Procaine 298600 221427901 2008-06-24T13:23:35Z Janino 7364686 There haven't been any serious overview publications on procaine within the last 30 years. The author sums up the scientific state of knowledge in 2007, including the anglo-american research results. {{dablink|For other uses of the name '''Novocaine''' and other spellings thereof, see [[Novocaine (disambiguation)]].}} {{Drugbox| |image=procaine.png | IUPAC_name = 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 4-aminobenzoate | CAS_number = 59-46-1 | ATC_prefix=N01 | ATC_suffix=BA02 | ATC_supplemental={{ATC|C05|AD05}} {{ATC|S01|HA05}} | PubChem=4914 | DrugBank=APRD00650 | C = 13 | H = 20 | N = 2 | O = 2 | molecular_weight = 236.31 g/mol | bioavailability = n/a | metabolism = [[Hydrolysis]] by plasma esterases | elimination_half-life = 40–84 seconds | excretion = [[Kidney|Renal]] | pregnancy_AU = B2 | pregnancy_US = C | legal_AU = S4 | routes_of_administration = [[Parenteral]] }} '''Procaine''' is a [[local anesthetic]] drug of the [[amino]] [[ester]] group. It is used primarily to reduce the pain of [[intramuscular injection]] of [[penicillin]], and is also used in [[dentistry]]. Owing to the ubiquity of the [[trade name]] '''Novocain''', procaine is sometimes referred to generically as '''novocaine'''. Procaine was first synthesized in 1898<ref>Shigeki Isomura, Timothy Z. Hoffman, Peter Wirsching, and Kim D. Janda. Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity of Cocaine Benzoylthio Ester Possessing the Cocaine Absolute Configuration. J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2002, Issue 124, p.3661-3668 </ref>, and was the first injectable man-made local anesthetic used. It was created by the [[Germany|German]] chemist [[Alfred Einhorn]] (1857–1917) who gave the chemical the trade name Novocaine, from the [[Latin]] ''Novus'' (meaning New) and ''caine'', a common ending for [[alkaloid]]s used as anesthetics. It was introduced into medical use by surgeon [[Heinrich Braun]] (1862–1934). Procaine is used less frequently today since more effective (and [[hypoallergenic]]) alternatives such as [[lidocaine]] (Xylocaine) exist. Prior to the discovery of procaine, [[cocaine]] was the most commonly used local anesthetic. Procaine (like [[cocaine]]) has the advantage of constricting blood vessels, which reduces bleeding, unlike other local anesthetics like lidocaine, and without the [[euphoria|euphoric]] and addictive qualities of cocaine. Procaine, an [[ester]] anesthetic, is metabolized in the [[blood plasma|plasma]] by the enzyme [[pseudocholinesterase]] through [[hydrolysis]] into [[para-Amino benzoic acid|para-amino benzoic acid]] (PABA), which is then excreted by the [[kidney]]s into the [[urine]]. Allergic reactions to procaine are usually not in response to procaine itself, but to PABA. About 1 in 3000 people have an atypical form of pseudocholinesterase, which doesn't hydrolyze ester anesthetics such as procaine, resulting in a prolonged period of high levels of the anesthetic in the blood and increased toxicity. Procaine is the primary ingredient in the controversial preparation [[Gerovital H3]], which is claimed by its advocates to remedy many effects of aging. The mainstream medical view is that these claims were seriously studied and discredited in the 1960s. ==See also== *[[Procaine blockade]] {{Vasoprotectives}} {{Local anesthetics}} == References == Hahn-Godeffroy, J.D.: Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen von Procain: was ist gesichert?. Komplement. integr. Med. 02/2007, 32-34 =====tags:===== {{Unreferenced|date=December 2007}} [[Category:Dental equipment]] [[Category:Local anesthetics]] [[Category:1905 introductions]] [[Category:Benzoates]] [[de:Procain]] [[fr:Procaïne]] [[it:Procaina]] [[nl:Novocaïne]] [[ja:プロカイン]] [[pl:Prokaina]] [[ro:Procaină]] [[ru:Прокаин]] [[simple:Procaine]] [[sv:Prokain]]