Procolophonomorpha 5414475 225842691 2008-07-15T17:33:16Z Thijs!bot 1392310 robot Adding: [[pt:Procolophonomorpha]] {{Taxobox | name = ''Procolophonomorpha'' | fossil_range = [[Permian]] to Recent (if incl. Chelonia) | image = RhipaeosaurusDB12.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''Rhipaeosaurus''. | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | superclassis = [[Tetrapoda]] | classis = [[Sauropsida]]/[[Reptile|Reptilia]] | subclassis = [[Anapsida]]/[[Parareptilia]] | ordo = '''Procolophonomorpha''' | ordo_authority = [[Alfred Sherwood Romer|Romer]], [[1964]] | subdivision_ranks = Groups | subdivision = See taxonomy }} The '''Procolophonomorpha''' are an [[Order (biology)|order]] or [[clade]] of early [[reptile]]s that appeared during the Middle Permian. They constitute a diverse asemblage that includes a number of lizard-like forms, as well as more diverse types like the Pareiasaurs. The most important subclade, the [[Procolophonia]] are traditionally thought to be ancestral to (and henxce to include) the [[Chelonia|Turtles]]. Lee 1995, 1996, 1997 argues that turtles evolved from Pareiasaurs but this view is by no means held unanimously. Rieppel and deBraga 1996 and deBraga & Rieppel, 1997 argue that turtles evolved from [[Sauropterygia]]ns == Taxonomy == The following is based chiefly on [[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]], but also on Carroll 1988 and Laurin & Gauthier 1996. Note that classifications and even terminology vary widely, according to which authority one cites. * CLASS [[Sauropsida|SAUROPSIDA]] ** '''Subclass [[Parareptilia|PARAREPTILIA]]''' *** '''Order Procolophonomorpha''' ''sensu'' Lee, 1995 (= Ankyramorpha deBraga & Reitz, 1996) **** Superfamily '''Lanthanosuchoidea''' ***** Family [[Acleistorhinidae]] ***** Family [[Lanthanosuchidae]] **** Order '''Procolophonomorpha''' ''sensu'' Rieppel & deBraga, 1996 and deBraga & Rieppel, 1997 = Suborder '''[[Procolophonia]]''' ''sensu'' Carroll 1988 ***** Family [[Nycteroleteridae]] (paraphyletic) ***** Family [[Rhipaeosauridae]] (paraphyletic) ****** Suborder '''[[Procolophonia]]''' ''sensu'' Laurin & Gauthier, 1996 = '''Procolophoniformes''' ''sensu'' Lee, 1995, 1996 ******* Superfamily '''Procolophonoidea''' ******** Family [[Owenettidae]] (paraphyletic) ********* Family [[Procolophonidae]] ********* Family [[Sclerosaurus|Sclerosauridae]] ******* Superfamily '''[[Pareiasaur]]oidea''' (paraphyletic according to Lee 1995, 1996, 1997) ******** [[Pareiasaur]]idae ******* '''Order [[Chelonia]]''' == References== * Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix; Vertebrate Classification. in Carroll, R. L. 1988: ''[[Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution]]'', W. H. Freeman and company, New York * deBraga M. & O. Rieppel. 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 281-354. * deBraga, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1996: The Early Permian reptile Acleistorhinus pteroticus and its phylogenetic position. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #3, pp. 384-395 * Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A., 1996 [http://tolweb.org/articles/?article_id=462 Phylogeny and Classification of Amniotes], at the [[Tree of Life Web Project]] * Lee, M. S. Y. 1995. Historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of 'Parareptiles'. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 70: 459-547. * Lee M. S. Y. 1996. Correlated progression and the origin of turtles. Nature 379: 812-815. * Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 120, pp. 197-280 * Rieppel O. & M. deBraga. 1996. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Nature 384: 453-455. ==External links== * [http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Parareptilia/Procolophonomorpha.htm Procolophonomorpha] - [[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]] * [http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit200/100.html Basal Anapsids] - [[Palaeos]] [[Category:Parareptiles]] [[pt:Procolophonomorpha]] [[zh:前棱蜥形目]]