Proteobacteria 24863 219277729 2008-06-14T13:05:51Z Zorrobot 7218328 robot Adding: [[sv:Proteobacteria]] {{Taxobox | color = lightgrey | name = Proteobacteria | image = EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' | domain = [[Bacteria]] | phylum = '''Proteobacteria''' | phylum_authority = Stackebrandt et al., 1986 | subdivision_ranks = [[Order (biology)|Order]]s | subdivision = '''Alpha Proteobacteria'''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Caulobacteraceae|Caulobacterales]] - e.g. ''[[Caulobacter crescentus|Caulobacter]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Kordiimonas gwangyangensis|Kordiimonadales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Parvularcula]]les<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Rhizobiales]] - e.g. [[Rhizobia]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Rhodobacteraceae|Rhodobacterales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Rhodospirillales]] - e.g. ''[[Acetobacter]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Rickettsiales]] - e.g. ''[[Rickettsia]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Sphingomonadaceae|Sphingomonadales]] e.g. ''[[Sphingomonas]]''<br> '''Beta Proteobacteria'''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Burkholderiales]] - e.g. ''[[Bordetella]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Hydrogenophilaceae|Hydrogenophilales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Methylophilaceae|Methylophilales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Neisseriaceae|Neisseriales]] - e.g. ''[[Neisseria]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Nitrosomonadales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Rhodocyclaceae|Rhodocyclales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Procabacter]]iales<br> '''Gamma Proteobacteria'''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Acidithiobacillales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Aeromonadales]] - e.g. ''[[Aeromonas]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Alteromonadales]] - e.g. ''[[Pseudoalteromonas]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Cardiobacteriaceae|Cardiobacteriales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Purple sulfur bacteria|Chromatiales]] - purple sulfur bacteria<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Enterobacteriaceae|Enterobacteriales]] - e.g. ''[[Escherichia coli|Escherichia]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Legionellales]] - e.g. ''[[Legionella]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Methylococcaceae|Methylococcales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Oceanospirillales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Pasteurellaceae|Pasteurellales]] - e.g. ''[[Haemophilus influenzae|Haemophilus]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Pseudomonadales]] - e.g. ''[[Pseudomonas]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Thiotrichales]] - e.g. ''[[Thiomargarita namibiensis|Thiomargarita]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Vibrionaceae|Vibrionales]] - e.g. ''[[Vibrio]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Xanthomonadaceae|Xanthomonadales]] - e.g. ''[[Xanthomonas]]''<br> '''Delta Proteobacteria'''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Bdellovibrionaceae|Bdellovibrionales]] - e.g. ''[[Bdellovibrio]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Desulfobacterales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Desulfovibrionales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Desulfurellaceae|Desulfurellales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Desulfarculaceae|Desulfarcales]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Desulfuromonadales]] - e.g. ''[[Geobacter]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Myxobacteria|Myxococcales]] - Myxobacteria<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Syntrophobacterales]]<br> '''Epsilon Proteobacteria'''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Campylobacterales]] - e.g. ''[[Helicobacter pylori|Helicobacter]]''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Nautiliaceae|Nautiliales]]<br> }} The '''Proteobacteria''' are a major group ([[phylum]]) of [[bacteria]]. They include a wide variety of [[pathogen]]s, such as ''[[Escherichia]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', ''[[Vibrio]]'', ''[[Helicobacter]]'', and many other notable genera.<ref name=Brock>{{cite book | author = Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). | title = Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition = 11th ed. | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 0131443291 }}</ref> Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for [[nitrogen fixation]]. The group is defined primarily in terms of [[ribosomal RNA]] (rRNA) sequences, and is named for the Greek god [[Proteus]] (also the name of a [[Proteus (bacterium)|bacterial genus]] within the Proteobacteria), who could change his shape, because of the great diversity of forms found in this group.<ref name=Tree_of_Life>{{cite web | title=Proteobacteria | work=Discover Life: Tree of Life | url=http://stri.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?tree=Proteobacteria&res=800 | accessdate=2007-02-09}}</ref> All Proteobacteria are [[Gram-negative]], with an [[outer membrane]] mainly composed of [[lipopolysaccharide]]s. Many move about using [[flagellum|flagella]], but some are non-motile or rely on [[bacterial gliding]]. The last include the [[myxobacteria]], a unique group of bacteria that can aggregate to form multicellular fruiting bodies. There is also a wide variety in the types of [[metabolism]]. Most members are facultatively or obligately [[anaerobic organism|anaerobic]] and [[heterotrophic]], but there are numerous exceptions. A variety of genera, which are not closely related to each other, convert energy from light through [[photosynthesis]]. These are called [[purple bacteria]], referring to their mostly reddish pigmentation. [[Cavalier-Smith]] has postulated that Proteobacteria is part of the bacterial clade [[Gracilicutes]]. ==Sections/Classes== The proteobacteria are divided into five sections, referred to by the [[Greek letters]] alpha through epsilon, again based on rRNA sequences. These are often treated as classes. Although it has been suggested previously that the Gamma Proteobacteria are [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] to the Beta Proteobacteria, recent molecular data suggests that this is not so. ===Alphaproteobacteria=== The Alphaproteobacteria comprise most phototrophic genera, but also several genera metabolising C1-compounds (e.g. ''Methylobacterium''), symbionts of plants (e.g. [[Rhizobia]]) and animals, and a group of dangerous pathogens, the [[Rickettsiaceae]]. Moreover the precursors of the [[mitochondria]] of eukaryotic cells are thought to have originated in this bacterial group. (See [[endosymbiotic theory]].) ===Betaproteobacteria=== The Betaproteobacteria consist of several groups of aerobic or facultative bacteria which are often highly versatile in their degradation capacities, but also contain chemolithotrophic genera (e.g. the ammonia-oxidising genus ''Nitrosomonas'') and some phototrophs (genera ''Rhodocyclus'' and ''Rubrivivax''). Beta Proteobacteria play an important role in nitrogen fixation in various types of plants, oxidizing ammonium to produce nitrite- an important chemical for plant function. Many of them are found in environmental samples, such as waste water or soil. Pathogenic species within this class are the [[Neisseriaceae]] ([[gonorrhea]] and meningoencephalitis) and species of the genus ''[[Burkholderia]]''. ===Gammaproteobacteria=== [[Image:Vibrio cholerae.jpg|100px|left|''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''|Vibrio cholerae]] The Gammaproteobacteria comprise several medically and scientifically important groups of bacteria, such as the [[Enterobacteriaceae]], [[Vibrionaceae]] and [[Pseudomonadaceae]]. An exceeding number of important pathogens belongs to this class, e.g. ''[[Salmonella]]'' ([[enteritis]] and [[typhoid fever]]), ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' (plague), ''[[Vibrio]]'' (cholera), ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' (lung infections in hospitalized or [[cystic fibrosis]] patients), and ''[[Escherichia coli O157:H7]]'' (food poisoning). ===Deltaproteobacteria=== The Deltaproteobacteria comprise a branch of predominantly aerobic genera, the fruiting-body-forming [[myxobacteria]], and a branch of strictly anaerobic genera, which contains most of the known [[sulfate-reducing bacteria|sulfate-]] (''Desulfovibrio'', ''Desulfobacter'', ''Desulfococcus'', ''Desulfonema'', etc.) and [[sulfur-reducing bacteria]] (e.g. ''Desulfuromonas'') alongside several other anaerobic bacteria with different physiology (e.g. ferric iron-reducing ''[[Geobacter]]'' and syntrophic ''Pelobacter'' and ''Syntrophus'' species). ===Epsilonproteobacteria=== [[Image:Helicobacter pylori.jpg|60px|left|''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' ''Helicobacter pylori'']] The Epsilonproteobacteria consist of only a few genera, mainly the curved to spirilloid ''[[Wolinella]]'', ''[[Helicobacter]]'', and ''[[Campylobacter]]''. Most of the known species inhabit the digestive tract of animals and humans and serve as [[symbiosis|symbionts]] (''Wolinella'' in [[cattle|cows]]) or [[pathogen]]s (''Helicobacter'' in the stomach, ''Campylobacter'' in the duodenum). There have also been numerous environmental sequences of epsilons recovered from [[hydrothermal vent]] and [[cold seep]] habitats. <!-- Replace with images that better reflect the diversity of the group when they become available --> <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Caulobacter.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Caulobacter crescentus]]'', α subdivision]] --> <p> ==References== <!-- --------------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref> & </ref> tags and the {{Reflist}} template -------------------------------------------------------------------- --> {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Wikispecies}} * [http://www.palaeos.org/Proteobacteria Proteobacteria information from [[Palaeos]]] [[Category:Bacteria]] [[Category:Proteobacteria|*]] [[Category:Microbiology]] [[ca:Proteobacteri]] [[cs:Proteobacteria]] [[de:Proteobacteria]] [[et:Proteobakterid]] [[es:Proteobacteria]] [[fr:Proteobacteria]] [[it:Proteobacteria]] [[he:פרוטאובקטריה]] [[lt:Proteobakterijos]] [[ja:プロテオバクテリア]] [[no:Proteobacteria]] [[pl:Proteobakterie]] [[pt:Proteobacteria]] [[sv:Proteobacteria]] [[tr:Proteobacteria]] [[uk:Протеобактерії]] [[zh:變形菌門]]