Procolophonomorpha
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robot Adding: [[pt:Procolophonomorpha]]
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Procolophonomorpha''
| fossil_range = [[Permian]] to Recent (if incl. Chelonia)
| image = RhipaeosaurusDB12.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Rhipaeosaurus''.
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| subphylum = [[Vertebrata]]
| superclassis = [[Tetrapoda]]
| classis = [[Sauropsida]]/[[Reptile|Reptilia]]
| subclassis = [[Anapsida]]/[[Parareptilia]]
| ordo = '''Procolophonomorpha'''
| ordo_authority = [[Alfred Sherwood Romer|Romer]], [[1964]]
| subdivision_ranks = Groups
| subdivision =
See taxonomy
}}
The '''Procolophonomorpha''' are an [[Order (biology)|order]] or [[clade]] of early [[reptile]]s that appeared during the Middle Permian. They constitute a diverse asemblage that includes a number of lizard-like forms, as well as more diverse types like the Pareiasaurs. The most important subclade, the [[Procolophonia]] are traditionally thought to be ancestral to (and henxce to include) the [[Chelonia|Turtles]]. Lee 1995, 1996, 1997 argues that turtles evolved from Pareiasaurs but this view is by no means held unanimously. Rieppel and deBraga 1996 and deBraga & Rieppel, 1997 argue that turtles evolved from [[Sauropterygia]]ns
== Taxonomy ==
The following is based chiefly on [[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]], but also on Carroll 1988 and Laurin & Gauthier 1996. Note that classifications and even terminology vary widely, according to which authority one cites.
* CLASS [[Sauropsida|SAUROPSIDA]]
** '''Subclass [[Parareptilia|PARAREPTILIA]]'''
*** '''Order Procolophonomorpha''' ''sensu'' Lee, 1995 (= Ankyramorpha deBraga & Reitz, 1996)
**** Superfamily '''Lanthanosuchoidea'''
***** Family [[Acleistorhinidae]]
***** Family [[Lanthanosuchidae]]
**** Order '''Procolophonomorpha''' ''sensu'' Rieppel & deBraga, 1996 and deBraga & Rieppel, 1997 = Suborder '''[[Procolophonia]]''' ''sensu'' Carroll 1988
***** Family [[Nycteroleteridae]] (paraphyletic)
***** Family [[Rhipaeosauridae]] (paraphyletic)
****** Suborder '''[[Procolophonia]]''' ''sensu'' Laurin & Gauthier, 1996 = '''Procolophoniformes''' ''sensu'' Lee, 1995, 1996
******* Superfamily '''Procolophonoidea'''
******** Family [[Owenettidae]] (paraphyletic)
********* Family [[Procolophonidae]]
********* Family [[Sclerosaurus|Sclerosauridae]]
******* Superfamily '''[[Pareiasaur]]oidea''' (paraphyletic according to Lee 1995, 1996, 1997)
******** [[Pareiasaur]]idae
******* '''Order [[Chelonia]]'''
== References==
* Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix; Vertebrate Classification. in Carroll, R. L. 1988: ''[[Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution]]'', W. H. Freeman and company, New York
* deBraga M. & O. Rieppel. 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 281-354.
* deBraga, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1996: The Early Permian reptile Acleistorhinus pteroticus and its phylogenetic position. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #3, pp. 384-395
* Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A., 1996 [http://tolweb.org/articles/?article_id=462 Phylogeny and Classification of Amniotes], at the [[Tree of Life Web Project]]
* Lee, M. S. Y. 1995. Historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of 'Parareptiles'. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 70: 459-547.
* Lee M. S. Y. 1996. Correlated progression and the origin of turtles. Nature 379: 812-815.
* Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 120, pp. 197-280
* Rieppel O. & M. deBraga. 1996. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Nature 384: 453-455.
==External links==
* [http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Parareptilia/Procolophonomorpha.htm Procolophonomorpha] - [[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]]
* [http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit200/100.html Basal Anapsids] - [[Palaeos]]
[[Category:Parareptiles]]
[[pt:Procolophonomorpha]]
[[zh:前棱蜥形目]]