Prunus 67656 226069157 2008-07-16T18:13:25Z Imc 17145 /* Species */ Add P. triloba {{Taxobox | image = Frühling blühender Kirschenbaum.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''[[Prunus cerasus]]'' ([[Sour Cherry]]) in bloom | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Rosales]] | familia = [[Rosaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Prunoideae]] | genus = '''''Prunus''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = see text }} '''''Prunus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, including the [[plum]]s, [[cherry|cherries]], [[peach]]es, [[apricot]]s and [[almond]]s. It is traditionally placed within the [[rose]] family [[Rosaceae]] as a [[subfamily]], the [[Prunoideae]] (or [[Amygdaloideae]]), but sometimes placed in its own family, the [[Prunaceae]] (or Amygdalaceae). There are around 430 species of ''Prunus'', spread throughout the northern temperate regions of the globe. The [[flower]]s are usually white to pink, with five [[petal]]s and five [[sepal]]s. They are borne singly, or in [[umbel]]s of two to six or more on [[raceme]]s. The fruit of all ''Prunus'' species is a [[drupe]] (a "prune") with a relatively large hard coated seed (a "stone"). Leaves are simple and usually [[leaf shape|lanceolate]], unlobed and toothed along the margin. Many species produce [[hydrogen cyanide]], usually in their leaves and seeds. This gives a characteristic taste in small (trace) quantities, and becomes bitter in larger quantities. [http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Prunus+cerasifera] ===Etymology=== The word is infrequent in original Latin. [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] uses ''prunus silvestris'' to mean the [[blackthorn]]. The English word ''prune'' is derived from the same source. The Online Etymological Dictionary presents the customary derivations of ''[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=plum plum]'' and ''[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=prune prune]'' from Latin ''prunum'', the plum, which is frequent in a number of authors, including [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]. The word is not native Latin, but is a loan from Greek ''prounos'', from ''proumnos'', origin unknown. Most dictionaries follow Hoffman, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Grieschischen'', in making it a loan from a pre-Greek language of [[Asia Minor]], related to [[Phrygian]]. The first use of ''prunus'' as a genus name belongs to [[Linnaeus]] in ''Hortus Cliffortianus'' of 1737, which went on to become ''[[Species Plantarum]]''. In that work Linnaeus attributes the word to "Varr.", who it is assumed must be [[Marcus Terentius Varro]]. ==Classification== ===Linnean classification=== In 1737 Linnaeus used four genera to capture modern ''Prunus'' — ''Amygdalus, Cerasus, Prunus'' and ''Padus'' — but simplified it to ''Amygdalus'' and ''Prunus'' in 1758. Since then the various genera of Linnaeus and others have become subgenera and sections, as it clearer that all the ''Prunus'' species are more closely related. [[Liberty Hyde Bailey]] says: :"The numerous forms grade into each other so imperceptibly and inextricably that the genus cannot be readily broken up into species."<ref>Bailey, page 181.</ref> ===Modern classification=== A recent DNA study of 48 species concluded that ''Prunus'' is [[monophyletic]] and is descended from some Eurasian ancestor.<ref name=bor>Bortiri and others.</ref> Historical treatments break the genus up into several different genera, but this segregation is not currently widely recognised other than at the subgeneric rank. [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]] recognises just the single genus ''Prunus'', with an open list of [[species]],<ref>Do a search in the ITIS database on the scientific name ''Prunus'' for its current list.</ref> all of which are shown in the box on the right.<ref>Other established species appear in the box as well, which for whatever reasons are not yet in ITIS.</ref> One standard contemporaneous treatment of subgenera derives from the work of [[Alfred Rehder]] in 1940. Rehder hypothesized five subgenera: ''Amygdalus, Prunus, Cerasus, Padus'' and ''Laurocerasus''.<ref name=leewen>Sangtae Lee and Jun Wen, ''A phylogenetic analysis of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA'', American Journal of Botany. 2001;88:150-160. This article summarizes the classification of ''Prunus'' and gives additional data derived from chemical analysis. It may be found online at [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/1/150?ck=nck#T1].</ref> To them C. Ingram added ''Lithocerasus''.<ref>''Stone Fruits'', article by William Okie submitted to the ''Encyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts'' in July 2003. Summary and Abstract are available at [http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=154359], a USDA Reasearch site.</ref> The six contemporaneous subgenera are described as follows: *'''''Prunus'' subgenera:''' **Subgenus ''Amygdalus'': [[almond]]s and [[peach]]es. Axillary buds in threes (vegetative bud central, two flower buds to sides). Flowers in early spring, sessile or nearly so, not on leafed shoots. Fruit with a groove along one side; stone deeply grooved. Type species ''Prunus dulcis'' (Almond). **Subgenus ''Prunus'': [[plum]]s and [[apricot]]s. Axillary buds solitary. Flowers in early spring stalked, not on leafed shoots. Fruit with a groove along one side; stone rough. Type species ''Prunus domestica'' (Plum). **Subgenus ''Cerasus'': [[cherry|cherries]]. Axillary buds single. Flowers in early spring in corymbs, long-stalked, not on leafed shoots. Fruit not grooved; stone smooth. Type species ''Prunus cerasus'' (Sour cherry). **Subgenus ''Lithocerasus'': [[dwarf cherry|dwarf cherries]]. Axillary buds in threes. Flowers in early spring in corymbs, long-stalked, not on leafed shoots. Fruit not grooved; stone smooth. Type species ''Prunus pumila'' (Sand cherry). **Subgenus ''Padus'': [[bird cherry (subgenus)|bird cherries]]. Axillary buds single. Flowers in late spring in racemes on leafy shoots, short-stalked. Fruit not grooved; stone smooth. Type species ''Prunus padus'' (European bird cherry). **Subgenus ''Laurocerasus'': [[cherry-laurel]]s. Axillary buds single. Flowers in early spring in racemes, not on leafed shoots, short-stalked. Fruit not grooved; stone smooth. Mostly [[evergreen]] (all the other subgenera are [[deciduous]]). Type species ''Prunus laurocerasus'' (European cherry-laurel). Another recent DNA study<ref name=leewen> </ref> found that Amygdaloideae can be divided into two [[clade]]s: Prunus-Maddenia, with [[Maddenia]] basal within Prunus, and [[Exochorda]]-[[Oemleria]]-[[Prinsepia]]. Prunus can be divided into two clades: Amygdalus-Prunus and Cerasus-Laurocerasus-Padus. Yet another study adds Empectocladus as a subgenus to the former.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bortiri | first=Esteban | coauthors=Oh, Sang-Hun; Gao, Fang-You; Potter, Dan | title=The Phylogenetic Utility Of Nucleotide Sequences Of SORBITOL 6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE In Prunus (Rosaceae) | journal=American Journal of Botany | volume=89 | issue=11 | pages=1697–1708 | date=2002 | url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/89/10/1697.pdf | doi=10.3732/ajb.89.10.1697 }} The specification is ''Emplectocladus'' (Torr.) Sargent</ref> ==Uses== [[Image:Japanese-Cherry.web.jpg|thumb|left|Japanese Cherry (''Prunus serrulata'') in bloom]] The genus ''Prunus'' includes the [[almond]], [[apricot]], [[cherry]], [[peach]] and [[plum]], all of which have [[cultivar]]s developed for commercial [[fruit]] and "nut" production. The edible part of the almond is the seed; the almond seed is a [[drupe]] and not a true "[[Nut (fruit)|nut]]". There are also a number of species, [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s, and [[cultivar]]s grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, usually for their profusion of flowers, sometimes for ornamental foliage and shape, occasionally for their bark. These ornamentals include the group that may be collectively called ''flowering cherries'' (including ''[[sakura]]'', the Japanese flowering cherries). Other species such as [[blackthorn]] are grown for hedging, game cover, and other utilitarian purposes. The wood of some species is a minor and specialised [[timber]] (cherry wood), usually from larger tree species such as the [[wild cherry]]. Many species produce an aromatic [[resin]] from wounds in the trunk; this is sometimes used medicinally. There are other minor uses, including dye production, [http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Prunus+avium] [[Pygeum]] is a herbal remedy containing extracts from the bark of ''[[Prunus africana]]''. It is used as to alleviate some of the discomfort caused by inflammation in patients suffering from [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]]. Because of their considerable value as both food and ornamental plants, many ''Prunus'' species have been [[introduced species|introduced]] to parts of the world to which they are not native. Many of the Old World species are grown for ornament or fruit, and have been planted throughout the world; and some have become naturalised beyond their native range. ''Prunus'' species are used as food plants for the [[larva]]e of a large number of [[Lepidoptera]] species ([[butterflies]] and [[moth]]s); see [[List of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus]]. ==Species== {| |- valign=top | Old World: <br>''[[Prunus africana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus apetala]]'' <br>''[[Prunus armeniaca]]'' <br>''[[Prunus avium]]'' <br>''[[Prunus buergeriana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus campanulata]]'' <br>''[[Prunus canescens]]'' <br>''[[Prunus cerasifera]]'' <br>''[[Prunus cerasoides]]'' <br>''[[Prunus cerasus]]'' <br>''[[Prunus cocomilia]]'' <br>''[[Prunus cornuta]]'' <br>''[[Prunus crassifolia]]'' <br>''[[Prunus davidiana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus domestica]]'' <br>''[[Prunus dulcis]]'' <br>''[[Prunus fruticosa]]'' <br>''[[Prunus geniculata]]'' <br>''[[Prunus glandulosa]]'' <br>''[[Prunus gracilis]]'' <br>''[[Prunus grayana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus incana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus incisa]]'' <br>''[[Prunus insititia]]'' <br>''[[Prunus italica]]'' <br>''[[Prunus jacquemontii]]'' <br>''[[Prunus japonica]]'' <br>''[[Prunus korshinskyi]]'' <br>''[[Prunus laurocerasus]]'' <br>''[[Prunus lusitanica]]'' <br>''[[Prunus maackii]]'' <br>''[[Prunus mahaleb]]'' | <br>''[[Prunus maximowiczii]]'' <br>''[[Prunus minutiflora]]'' <br>''[[Ume|Prunus mume]]'' <br>''[[Prunus murrayana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus myrtifolia]]'' <br>''[[Prunus nipponica]]'' <br>''[[Prunus occidentalis]]'' <br>''[[Prunus padus]]'' <br>''[[Prunus persica]]'' <br>''[[Prunus pleuradenia]]'' <br>''[[Prunus prostrata]]'' <br>''[[Prunus rivularis]]'' <br>''[[Prunus salicina]]'' <br>''[[Prunus sargentii]]'' <br>''[[Prunus serrula]]'' <br>''[[Prunus serrulata]]'' <br>''[[Prunus sibirica]]'' <br>''[[Prunus simonii]]'' <br>''[[Prunus sogdiana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus speciosa]]'' <br>''[[Prunus spinosa]]'' <br>''[[Prunus spinulosa]]'' <br>''[[Prunus ssiori]]'' <br>''[[Prunus subhirtella]]'' <br>''[[Prunus tenella]]'' <br>''[[Prunus tomentosa]]'' <br>''[[Prunus triloba]]'' <br>''[[Prunus ursina]]'' <br>''[[Prunus vachuschtii]]'' <br>''[[Prunus verecunda]]'' <br>''[[Prunus yedoensis]]'' <br>''[[Prunus zippeliana]]'' | New World: <br>''[[Prunus alabamensis]]'' <br>''[[Prunus alleghaniensis]]'' <br>''[[Prunus americana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus andersonii]]'' <br>''[[Prunus angustifolia]]'' <br>''[[Prunus besseyi]]'' <br>''[[Prunus caroliniana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus emarginata]]'' <br>''[[Prunus fasciculata]]'' <br>''[[Prunus fremontii]]'' <br>''[[Prunus havardii]]'' <br>''[[Prunus hortulana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus ilicifolia]]'' <br>''[[Prunus maritima]]'' <br>''[[Prunus mexicana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus munsoniana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus nigra]]'' <br>''[[Prunus pensylvanica]]'' <br>''[[Prunus pumila]]'' <br>''[[Prunus serotina]]'' <br>''[[Prunus subcordata]]'' <br>''[[Prunus texana]]'' <br>''[[Prunus triloba]]'' <br>''[[Prunus umbellata]]'' <br>''[[Prunus virginiana]]'' |} ==Palaeobotanical models== The earliest fossil Prunus are wood, drupe and seed and a leaf from the middle [[Eocene]] of the Princeton Chert of [[British Columbia]].<ref name=stokewehr>Stockey & Wehr (1996) pages 241 and 245.</ref> Using the known age as calibration data, recent research by Oh and Potter<ref>{{cite journal | last=Oh | first=Sang-Hun | coauthors=Potter, Daniel| title=Molecular phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of tribe Neillieae (Rosaceae) using DNA sequences of cpDNA, rDNA, and LEAFY1 | journal=American Journal of Botany | volume=92 | pages=pages 179–192 | date=2005 | url =http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/1/179| doi=10.3732/ajb.92.1.179 }}</ref> reconstructs a partial [[phylogeny]] of some Rosaceae from a number of [[nucleotide sequence]]s. According to this study Prunus and its "sister clade" [[Maloideae]] (apple subfamily) diverged at 44.3 mya (well before most of the [[Primate]]s existed). This date is within the [[Lutetian]], or older middle [[Eocene]].<ref>A date of 76 mya is given for Rosaceae, which is within the late [[Cretaceous]].</ref> Stokey and Wehr report:<ref name=stokewehr/> "The Eocene was a time of rapid evolution and diversification in [[Angiosperm]] families such as the [[Rosaceae]] ...." The Princeton finds are among a large number of Angiosperm fossils from the [[Okanagan Highland]]s dating to the late early and middle Eocene. [[Crataegus]] is found at three locations: Mcabee, [[Republic, Washington|Republic]] and [[Princeton, British Columbia|Princeton]], while Prunus is found at those locations and Quilchena and Chuchua. A recent recapitulation of research on the topic<ref>{{cite journal | last=Dillhoff | first=Richard M | coauthors=Leopold, Estella B.; Manchester, Steven R. | title=The McAbee flora of British Columbia and its relation to the Early-Middle Eocene Okanagan Highlands flora of the Pacific Northwest | journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume=42 | issue=2 | pages=pages 151–166 | date=February 2005 | url=http://www.evolvingearth.org/learnearthscience/mcabeefeb2005cjes.pdf | doi=10.1139/e04-084 }}</ref> reports that the Rosaceae were more diverse at higher altitudes. The Okanagan formations date to as early as 52 mya, but the 44.3 mya data, which is approximate, depending on assumptions, might still apply. The authors assert: "... the McAbee flora records a diverse early middle Eocene angiosperm-dominated forest."<ref>Page 165.</ref> ==Notes== [[Image:Nectarine Fruit Development.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The development sequence of a [[Peach#Nectarines|nectarine]] (''Prunus persica'') over a 7½ month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer (see [[:Image:Nectarine Fruit Development.jpg|image page]] for further information)]] <references/> ==Bibliography== * {{cite book | author=Bailey, Liberty Hyde | authorlink=Liberty Hyde Bailey | title=Sketch of the Evolution of Our Native Fruits | year=1898 | location=New York | publisher=The MacMillan Company }} * {{Citation | last =Bortiri, Esteban; and others | title =Phylogeny and Systematics of Prunus (Rosaceae) as Determined by Sequence Analysis of ITS and the Chloroplast trnL-trnF Spacer DNA | journal =Systematic Botany | volume =26 | issue =4 | pages =pages 797–807 | date =2001 | url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0363-6445%28200110%2F12%2926%3A4%3C797%3APASOP%28%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage }}. Abstract and first page for free. * {{cite book | author=Linnaeus Carolus; Sprengel, Curtius (editor) | title=Genera Plantarum Editio Nona | year=1830 | location=Gottingen | publisher=Dieterich }} For Prunus see [http://books.google.com/books?id=8RoAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA403&dq=Linnaeus+1737+Prunus page 403.] * {{Citation | first=Ruth A. | last=Stockey | first2=Wehr | last2=Wesley C. | editor-last=Ludvigson | editor-first=Rolf | contribution=Flowering Plants in and around Eocene Lakes of the Interior | title=Life in Stone: a Natural History of British Columbia's Fossils | year=1996 | pages=page 234 following | place=Vancouver | publisher=UBCPess | id=ISBN 0774805781 }}. == See also == {{Wikispecies|Prunus}} {{Commons|Prunus}} * [[Blossom]] * [[Fruit tree]] * [[Leaf]] * [[List of botanists by author abbreviation]] == External links == * [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?9887 Partial ''Prunus'' species listing]: by National Genetics Resources Program <!--{{Commons|Prunus avium}} {{Commons|Prunus cerasifera}} {{Commons|Prunus cerasus}} {{Commons|Prunus dulcis}} {{Commons|Prunus mahaleb}} {{Commons|Prunus mume}} {{Commons|Prunus persica}} {{Commons|Prunus spinosa}} {{Commons|Prunus serrulata}} {{Commons|Prunus tenella}} {{Commons|Prunus tomentosa}} {{Commons|Prunus virginiana}}--> [[Category:Prunus| ]] [[an:Prunus]] [[br:Prunus]] [[ca:Prunus]] [[he:פרונוס]] [[cs:Slivoň]] [[da:Kirsebær]] [[de:Prunus]] [[es:Prunus]] [[et:Toompuu]] [[eo:Prunuso]] [[fa:گوجه سبز]] [[fr:Prunus]] [[ko:벚나무속]] [[hsb:Prunus]] [[it:Prunus]] [[lt:Slyva]] [[ms:Prunus]] [[nl:Prunus]] [[nds-nl:Breunishout]] [[ja:サクラ属]] [[no:Hegg og kirsebær]] [[pl:Śliwa]] [[pt:Prunus]] [[ro:Prun]] [[ru:Слива (род)]] [[se:Prunus]] [[simple:Prunus]] [[fi:Prunus]] [[sv:Prunusar]] [[vi:Chi Mận mơ]] [[tr:Prunus]] [[zh:李属]]