synbiotics==
It is also possible to increase and maintain a healthy bacterial gut flora by increasing the amounts of [[prebiotic (nutrition)|prebiotics]] in the diet such as [[inulin]], raw [[oat]]s, and unrefined [[wheat]]. {{Fact|date=March 2007}}
As probiotics are mainly active in the small intestine and prebiotics are only effective in the large intestine,<ref name="Synbiotics">Glenn R. Gibson and Marcel B. Roberfroid ; Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota: Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition Vol. 125 No. 6 June 1995, pp. 1401–1412.</ref> the combination of the two may give a synergistic effect. Appropriate combinations of pre- and probiotics are synbiotics.
Synbiotics have also been defined as metabolites produced by [[ecoorgan]] or by synergistic action of prebiotics and probiotics e.g. short chain fatty acids, other fatty acids, amino acids, peptides, polyamines, carbohydrates, vitamins, numerous antioxidants and phytosterols, growth factors, coagulation factors, various signal molecules such as cytokine-like bacteriokines.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
==Strains==
The most common form for probiotics are dairy products and probiotic fortified foods. However, tablets, capsules, powders and sachets containing the bacteria in [[freeze dried]] form are also available.
{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
!colspan="4"| Proven probiotic strains. <small>Source:</small><ref>Sanders ME. [http://www.ffnmag.com/ASP/articleDisplay.asp?strArticleId=1356&strSite=FFNSite Probiotics, strains matter]. Functional foods & nutraceuticals magazine (2007); June; pp. 36–41</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Strain || Brandname|| Producer || Proven effect in humans
|-
| ''[[Bifidobacterium animalis]]'' subsp. ''lactis'' BB-12 || || [[Chr. Hansen]] || Immune stimulation, improves phagocytic activity, alleviates atopic eczema, prevents diarrhoea in children and traveller's diarrhoea{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''[[Bifidobacterium breve]]'' Yakult || '''[[Bifiene]]''' || [[Yakult]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bifidobacterium infantis]]'' 35624 ||'''Align''' || [[Procter & Gamble]] || Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS){{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''[[Bifidobacterium lactis]]'' HN019 (DR10) || '''[[Howaru Bifido]]''' || [[Danisco]] || Immune stimulation{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''[[Bifidobacterium longum]]'' BB536 || ||[[Morinaga Milk Industry]] || positive effects against allergies{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' Nissle 1917 || '''Mutaflor''' || Ardeypharm || Immune stimulation{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus]]'' LA-5 || || [[Chr. Hansen]] ||
|-
| ''Lactobacillus acidophilus'' NCFM || || [[Danisco]] || reduces symptoms of lactose intolerance, prevents bacterial overgrowth in small intestine{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''[[Lactobacillus casei]]'' DN114-001 (''Lactobacillus casei'' Immunitas(s)/Defensis)||'''[[Actimel]]/[[DanActive]]''' ||[[Danone]] || Diarrhea and allergy reduction, immune stimulation, reduction of duration of winter infections, H. pylori eradication, antibiotic associated diarrhea & C. difficile infections (see [[Actimel]]){{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''Lactobacillus casei'' CRL431 || || [[Chr. Hansen]] ||
|-
| ''Lactobacillus casei'' F19 || '''Cultura''' || [[Arla Foods]] || Improves digestive health, immune stimulation, reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, induces satiety, metabolizes body fat, reduces weight gain<ref>{{cite web
| last = Burrington
| first = Kimberlee J.
| title = All-Pro Probiotics
| publisher = Virgo Publishing
| date = 2007-09-05
| url = http://www.foodproductdesign.com/articles/463/79h10104769776.html
| accessdate = 2007-10-25
}}</ref>
|-
| ''Lactobacillus casei'' Shirota || '''Yakult''' || [[Yakult]] || Maintenance of gut flora, immune modulation, bowel habits and constipation (see [[Yakult]]){{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''[[Lactobacillus johnsonii]]'' La1 (= Lactobacillus LC1) || || [[Nestlé]] || Immune stimulation, active against [[Helicobacter pylori]]
|-{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
| ''[[Lactococcus lactis]]'' L1A || ||[[Norrmejerier]] || Immune stimulation, improves digestive health, reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea<ref name="Verum">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.verum.se/default0.asp?varpresentdomain=www.verum.se&varpresenturl=/bib/nm.asp&varpresentqs=Documentkey%3DCA0C5F5F664AC396C1256DC7002BC66F%26DocumentCategoryKey%3DB716C33872CE35C5C1256DBF003D3EB9&redir=1
| title = Nyttiga bakterier bringar ordning i oroliga sommarmagar
| date = 2003-07-01
| accessdate = 2007-08-25
| publisher = Norrmejerier
| language = Swedish
}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lactobacillus plantarum]]'' 299V ||'''GoodBelly''' '''ProViva''' || [[NextFoods]] [[Probi]] || IBS, used post-operative, immune stimulation{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''[[Lactobacillus reuteri]]'' [[American Type Culture Collection|ATTC]] 55730 (''Lactobacillus reuteri'' SD2112)|| || [[BioGaia Biologics]] || Immune stimulation, against diarrhoea{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''[[Lactobacillus rhamnosus]]'' ATCC 53013 (discovered by Gorbach & Goldin(=LGG)) || '''[[Vifit]] and others''' || [[Valio]] || Immune stimulation, alleviates atopic eczema, prevents diarrhoea in children and many other types of diarrhoea{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| ''Lactobacillus rhamnosus'' LB21 || '''Verum''' || [[Norrmejerier]] || Immune stimulation, improves digestive health, reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea<ref name="Verum">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.verum.se/default0.asp?varpresentdomain=www.verum.se&varpresenturl=/bib/nm.asp&varpresentqs=Documentkey%3DCA0C5F5F664AC396C1256DC7002BC66F%26DocumentCategoryKey%3DB716C33872CE35C5C1256DBF003D3EB9&redir=1
| title = Nyttiga bakterier bringar ordning i oroliga sommarmagar
| date = 2003-07-01
| accessdate = 2007-08-25
| publisher = Norrmejerier
| language = Swedish
}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lactobacillus salivarius]]'' UCC118 || || || positive effects with intestinal ulcers and inflammation{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
|-
| ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' (boulardii) lyo || '''[[DiarSafe]] and others''' || '''[[Wren Laboratories]] and others''' || against antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and [[Clostridium difficile]] infections; to treat acute diarrhoea in adults & children.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Hochter, W. et al
| title = Saccharomyces boulardii in acute adult diarrhea. Efficacy and tolerance of treatment
| journal = Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift
| volume = 132
| issue = 12
| pages = 188–192
| url = http://www.dtecta.co.uk/casestudies/Hochter_(1990)_Saccharomyces_boulardii_in_acute_adult_diarrhoea_Efficacy_and_tolerance_of_treatment_DiarSafe_DTECTA_Probiotics_www.dtecta.co.uk.pdf}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Cetina-Sauri, G. & Basto, S.
| title = Therapeutic evaluation of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhea
| journal = Annales de Pediatrie
| volume = 41
| issue = 6
| pages = 397–400
| url = http://www.dtecta.co.uk/casestudies/Cetina_Sauri_&_Basto_(1994)_Therapeutic_Evaluation_of_Saccharomyces_boulardii_in_children_with_acute_diarrhoea_DiarSafe_DTECTA_Probiotics_www.dtecta.co.uk.pdf}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Kurugol, Z. & Koturoglu, G.
| title = Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhea
| journal = Acta Paediatrica
| volume = 94
| pages = 44–47
| url = http://www.dtecta.co.uk/casestudies/Kurugol_&_Koturoglu_(2005)_Effects_of_saccharomyces_boulardii_in_children_with_acute_diarrhoea_DiarSafe_DTECTA_Probiotics_www.dtecta.co.uk.pdf?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15858959&dopt=Abstract
| doi = 10.1080/08035250410022521
| year = 2005}}</ref>
|-
| '''tested as mixture:'''<br> ''Lactobacillus rhamnosus'' GR-1 & ''Lactobacillus reuteri'' RC-14 || '''Bion Flore Intime''' '''Jarrow Fem-Dophilus'''||[[Chr. Hansen]]|| Oral ingestion results in vaginal colonisation and prevention of vaginitis{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| '''tested as mixture:'''<br> mixture of 8 strains of ''Streptococcus thermophilus'' & four ''Lactobacillus spp'' & three ''Bifidobacterium spp'' strains||'''VSL#3'''|| Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|| positive effects with intestinal ulcers and inflammation{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| '''tested as mixture:'''<br> ''Lactobacillus acidophilus'' CUL60 & ''Bifidobacterium bifidum'' CUL 20 || || || reduction of ''Cl. difficile'' in faeces{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|-
| '''tested as mixture:'''<br> ''Lactobacillus helveticus'' R0052 & ''Lactobacillus rhamnosus'' R0011 ||'''[[A'Biotica]] and others''' || [[Institut Rosell]] || prevents diarrhoea in children, prevents upset stomachs for patients on antibiotics.<ref name="pmid8140765">Kocian, J. Lactobacilli in the treatment of dyspepsia due to dysmicrobia of various causes. Vnitr Lek. 1994 Feb;40(2):79-83. {{Entrez Pubmed|8140765}}</ref>, active against [[Helicobacter pylori]]
|}
Some commonly used bacteria in products, but without probiotic effect (yoghurt bacteria):
*''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus]]''
*''[[Streptococcus thermophilus]]''
Some other bacteria mentioned in probiotic products:
*''[[Bacillus coagulans]]''
*''[[Bifidobacterium|Lactobacillus bifidus]]'' - became new genus ''Bifidobacterium''
Some fermented products containing similar lactic acid bacteria include:
* Pickled vegetables<ref name=aeslab>{{cite journal
| last = Seseña
| first = S.
| authorlink =
| coauthors = M.Ll. Palop
| title = An ecological study of lactic acid bacteria from Almagro eggplant fermentation brines
| journal = Journal of Applied Microbiology
| volume = 103
| issue = 5
| pages = 1553–1561
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| location =
| date = 2007
| url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03387.x
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03387.x
| id =
| accessdate = 7 November
| accessyear = 2007 }}</ref><sup>,</sup> <ref name=fv>{{cite web
| last = Breidt, Jr
| first = Frederick ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Fermented Vegetables
| publisher = ASM Press
| location =
| date = 2007
| url = http://fsweb2.schaub.ncsu.edu/USDAars/Acrobatpubs/P329-350/P345.pdf
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 7 November
| accessyear = 2007 }}</ref><sup>,</sup> <ref name=nmcd>{{cite journal
| last = Ji
| first = Feng-Di ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Note. Microbial Changes During the Salting Process of Traditional Pickled Chinese Cabbage
| journal = Food Science and Technology International
| volume = 13
| issue = 1
| pages = 11–16
| publisher = SAGE Publications
| location =
| date = 2007
| url = http://fst.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/1/11
| doi = 10.1177/1082013207075952
| id =
| accessdate = 7 November
| accessyear = 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Fermented bean paste]] such as [[tempeh]], [[miso]] and [[doenjang]]
* [[Kefir]] {{Fact|date=October 2007}}
* [[Kimchi]] <ref name=fv /><sup>,</sup> <ref name=dsnlab>{{cite journal
| last = Oh
| first = Chang-Kyung ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Depletion of Sodium Nitrite by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Kimchi
| journal = Journal of Medicinal Food
| volume = 7
| issue = 1
| pages = 38–44
| publisher = [[Mary Ann Liebert]]
| location =
| date = 2004
| url = http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/109662004322984680?cookieSet=1&journalCode=jmf
| doi = 10.1089/109662004322984680
| id =
| accessdate = 7 November
| accessyear = 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Kombucha]] {{Fact|date=October 2007}}
* [[Pao cai]] {{Fact|date=October 2007}}
* [[Sauerkraut]]<ref name=sugm>{{cite journal
| last = Sybesma
| first = Wilbert ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Safe use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria in food. Bridging the gap between consumers, green groups, and industry
| journal = Electronic Journal of Biotechnology
| volume = 9
| issue = 4
| pages =
| publisher = Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
| location =
| date = 2006
| url = http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-34582006000400011&tlng=&lng=en&nrm=iso
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 7 November
| accessyear = 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Soy sauce]]<ref name=labi>{{cite journal
| last = Tanasupawat
| first = Somboon ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Lactic acid bacteria isolated from soy sauce mash in Thailand
| journal = Journal of General and Applied Microbiology
| volume = 48
| issue = 4
| pages = 201–209
| publisher = The Microbiology Research Foundation
| location =
| date = 2002
| url = http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgam/48/4/201/_pdf
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 6 November
| accessyear = 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Tempeh]]<ref name=mamt>{{cite journal
| last = Moreno
| first = M.R.F. ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Microbial analysis of Malaysian tempeh, and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by isolates of Enterococcus faecium
| journal = Journal of Applied Microbiology
| volume = 92
| issue = 1
| pages = 147–157
| publisher = The Microbiology Research Foundation
| location =
| date = 2002
| url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01509.x
| doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01509.x
| id =
| accessdate = 7 November
| accessyear = 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Zha cai]] {{Fact|date=October 2007}}
==Research==
Research about probiotics shows both benefits and harm.
A 2007 study at [[University College Cork]] in [[Ireland]] showed that a diet including milk fermented with [[Lactobacillus]] bacteria prevented [[Salmonella]] infection in pigs.<ref>[http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=75107&m=1NIE320&c=csjgoiuhudky Probiotics may protect against food poisoning]</ref>
A 2007 clinical study at [[Imperial College London]] showed that preventive consumption of a commercially available probiotic drink containing ''L casei DN-114001'', ''L bulgaricus'', and ''S thermophilus'' can reduce the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and ''C difficile''-associated diarrhea.<ref name="pmid17604300">{{cite journal |author=Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N, ''et al'' |title=Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial |journal=BMJ |volume=335 |issue=7610 |pages=80 |year=2007 |pmid=17604300 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55}}</ref>
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled therapeutic study on the effects of a probiotic cocktail on [[pancreatitis]] at [[University Medical Center Utrecht]] (UMC), 24 out of 296 patients died between 2004 and 2007, with more deaths among those receiving the probiotic cocktail '''directly in the intestine'''. According to the spokesman of UMC, it is likely that some of these deaths would not have occurred without the probiotics<ref>[http://www.nu.nl/news/1403412/83/24_Doden_bij_Nederlands_wetenschappelijk_onderzoek.html 24 Doden bij Nederlands wetenschappelijk onderzoek (24 dead in Dutch scientific research)]. Nu.nl, 23 January 2008.</ref>, although other therapeutic trials conducted on probiotics were more positively conclusive [http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20080223/fob1.asp].
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==See also==
* [[Prebiotic (nutrition)]]
==External links==
* [http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/NationalDairyCouncil/Health/Digest/dcd76-1Page2.htm Probiotics: Considerations for Human Health]
* [http://nccam.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2006_summer/bacteria.htm Getting To Know "Friendly Bacteria"]
* [http://www.food-info.net/uk/ff/probiotics.htm How to choose a proper probiotic]
* [http://nutra-smart.net/yoghurt Health Implications of Yoghurt and Lactic Acid Bacteria]
* [http://www.chr-hansen.com/probiotics/consumers_guide.html Consumers Guide]
* [http://www.gutflora.org GutFlora.org: New developments and general information on probiotics]
* [http://www.protherainc.com/archives/ProductUpdates/2006/07/MakingSensePro/MakingSensePro.asp Making Sense of Probiotics]
* [http://www.dairycouncilofca.org/PDFs/probiotics.pdf Probiotics: Friendly Bacteria With a Host of Benefits]
{{Dietary supplement}}
[[Category:Bacteriology]]
[[Category:Digestive system]]
[[Category:Probiotics]]
[[Category:Microbiology]]
[[bg:Пробиотик]]
[[cs:Probiotikum]]
[[de:Probiotikum]]
[[es:Alimento probiótico]]
[[fa:پروبیوتیک]]
[[fr:Probiotique]]
[[gl:Probiótico]]
[[id:Probiotik]]
[[it:Probiotico]]
[[he:פרוביוטיקה]]
[[hu:Probiotikum]]
[[nl:Probioticum]]
[[ja:プロバイオティクス]]
[[no:Probiotikum]]
[[pl:Probiotyk]]
[[pt:Probiótico]]
[[sl:Probiotik]]
[[fi:Probiootti]]
[[th:โปรไบโอติกส์]]
[[uk:Пробіотики]]