Procolophonia 5386076 215740760 2008-05-29T14:28:07Z NawlinWiki 301395 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/204.81.107.80|204.81.107.80]] ([[User talk:204.81.107.80|talk]]) to last version by Eubot {{Taxobox | name = ''Procolophonia'' | fossil_range = [[Permian]] to [[Triassic]] (if incl. Turtles then Permian to Recent) | image = Sclerosaurus1DB.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''Sclerosaurus''. | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | superclassis = [[Tetrapoda]] | classis = [[Sauropsida]]/[[Reptile|Reptilia]] | subclassis = [[Parareptilia]] | ordo = [[Procolophonomorpha]] | subordo = '''Procolophonia''' | subordo_authority = [[Harry Seeley|Seeley]], [[1888]] | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = '''Procolophonoidea'''<br> :[[Owenettidae]]<br> :[[Procolophonidae]]<br> :?[[Sclerosaurus|Sclerosauridae]]<br> '''Pareiasauroidea'''<br> :?[[Rhipaeosauridae]]<br> :[[Pareiasaur]]idae }} The '''Procolophonia''' are an [[Order (biology)|suborder]] of [[herbivore|herbivorous]] [[reptile]]s that lived from the Middle Permian till the end of the Triassic period. They were originally included as a suborder of the [[Cotylosauria]] (later renamed [[Captorhinida]] Carroll 1988) but are now considered a clade of [[Parareptilia]]. They are closely related to other generally lizard-like Permian reptiles such as the [[Millerettidae]], [[Bolosauridae]], [[Acleistorhinidae]], [[Lanthanosuchidae]], and [[Nyctiphruretidae]], all of which are included under the [[Anapsida]] or "Parareptiles" (as opposed to the [[Eureptilia]]). == Subclassification== There are two main groups of Procolophonia, the small, lizard-like [[Procolophonoid]]ea, and the ''Pareiasauroidea'', which include the large, armoured [[Pareiasaur]]idae. Smaller groups like [[Rhipaeosauridae]] and [[Sclerosaurus|Sclerosauridae]] might be placed in either superfamily, or prior to both, although according to the traditional classifification of Carroll 1988 the Rhipaeosauridae are classified with the Pareiasaurs and the Sclerosaurs with the Procolophonids. ==Relation to Turtles== The Procolophonia are traditionally thought to be ancestral to the [[Chelonia|Turtles]], although experts disagree over whether turtle ancestors are to be sought among the Procolophnidae, the Pareiasauridae (Lee 1995,1996, 1997), or simply a generic Procolophnian ancestor. [[Michel Laurin|Laurin]] & [[Robert Reisz|Reisz]], 1995 and Laurin & [[Jacques Gauthier|Gauthier]] 1996 define the Procolophonia cladistically as "The most recent common ancestor of pareiasaurs, procolophonids, and testudines (Chelonia), and all its descendants", and list a number of [[autapomorphy|autapomorphies]]. However, [[Oliver Rieppel|Rieppel]] and deBraga 1996 and deBraga & Rieppel, 1997 argue that turtles evolved from [[Sauropterygia]]ns, which would mean that the Parareptilia and Procolophonia constitute wholly extinct clades that are only distantly related to living reptiles. == References == * [[Robert L. Carroll|Carroll, R. L.]], (1988), ''[[Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution]]'' (incl. Appendix; Vertebrate Classification), [[WH Freeman|W.H. Freeman & Co.]] New York * deBraga M. & O. Rieppel. 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 281-354. * [[Oskar Kuhn|Kuhn, O]], 1969, Cotylosauria, part 6 of ''Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie'' ([[Encyclopedia of Palaeoherpetology]]), [[Gustav Fischer Verlag]], Stuttgart & Portland * Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A., 1996 [http://tolweb.org/articles/?article_id=462 Phylogeny and Classification of Amniotes], at the [[Tree of Life Web Project]] * Laurin, M. & R. R. Reisz. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. [[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] 113: 165-223. * Lee, M. S. Y. 1995. Historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of 'Parareptiles'. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 70: 459-547. * Lee M. S. Y. 1996. Correlated progression and the origin of turtles. Nature 379: 812-815. * Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles. [[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]]: Vol. 120, pp. 197-280 * Rieppel O. & M. deBraga. 1996. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Nature 384: 453-455. ==External links== * [http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Parareptilia/Hallucicrania.htm Hallucicrania] - [[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]] * [http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit200/100.html Basal Anapsids] - [[Palaeos]] [[Category:Parareptiles]] [[zh:前棱蜥亞目]]