Programmed instruction
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2008-06-20T11:47:56Z
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/* Programmed Instruction */
'''Programmed instruction''' is the name of the technology invented by the behaviorist [[B.F. Skinner]] to automate teaching. It was based on his theory of [[Verbal Behavior]] as a means to accelerate conventional educational learning.
==Programmed Instruction==
It consists of self-teaching with the aid of a textbook or [[Instructional technology|teaching machine]] that presents material structured in a logical sequence. Programmed instruction allows students to answer questions about a unit of study at their own rate, checking their own answers and advancing only after answering correctly. After each step, they are presented with a question to test their comprehension, then are immediately shown the correct answer or given additional information.
==Programmed Learning==
This idea was later adapted by [[Robert M. Gagné]], who invented programmed learning for use in teaching in schools. The difference between programmed instruction (PI) and [[programmed learning]] (PL) is that PI is intended to modify behavior, whereas PL is used for teaching facts and skills.
==Personalized System of Instruction==
''[[Personalized System of Instruction]]'' or (PSI), developed by [[Fred S. Keller]], was another idea for how to incorporate programmed learning into the classroom.<ref>Keller, F.S.(1968) Goodbye Teacher, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1310979]</ref>
==Errorless Discrimination==
Programmed instruction is through early efforts to implement Skinner's basic research findings on learning at Harvard that caused errorless discrimination<ref>Terrace HS. Discrimination learning with and without “errors” J Exp Anal Behav. 1963 Jan;6(1):1–27 [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=13980667]</ref> techniques to be developed.<ref>Skinner, B.F. (1968) Technology of Teaching, index</ref> Programmed instruction had some early success in aphasia rehabilation <ref>Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation. ''SLP-ABA, 1.(1),'' 56-64 </ref>.
==Programmed instruction today==
While not as popular<ref>Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation. ''SLP-ABA,'' 1(1), Page 56-64 [http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org BAO] </ref>, programmed instruction continues to be used today. Recently, the application of programmed instruction principles was applied to training in computer programs <ref> Emurian, H.H. (2007). Programmed Instruction for Teaching Java: Consideration of Learn Unit Frequency and Rule-Test Performance. ''The Behavior Analyst Today, 8( 1)'', 70-88[http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org]</ref><ref>Emurian, H.H., Holden, H.K., & Abarbanel, R.A. (2008). Managing Programmed Instruction and Collaborative Peer Tutoring in the Classroom: Applications in Teaching Java™. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(2), 576 - 614.</ref> and combined with [[Benjamin Bloom]]'s taxonomy to teach college students <ref>Crone-Todd, D. F. & Pear, J.J. (2001) Application of Bloom's Taxonomy to PSI.'' The Behavior Analyst Today, 2 (3)'', 204 -215.[http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org BAO]</ref>. Some have argued that there is a resurgence of research on programmed instruction due to use of computers and the internet, <ref> Eyre, H.L.(2007). Keller’s Personalized System of Instruction: Was it a Fleeting Fancy or is there a Revival on the Horizon?''The Behavior Analyst TodayTM Volume 8, No. 3'', 317-324. [http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org BAO] </ref>
== External links ==
* [http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Programmed_instruction#References_and_other_links_of_interest Programmed Instruction]
==References==
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[[Category: Educational psychology]]