Protectorate 219249 224051194 2008-07-07T02:32:48Z 84.66.10.99 {{otheruses4|states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power|the republic in the British Isles governed by Lords Protector|The Protectorate}} In [[international law]] a '''protectorate''' is an autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity, called the ''protector'', which engages to protect it (diplomatically or, if needed, militarily) against third parties, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship. A protectorate is usually effectively an autonomous territory of the protector state, or a component of an [[empire]]. ==Rationale== In the case of so-called '''amical protection''', mainly extended by the [[great power]]s to fellow Christian (generally European) states and tiny ones without significant intrinsic importance, the terms may often be very favorable for the protectorate. The political interest of the protector is often moral (a matter of image, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, dynastic, historical or ethno-cultural ties, etc.), and/or countering a rival or enemy power, e.g. preventing the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman empire]] from maintaining or obtaining control of areas of strategic importance. Even if this involves the very weak protectorate surrendering control of its external relations, this may not constitute any real sacrifice, since they would not have been able to have similar use of them without the protector's strength. Conditions are often much less generous for areas of '''colonial protection'''. Here the protectorate was often reduced to a de facto condition rather similar to a colony, but using the pre-existing [[native state]] as an agent of [[indirect rule]]. Sometimes a protectorate was even established by and/or exercised by the other form of indirect rule: a [[chartered company]], which truly becomes a de facto state 'in' its European home state (but geographically overseas), allowed to be an independent country which has its own foreign policy and generally its own armed forces. In fact, 'protectorates' were even declared which were not even duly entered into by pre-existent traditional states, or only by a party in its internal politics of dubious authority, while colonial 'protectors' frequently decided on their own to 'reshuffle' several protectorates into a new, artificial unit, a logic not quite respectful of the theoretical duty of a protector to help maintain the protectorate's status and integrity. The Berlin agreement of February 26, 1895 actually stipulated that the colonial powers could declare in [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Black Africa]] (the last region to be divided among them) protectorates that could be established by diplomatical notification, even without actual possession on the ground. A similar case is the formal use of such terms as 'colony' and 'protectorate' for an amalgamation, convenient only for the colonizer/protector, of geographically proximious territories over which it held (de facto) sway by protective or 'raw' colonial logic. In practice, a protectorate often has direct [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]] only with the [[protecting power]], so other states must deal with it by approaching the protector. Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own, but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from annexation, in that the protector has no ''formal'' power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate. Protectorates differ from [[League of Nations Mandate]]s, and similar [[United Nations Trust Territories]], which gave in practice similar authority to "responsible" Western powers or Japan in various areas of the non-European world over former colonial possessions (including protectorates) of the losers in [[World war|World Wars]] I and II, since a protectorate formally enters into the protection itself, while the international mandates are imposed upon them by the 'world community-representing body'. A Protectorate State is a State which entrusts some of its important functions to another State. it retains sufficient measure of sovereignty and remains a [[State]] under international law {{Cleanup-section|date=July 2006}} == British and Commonwealth protectorates == '''Protection''' is a long-established term in [[English law]] for the duty of a [[sovereignty|sovereign]] to keep the subject safe from harm, including harm done by the sovereign; the subject has a corresponding duty of [[allegiance]] and [[Obedience (human behavior)|obedience]]. Thus, in 1775, [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] declared the [[thirteen colonies]] "out of his protection" for their disobedience &mdash; almost equivalent to a [[declaration of war]]. When the British took over [[Cephallenia]] in 1809, they proclaimed that "We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as Invaders, with views of conquest, but as Allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection." When the British continued to occupy the [[Ionian Islands]] after the [[Napoleonic wars]], they did not formally annex the islands, but described them as a protectorate. The islands were constituted by the [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1815 as the independent [[United States of the Ionian Islands]] under British protection. Other British protectorates followed. In 1894 Prime Minister [[William Gladstone]]'s government officially announced that [[Uganda]] was to become a British Protectorate, where Muslim and Christian strife had attracted international attention. The British administration installed carefully selected local kings under a program of indirect rule through the local oligarchy, creating a network of British-controlled [[civil service]]. Most British protectorates were overseen by a Commissioner or a [[High Commissioner]], rather than a Governor. [[Law of the United Kingdom|British law]] made a distinction between a '''protectorate''' and '''protected state'''. Constitutionally the two were of similar status: * Britain controlled defence and external relations in both cases * however in ''protectorates'' Britain established an internal government, while in ''protected states'' a form of local internal self-government was already in existence. Persons connected with former British protectorates, protected states, mandated or trust territories may still be [[British protected person]]s if they did not acquire the nationality of their country at independence. {{See|British nationality law}} Other cases include: ===Americas=== *[[Mosquito Coast]] (1655-1860) (over Central America's [[Miskito]] Indian nation) ===Arab World=== *[[Aden Protectorate]]s in [[Yemen]] (1873-1967) *[[Egypt]] (1914-1922) *[[British Residency of the Persian Gulf]] (1822-1971) **[[Bahrain]] (1880-1971) **[[Kuwait]] (1899-1961) **[[Oman]] (informal; 1891-1971) **[[Qatar]] (1916-1971) **[[Trucial States]], precursor of the [[UAE]] (1892-1971) *[[British Somaliland]] (1887-1960) ===South and South East Asia=== *[[Afghanistan]] (1879-1919) *[[Bhutan]] (1910-1947) *[[British North Borneo]] (1888-1946) *[[Brunei]] (1888-1984) *[[Federation of Malaya]] (1948-1957) **[[Federated Malay States]] (1895-1946) **[[Unfederated Malay States]] (various-1946) *[[Maldives]] (1887-1965) *[[Sarawak]] (1888-1946) ===Subsaharan Africa=== *[[Basutoland]] (1868-1871, 1884-1966) *[[British Central Africa]] (1893-1907) *[[British East Africa Protectorate]] (1895-1920) *[[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (1884-1966) *[[Gambia Protectorate]] (1894-1965) *[[Ghana#History|Gold Coast Protectorate]] (1902-1957) *[[Kenya#Colonial history|Kenya Protectorate]] (1920-1963) *[[Northern Rhodesia]] (1924-1964) *[[Nyasaland Protectorate]] (1907-1964) *in present Nigeria: [[Bight of Bonny|Bight of Biafra]], [[Bight of Benin]] and after their merger Bight of Biafra and Benin [[Niger Coast Protectorate]]; [[Northern Nigeria Protectorate]] and [[Southern Nigeria Protectorate]] (established 16 Jul 1884 over Brass, Bonny, Opobo, Aobh and Old Calabar (excluding Lagos), confirmed 5 Jun 1885), as [[Oil Rivers Protectorate]]) * [[Sierra Leone]] as a whole was no protectorate but a [[British overseas territories|crown colony]] (1896-1961); however within a few monarchies were not eliminated: **the [[Shenge]] kingdom founded by the Caulker family ([[Plantatin Island]]) in 1810, since 1861 under British protectorate, in 1888 incorporated into Sierra Leone (dynasty ended) **Temne ([[Koya-Temne]]) kingdom (ruler style Bais) since 31 August 1896 a British protectorate. *[[Swaziland]] (1902-1968) *[[Uganda Protectorate]] (1894-1962) *[[Walvis Bay protectorate]] (1878-1884) *[[Zanzibar]] (1890-1963) ===Oceania=== *[[British Solomon Islands]] (1893-1978) *[[Cook Islands]] (1888-1901) *[[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]] (1892-1916) *[[Niue]] (1900-1901) *[[Tokelau]] (1877-1916) *[[Tonga]] (1900-1970) ==Dutch== *various sultanates in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (present Indonesia) ==German== The [[German Empire]] (Second Reich) used the word ''Schutzgebiet'', literally 'protectorate', for its true colonies as well until they were lost during [[World War I]]. Cases involving indirect rule included; In the Pacific: * [[German New Guinea]] * [[Marshall Islands]] * [[Nauru]], various officials posted with the Head Chiefs * northern [[Solomon islands]] In Africa: * sultanate of [[Witu]], in Kenya * [[German South-West Africa]] (later [[Namibia]]) * [[Rwanda]], a Resident with the native ''Mwami'' (king) * [[Urundi]], a Resident with the native ''Mwami'' (king; 1908 Sultan) Besides these colonial uses, within Europe the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Third Reich]] established: *[[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] from 1939 to 1945 (a Nazi [[Puppet state|puppet regime]] in the Czech lands) *[[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]] from 1939 to 1945, the German representative being officially a diplomat styled Envoy and [[Diplomatic rank|Minister Plenipotentiary]]. ==French protectorates == *[[Saar (protectorate)|Saar]] (1947-1956), not colonial or amical, but a former part of Germany that would by referendum return to it, in fact a re-edition of a former [[Saar (League of Nations)|League of Nations mandate]]. ''Most French protectorates were rather colonial:'' === Asia=== *In present India: [[Arkat]] (Arcot/Carnatic) was 1692 - 1750 a French protectorate until 1763 independence recognized under British protectorate *In [[French Indochina]] until 1953/54: **[[Cambodia]] [[11 August]] [[1863]] **[[Annam (French colony)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin]] [[6 June]] [[1884]] **[[Laos]] [[3 October]] [[1893]] === Arab World and Madagascar=== *[[Comoros]] [[21 April]] [[1886]] French protectorate (Anjouan *) till [[25 Jul]] [[1912]] annexed *present Djibouti was originally, since 24 June 1884, the [[Territory of Obock and Protectorate of Tadjoura]] (''Territoires Française d'Obock, Tadjoura, Dankils et Somalis''), a French protectorate recognized by Britain on 9 February 1888, renamed on 20 May 1896 as [[Djibouti|French Somaliland]] ''([[Côte Française des Somalis]]).'' *[[Mauritania]] on [[12 May]] [[1903]] French protectorate; within Mauritanian several traditional states: ** [[Adrar (region)|Adrar]] emirate since 9 January 1909 French protectorate (before Spanish) ** the [[Taganit]] confederation's emirate (founded by Idaw `Ish dynasty), since 1905 under French protectorate. ** ? [[Brakna]] confederation's emirate ** [[Trarza]] confederation's emirate since 15 December 1902 a French protectorate *[[Morocco]] - most of the sultanate was [[30 March]] [[1912]] - [[2 March]] [[1956]] French protectorate * *over [[Madagascar]] Traditional States ** [[6 August]] [[1896]] Kingdom of [[Imerina]] under French protectorate. [[28 February]] [[1897]] French Madagascar colony. *[[Tunisia]] [[12 May]] [[1881]] becomes a French protectorate by treaty. ... [[20 March]] [[1956]] French protectorate terminated. === Sub-saharan Africa=== *in [[Benin]] traditional states ** ... 1889 Independent of [[Danhome]], under French protectorate **[[23 February]] [[1863]] - [[2 January]] [[1865]] Porto-Novo a French protectorate. [[19 May]] [[1868]] [[Cotonou]] a French Protectorate. [[14 April]] [[1882]] [[Porto-Novo]] French protectorate. ... *in [[Central African Republic]] traditional states: **[[12 December]] [[1897]] French protectorate over [[Dar al-Kuti]] (1912 Sultanate suppressed by the French) ** 1894 French protectorate over the Sultanate of [[Bangassou]] * *present [[Burkina Faso]] was since [[20 February]] [[1895]] a French protectorate named [[French Upper Volta|Upper Volta]] (''Haute-Volta'') *in [[Chad]]: [[Baghirmi]] state [[20 September]] [[1897]] a French protectorate *Côte d'Ivoire: [[10 January]] [[1889]] French protectorate of [[Ivory Coast]] *[[Guinea]]: [[5 August]] [[1849]] French protectorate over coastal region; (Riviéres du Sud). *in [[Niger]], [[Damagaram]] sultanate (later capital Zinder) since 30 July 1899 under French protectorate over the native rulers, titled [[Sarkin]] Damagaram or Sultan) *in [[Senegal]]: [[4 February]] [[1850]] First of several French protectorate treaties with local rulers ===Oceania=== *in [[French Polynesia]], mainly [[Society Islands|the Society Islands]] (several other were immediately annexed) ** 1842 [[Otaheiti]] (native king styled [[Ari`i rahi]]) becomes a French protectorate known as Tahiti ** 1880 [[Raiatea]] and [[Tahaa]] (after temporary annexation by Otaheiti; (title Ari`i) a French protectorate **16 Jan 1844 [[Mangareva]] (one of the [[Gambier Islands]]; ruler title [[`Akariki]]) a French protectorate. *on [[Wallis and Futuna]]: **[[4 November]] [[1842]] Wallis declared to be a French protectorate by King of [[Uvea]] and Captain Mallet of ... **[[5 April]] [[1887]] `Uvea (Wallis) becomes a French protectorate. ==Italian== In Europe: *[[Monaco]]-[[20 November]] [[1815]] under amical Protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia to 1860. *1941-1943, [[Montenegro]] In the colonial empire: *Ethiopia: the [[2 May]] [[1889]] [[Treaty of Wuchale]], in the [[Italian language]] version, stated that Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian [[Amharic language]] version merely stated that the Emperor could, if he so chose, go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs. When the differences in the versions came to light, [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Menelik II of Ethiopia|Menelik II]] abrogated first the article in question (XVII), and later the whole treaty. The event culminated in the [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]], in which Ethiopia was victorious and defended her sovereignty in 1896. *in Libya: on [[15 October]] [[1912]] Italian protectorate declared over [[Cirenaica]] (Cyrenaica) until [[17 May]] [[1919]]. *in Somalia: [[3 August]] [[1889]] [[Benadir Coast]] Italian Protectorate (in the north east; unoccupied until May 1893), until [[16 March]] [[1905]] when it changed to the Italian Somalia ([[Italian Somaliland]]) colony. **[[Majerteen]] or [[Harti]] sultanate since 7 April 1889 under Italian protectorate (renewed 7 Apr 1895), then in 1927 incorporated into the Italian colony. **[[Sultanate of Hobyo]] (formerly the [[Hiraab Imamate]] until its conquest by a Majerteen warlord) since Dec 1888 under Italian protectorate (renewed 11 Apr 1895), then in Oct 1925 incorporated into the Italian colony (known as Obbia). ==Japanese== *[[Korean Empire]]: Japan held a protectorate over the monarchy of Korea before the [[Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty|annexation]] in 1910. <ref>The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910 by Peter Duus ISBN 0520213610</ref> *[[Manchukuo]] (1932-1945) ==Russian== *[[Emirate of Bukhara]] (1873-1920) *[[Khanate of Khiva]] (1873-1920) ==Spanish== *in [[Morocco]] [[27 November]] [[1912]] - [[7 April]] [[1956]] the so-called Spanish Zone (de jure joint protectorate but de facto most of the sultanate was under French protection). *in Mauritania: [[Adrar (region)|Adrar]] emirate since 1886 under Spanish protectorate till 9 January 1909, then a French protectorate. ==Joint protectorates== :''compare [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]]'' *the Adriatic [[Republic of Ragusa]] (presently Dubrovnic in Croatian Dalmatia) was a joint Habsburg Austrian - [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkish]] protectorate 20 August 1684 - 24 August 1798 - so exceptionally both a Catholic and a Muslim protector *The [[United States of the Ionian Islands]] were a federal [[Septinsular Republic]] of seven formerly Venetian (see [[Provveditore]]) Ionian islands ([[Corfu]], [[Cephalonia]], [[Zante]], [[Santa Maura]], [[Ithaca]], [[Cerigo]] and [[Paxos]]), officially under joint protectorate of the Allied Christian Powers, [[de facto]] a UK amical protectorate from 1815 to 1864. *[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] were a joint Austrian and Hungarian protectorate since 1878 which formally still belonged to the Ottoman Empire until 1908 when it was annexed by Austria-Hungary (see [[Bosnian crisis]]) ==United Nations== *[[Kosovo]], [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]] established since 1999. ==Contemporary usage by the United States == Some agencies of the [[United States government]], such as the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]], still use the term ''protectorate'' to refer to [[insular area]]s of the [[United States]] such as [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], as were the [[Philippines]] and (it can be argued via the [[Platt Amendment]]) Cuba at the end of Spanish [[Colonialism|colonial rule]]. However, the agency responsible for the administration of those areas, the [[Office of Insular Affairs]] (OIA) within the [[United States Department of Interior]] exclusively uses the term ''insular area'' rather than ''protectorate''. ==Sources and references== (incomplete) *[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/COLONIES.html WorldStatesmen- see each modern state, here grouped by colonial/protecting power] *''Nouveau Larousse Illustré'', undated, early 20th century, in French === Footnotes === <references/> ==See also== *[[Ancient China's Protectorate System]] *[[Tribute]] *[[Chinese Protectorate]] *[[suzerainty]] *[[tributary (political)]] *[[Protector (title)|Protector]] (titles for [[Head of State|Heads of State]] and other individual persons) *[[British protected person]] *[[The Protectorate]] (government of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1653-1659) {{colonial Empires}} [[Category:Colonialism]] [[Category:Constitutional state types]] [[Category:Dependent territories]] [[Category:States by power status]] [[bg:Протекторат]] [[ca:Protectorat]] [[cv:Протекториат]] [[cs:Protektorát]] [[da:Protektorat]] [[de:Protektorat]] [[el:Προτεκτοράτο]] [[es:Protectorado]] [[eo:Protektorato]] [[fr:Protectorat]] [[gl:Protectorado]] [[hr:Protektorat]] [[id:Protektorat]] [[it:Protettorato]] [[he:מדינת חסות]] [[sw:Nchi lindwa]] [[mk:Протекторат]] [[nl:Protectoraat]] [[ja:保護国]] [[no:Protektorat]] [[nn:Protektorat]] [[pl:Protektorat]] [[pt:Protectorado]] [[ro:Protectorat]] [[ru:Протекторат]] [[sq:Protektoriat]] [[simple:Protectorate]] [[fi:Protektoraatti]] [[sv:Protektorat]] [[uk:Протекторат]] [[zh:保护国]]