Psychokinesis 24777 226035075 2008-07-16T15:17:01Z PsycheMan 1073444 /* External links */ Added dmoz link {{Paranormal |state=collapsed |image=Medium-Eva-Carriere-1912.jpg |caption=The [[Mediumship|medium]] [[Eva Carrière]] photographed in 1912 with a light appearing between her hands.}} The term '''psychokinesis''' (from the [[Greek Language|Greek]] ''ψυχή'', "psyche", meaning ''mind, soul, heart, or breath''; and ''κίνησις'', "kinesis", meaning ''motion''; literally "movement from the mind"),<ref> {{cite book | year = 2001 | title = Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary | publisher = Random House Reference | location = Boston, Massachusetts USA | page = p. 1560 | isbn = 0-375-42599-3 | quote = psycho-, a combining form representing ''[[psych]]e'' in compound words. ... (Gk, comb. form of ''psyche'' breath, spirit, soul, mind; akin to ''psycheim'' to blow). }}</ref><ref> {{cite book | year = 1994 | title = The New Oxford American Dictionary | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York City | page = p. 1367 | isbn = 0-19-517077-6 | quote = psycho. comb. [[form]] relating to the mind or psychology: ...from Greek ''psukhe'' breath, soul, mind. }}</ref> also known as '''telekinesis'''<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061720 | title = Encyclopedia Britannica online: psychokinesis | accessmonthday = July 16 | accessyear=2006 }}</ref> ([[Greek Language|Greek]] ''{{polytonic|τῆλε}}'' + ''{{polytonic|κίνησις}}'', literally "distant-movement"), sometimes abbreviated PK and TK respectively, denotes the purported ability of the mind to influence matter, time, space, or energy by means outside the known [[laws of physics]].<ref name=parapsych_glossary>{{cite web | url = http://parapsych.org/glossary_l_r.html | title = Parapsychological Association, glossary of key words frequently used in parapsychology | accessmonthday = December 20 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> It has been called the most powerful of psychic powers, essentially the power of a god.<ref name=MichioKaku> {{cite book | author = Kaku, Michio | coauthors = | year = 2008 | title = Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration into the Worlds of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel | publisher = Doubleday | location = New York | page = p. 89 | isbn = 978-0-385-52069-0 | quote = Of all the powers ascribed to ESP, psychokinesis&mdash;or mind over matter, or the ability to move objects by thinking about them&mdash;is by far the most powerful, essentially the power of a deity. }}The book has a 15-page chapter titled ''Psychokinesis''. [[Michio Kaku]] is an American professor of theoretical physics.</ref> Examples of psychokinesis could include distorting or moving an object,<ref> {{cite web | url = http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?query=psychokinesis&action= Search+OMD | title = On-Line Medical Dictionary: psychokinesis | accessmonthday = July 16 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> or influencing the output of a [[random number generator]].<ref name=parapsych_glossary/><ref> {{cite book | author = Jeffers, Stanley | year = May/June 2007, Vol. 31, Issue 3 | title = "PEAR Lab Closes, Ending Decades of Psychic Research," Skeptical Inquirer | publisher = Committee for Skeptical Inquiry | location = Amherst, New York, USA | page = p. 16 | quote = Much of the work of the PEAR group has employed 'random event generators' (REGs), which are essentially electronic random number generators whose ' operators' are invited by dint [force, power] of their own intentionality, to bias in such a way, that the mean of the random number distribution would be either higher or lower than it would be in the absence of their intentional efforts...}}</ref><ref name=faqfile1> {{cite web | url = http://www.parapsych.org/faq_file1.html | title = Parapsychological Association FAQ | accessdate = 2007-07-02 |date=1995 | publisher = Parapsychological Association}}</ref> The study of phenomena said to be psychokinetic is an aspect of [[parapsychology]]. Some paranormal researchers believe that psychokinesis exists and deserves further study, pointing to experimental results such as those done using random number generators.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://parapsych.org/faq_file2.html#12 | title = Parapsychological Association FAQs - discussion of random number generator experiments. | accessmonthday = August 13 | accessyear=2007}}</ref><ref> {{cite web | url = http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=2006-08436-001 | title = A Meta-Analysis Examining Psychokinesis: The Interaction of Human Intention With Random Number Generators |accessmonthday= July 12 |accessyear= 2008 }} ''Psychological Bulletin'', July 2006, Vol 132 No. 4. pp. 497-523, authors: Holger Bösch, Fiona Steinkamp, Emil Boller.</ref> According to known [[science]], psychokinesis cannot exist. Research supporting psychokinesis may contain [[publication bias]], fraud, delusion, statistical manipulation of scientific data, or other naturally explainable phenomena.<ref name=Carroll>{{cite web | last = Carroll | first = Robert Todd | title = psychokinesis (PK) | work = Skepdic.com | publisher = The Skeptics Dictionary |date=2005 | url = http://skepdic.com/kinesis.html | accessdate = 2007-10-05}}</ref> ==Terminology== ===Early history=== [[Image:Edouard-Isidore-Buguet-PK-spirit-photographer.jpg|thumb|right|Spirit photography hoaxer Édouard&nbsp;Isidore&nbsp;Buguet<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.azcentral.com/ent/arts/articles/1003occult.html | title = New exhibit looks at occult photography | author = Hajela, Deepti | coauthors = | year = October 3, 2005 | accessmonthday = January 19 | accessyear=2008 | format = html | work = Associated Press story | pages = | quote = }}</ref> (1840-1901) of France demonstrates telekinesis in this 1875 photograph titled ''Fluidic Effect''.]] The term "Telekinesis" was coined in 1890 by Russian psychical researcher Alexander N. Aksakof.<ref> {{cite book | author = Myers, Frederic William Henry | year = December 1890 | title = Proceedings | publisher = the journal of the Society for Psychical Research | location = London, England | quote=For the alleged movements without contact... M. A. Aksakof's new word 'telekinetic' seems to me the best attainable.}} Note: this quote as a cited reference can also be found in the multivolume "The Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition", 1989, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, ISBN 0-19-861229-X."</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=telekinesis | title = Online Etymology Dictionary | accessmonthday = January 20 | accessyear=2007 | quote = Telekinesis. 1890, said to have been coined by Alexander N. Aksakof (1832-1903) Imperial Councilor to the Czar... Translates Ger. 'Fernwirkung.'}} </ref> The term "Psychokinesis" was coined in 1914<ref> {{cite book | year = 2005 | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition | publisher = Merriam-Webster, Incorporated | location = Springfield, Massachusetts, USA | page = p. 1004 | isbn = 0-87779-809-5 | quote = Psychokinesis (1914)....}}</ref> by American author-publisher Henry Holt in his book ''On the Cosmic Relations''<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.parapsychology.org/dynamic/060100.html | title = Parapsychology Foundation "Basic terms in Parapsychology" | accessmonthday = December 22 | accessyear=2006}}</ref><ref> {{cite book |last= Holt |first= Henry |authorlink= Henry Holt |title=On the Cosmic Relations |origyear= 1914 |url= http://books.google.com/books/pdf/On_the_Cosmic_Relations.pdf?id=Kts0AAAAMAAJ&output=pdf&sig=wjwlmxTPn5b4UPGjqjaxcyEGE0o |format= PDF |accessdate= 2007-12-13 |publisher= Houghton Mifflin |location= Cambridge}}</ref> and adopted by his friend, American parapsychologist [[J. B. Rhine]] in 1934 in connection with experiments to determine if a person could influence the outcome of falling dice.<ref name=Spence> {{cite book | author = Spence, Lewis | year = 1920 | title = Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology | publisher = Kessinger Publishing (reprint publisher) | page = pp. 752-753, 879, 912, 933 | isbn = 0-7661-2817-2}}</ref><ref> {{cite web | url = http://parapsych.org/glossary_l_r.html#p | title = Parapsychological Association - Glossary: PK/Psychokinesis | accessmonthday = July 19 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> Both terms have been described by other names, such as "remote influencing", "distant influencing"<ref>, {{cite web | url = http://www.lfr.org/LFR/csl/library/Fsu1.pdf | title = Overview of Current Parapsychology Research in the Former Soviet Union, Introduction | coauthors = May, Edwin C., Ph.D and Vilenskaya, Larissa | year = 1992 | accessmonthday = July 3 | accessyear=2007 | format = PDF | work = Subtle Energies Volume 3, Number 3 | pages = 1 | quote = AMP research programs in the Soviet Union have primarily focused on experimental studies in 'distant influence' on animate an inanimate systems; i.e., psychokinesis (PK) and bio-PK.}}</ref> "remote mental influence", "distant mental influence",<ref name=Broughton> {{cite book | author = Broughton, Richard S. | year = 1991 | title = Parapsychology: The Controversial Science | publisher = Ballantine Books | location = New York | pages = pp. 35, 75-79, 149, 161-162, 329-330 | isbn = 0-345-35638-1 }}</ref> "directed conscious intention", " anomalous perturbation",<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.lfr.org/LFR/csl/library/Fsu1.pdf | title = Overview of Current Parapsychology Research in the Former Soviet Union, Abstract | coauthors = May, Edwin C., Ph.D and Vilenskaya, Larissa | year = 1992 | accessmonthday = July 3 | accessyear=2007 | format = PDF | work = Subtle Energies Volume 3, Number 3 | pages = 1 | quote = The authors primarily discuss experiments in anomalous perturbation (often referred to as psychokinesis&mdash;PK and bio- which have been the main focus of AMP research programs in the Soviet Union.}}</ref> and "mind over matter."<ref name=Berger> {{cite book | author = Berger, Arthur S. | coauthors = Berger, Joyce | year = 1991 | title = The Encyclopedia of Parapsychological and Psychical Research | publisher = Paragon House | location = New York | pages = pp. 326, 341, 430 | isbn = 1-55778-043-9 }}</ref> Originally telekinesis was coined to refer to the movement of objects thought to be caused by [[ghost]]s of deceased persons, mischievous [[spirit]]s, [[angels]], [[demon]]s, or other [[supernatural]] forces.<ref name=Berger/> Later when speculation increased that humans might be the source of the witnessed phenomena (that which was not caused by fraudulent mediums)<ref> {{cite book | origyear = 1970 |year = 1995 | title = Man, Myth & Magic: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown | publisher = Marshall Cavendish Corporation | location = New York | page = p. 2442 | isbn = 1-85435-731-X | quote = Spiritualism aroused violent antagonism and criticism concentrating particularly on the physical phenomena occurring at seances, which opponents claimed were faked.}}</ref> and could possibly cause movement without any connection to a [[Spiritualism|spiritualistic]] setting, such as in a darkened [[séance]] room, psychokinesis was added to the lexicon, this distinction has been made to differentiate between the earlier use of the term telekinesis.<ref name=Berger/> Eventually, psychokinesis was the preferred term by the parapsychological community (and still is) and it was suggested that telekinesis become obsolete.<ref name=Spence/> Popular culture, however, such as movies, television, and literature, over the years preferred telekinesis to describe the paranormal movement of objects likely due to the word's resemblance to other terms, such as telepathy, teleportation, telephone and television. ===Modern usage=== As research entered the modern era, it became clear that many different, but related, abilities could be attributed to the wider description of psychokinesis and telekinesis is now regarded as one of the specialties of PK. In the 2004 U.S. Air Force-sponsored research report ''Teleportation Physics Study'', the physicist-author Eric Davis, PhD, described the classification of PK and TK by writing that "telekinesis is a form of PK."<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.fas.org/sgp/eprint/teleport.pdf | title = ''Teleportation Physics Study'' | author = Davis, Eric; physicist, Ph.D, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, 2004 | accessmonthday = July 19 | accessyear=2006 | page = p. 55 | quote = Telekinesis is a form of PK, which describes the movement of stationary objects without the use of any known physical force.}}</ref> Psychokinesis, then, is the general term that can be used to describe a variety of complex mental force phenomena (including object movement) and telekinesis is used to refer only to the movement of objects, however tiny (a grain of salt or air molecules to create wind)<ref name=Guiley> {{cite book | author = Guiley, Rosemary Ellen | year = 1991 | title = Encyclopedia of the Strange, Mystical & Unexplained | publisher = Gramercy Books | location = New York | page = pp. 454, 456, 478, 609 | isbn = 0-517-16278-4}}</ref> or large (an automobile, building, or bridge). Hypothetically, a person could have very profound telekinetic ability, but not be able to produce any of the additional effects found in psychokinesis, such as softening the metal of a spoon to allow its bending with minimal physical force. Conversely, someone who has succeeded in psychokinetically softening metal once or a number of times may exhibit no telekinetic ability to move objects. ==Measurement and observation== [[Image:Poltergeist-Therese Selles.jpg|thumb|right|A spontaneous PK case featured on the cover of the French magazine ''La Vie Mysterieuse'' in 1911.]] [[Parapsychology]] researchers describe two basic types of measurable and observable psychokinetic and telekinetic effects in experimental laboratory research and in case reports occurring outside of the [[laboratory]].<ref> {{cite web | url = http://library.thinkquest.org/C0120993/glossaryfull.html | title = Library.ThinkQuest.org - Glossary: Macro PK and Micro PK | accessmonthday = October 14 | accessyear=2006}}</ref><ref name=Berger/><ref name=Broughton/> Micro-PK (also micro-TK) is a very small effect, such as the manipulation of molecules, atoms,<ref name=Broughton/> subatomic particles,<ref name=Broughton/> etc., that can only be observed with scientific equipment. The words are abbreviations for micro-psychokinesis, micropsychokinesis<ref name=Guiley/> and micro-telekinesis, microtelekinesis. Macro-PK (also macro-TK) is a large-scale effect that can be seen with the unaided eye. The adjective phrases "microscopic-scale," "macroscopic- scale," "small-scale," and "large-scale" may also be used; for example, "a small-scale PK effect." ===Spontaneous effects=== Spontaneous movements of objects and other unexplained effects have been reported, and many parapsychologists believe there are possibly forms of psychokinesis/telekinesis.<ref name=Berger/><ref name=Spence/> Parapsychologist [[William G. Roll]] coined the term "recurrent spontaneous psychokinesis" (RSPK) in 1958.<ref> {{cite book | author = Roll, William G. | coauthors = Pratt, J. G. | year = 1958 | title = The Seaford Disturbances | publisher = Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 2, | pages = pp. 79-124 }}</ref><ref> {{cite web | url = http://parapsych.org/glossary_l_r.html#r | title = Parapsychological Association - Glossary: "RSPK" | accessmonthday = January 5 | accessyear=2007}}</ref> The sudden movement of objects without deliberate intention in the presence or vicinity of one or more witnesses is thought by some to be related to as-yet-unknown PK/TK processes of the subconscious mind.<ref name=Guiley/> Researchers use the term "PK agent," especially in spontaneous cases, to describe someone who is suspected of being the source of the PK action.<ref name=Guiley/><ref> {{cite book | author = Pratt, J. G. | coauthors = Stevenson, Ian | year = Vol. 70, January 1976 | title = An Instance of Possible Metal-Bending Indirectly Related to Uri Geller | publisher = The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research | quote = As far as I can say, no one in the apartment that night would take credit for being the responsible PK agent.}}</ref> Outbreaks of spontaneous movements or other effects, such as in a private home, and especially those involving violent or physiological effects, such as objects hitting people or scratches or other marks on the body, are sometimes investigated as [[poltergeist]] cases.<ref> {{cite book | year = 1990 | title = Mysteries of the Unexplained | publisher = Readers Digest Association | page = p. 181 | isbn = 0-89577-146-2 | quote = Attempting to understand the forces at work, researchers in parapsychology have hypothesized that the poltergeist's feats in moving objects (which are seen to fly in violation of the laws of gravity, gliding, rising, and turning corners) are examples of psychokinesis, or PK&mdash;the ability to influence inanimate objects by mind power.}}</ref> ==Umbrella term== Psychokinesis is the [[umbrella term]] under which are various related speciality abilities. Such abilities include: *Telekinesis; movement of matter (micro and macro; move, lift, agitate, vibrate, spin, bend, break, or impact) :*Speed up or slow down the naturally occurring [[atom vibrations|vibrations of atoms]] in matter to alter temperature,<ref> {{cite book | author =Kakalios, James | year = 2005 | title = The Physics of Superheores | publisher = Gotham Books/Penguin Group, Inc. | location = New York | page = p. 133 | isbn = 1-592-40146-5 | quote = Knowing that all matter is composed of atoms, we now recognize that when an object is "hot," the [[kinetic energy]] of the constituent atoms is large, while when an object is 'cold,' the kinetic energy of the atoms is lower.}}</ref> possibly to the point of ignition if combustible (also known as [[pyrokinesis]] and [[cryokinesis]] respectively).<ref name=Genzmer> {{cite book | author = Genzmer, Herbert | coauthors = Hellenbrand, Ulrich | year = 2007 | title = Mysteries of the World: Unexplained Wonders and Mysterious Phenomena | publisher = Parragon Books Ltd | location = Bath, United Kingdom | page = p. 194 | isbn = 978-1-4054-9022-1 | chapter = Psychokinesis}} </ref> :*Aerokinesis, the telekinetic subspecialty of being able to control the movement of air molecules specifically.<ref name=Genzmer/> :*Self [[levitation]] (flying).<ref name=MindOverMatter/> *Object [[deformation]] (including [[Spoon bending|metal softening and bending]]).<ref> {{cite book | year = 2001 | title = Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary | publisher = Random House Reference | location = New York | isbn = 0-375-42599-3 | quote = Psychokinesis...deform inanimate objects, as metal spoons}}</ref> *Influencing events.<ref name=MindOverMatter> {{cite book | year = 1988 | title = Mind Over Matter (volume of Mysteries of the Unknown encyclopedia series) | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = New York | page = pp. 7-8, 27, 82, 85 | isbn = 0-8094-6336-9}}</ref> *Biological healing.<ref> {{cite book | author = Hathaway, Michael R. | year = 2003 | title = The Everything Psychic Book | publisher = Adams Media / F+W Publications Company | location = Avon, Massachusetts, USA | pages = pp. 139, 271 | isbn = 1-58062-969-5 | chapter = Glossary | quote = Psychokinesis. The ability to levitate, move objects, heal, and manipulate psychic energy...Psychokinesis is the ability to...create healing.}}</ref> *[[Teleportation]] (disappearing and reappearing elsewhere).<ref> {{cite book | year = 2004 | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition | publisher = Merriam-Webster, Incorporated | location = Springfield, Massachusetts, USA | page = p. 1284 | isbn = 0-87779-809-5 | quote=Teleportation. The act or process of moving an object or person by psychokinesis.}}</ref><ref name=Guiley/><ref name=MindOverMatter/> *Phasing through matter.<ref name=MindOverMatter/> *[[Nuclear transmutation|Transmutation]] of matter.<ref> {{cite book | author = Colman, Andrew M. | year = 2001 | title = Dictionary of Psychology | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, England, UK | page = p. 599 | isbn = 0-19-866211-4 | quote = Psychokinesis. The movement or change of physical objects by mental processes}}</ref><ref name=MindOverMatter/> *[[Shapeshifting|Shape-shifting]].<ref> {{cite book | year = 1995 | title = Man, Myth & Magic: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown | publisher = Marshall Cavendish Corporation | location = New York | page = p. 2354 | isbn = 1-85435-731-X | quote = Shape-shifting. The idea that it is possible, in certain circumstances, for men to change their natural bodily form... Sorcerers also, and some great heroes, were believed to have the same power, by virtue of magical knowledge or some innate quality; and so, though more rarely, were a few otherwise ordinary people who acquired the gift through possession of a charm or the performance of a ritual act.}} </ref> *Energy shield ([[Force field (science fiction)|force field]]).<ref> {{cite web | url = http://skepdic.com/refuge/funk3.html | title = Mass Media Funk | work = The Skeptic's Dictionary | accessmonthday = February 27 | accessyear=2007 | quote = Those who practice TT [Therapeutic Touch] believe they are able to move 'energy,' some sort of psychic force field or chi which they believe permeates the body and surrounding aura.}}</ref> *Control of magnetism.<ref name=MindOverMatter/> *Control of photons (light waves/particles).<ref> {{cite book | author = Bersani, F. | coauthors = Martelli, A. | year = 1983 | title = Psychoenergetics: The Journal of Psychophysical Systems | publisher = Gordon and Breach Science Publishers | location = United Kingdom | pages = pp. 99-128 | qutoe = The effects observed range from the typical bending of metal objects, such as spoons, keys, bars, etc., to strange effects like light flashes and teleportation.}}</ref> *[[Thoughtform]] projection (a physically perceived person, animal, creature, object, ghostly entity, etc., created in the mind and projected into three-dimensional space and observable by others; for thought images allegedly placed on film, see [[Thoughtography]]).<ref> {{cite book | author = McCoy, Edain | year = 2006 | title = Astral Projection for beginners | publisher = Llewllyn Publications | location = Woodbury, Minnesota | page = p. 207 | isbn = 1-56718-625-4 | quote = Creative visualization is the practice of mentally envisioning a desired outcome, infusing it with personal energy, and then releasing it to the cosmos so that it can grow to manifest in the physical. While all that sounds unduly complicated, what it boils down to is that it creates a thoughtform on the astral plane that, with proper effort, can be brought into the physical world.}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | year = 1995 | title = Man, Myth & Magic: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown | publisher = Marshall Cavendish Corporation | location = New York | page = p. 2679 | isbn = 1-85435-731-X | quote = The evocation of a ''tulpa'', an entity created entirely by an act of the imagination, was described by Alexandra David-Néel in her book '' Magic and Mystery in Tibet'' (1929).}}</ref> == Belief == Belief in psychokinesis varies greatly among individuals and cultures.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} In September 2006, a survey about belief in various religious and paranormal topics conducted by phone and mail-in questionnaire [[poll]]ed Americans on their belief in telekinesis. Of these participants, 28% of male participants and 31% of female participants selected "agree" or "strongly agree" with the statement "''It is possible to influence the world through the mind alone''". There were 1,721 participants, and the poll had a margin of error of plus or minus 4%.<ref>http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/33304.pdf Study conducted by the Gallup Organization between October 8, 2005 and December 12, 2005 on behalf of the Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University, of Waco, Texas, in the United States.</ref> In April 2008, British psychologist and skeptic [[Richard Wiseman]] published the results of an online survey he conducted, "Magicians and the Paranormal: A Survey," in which 400 magicians worldwide participated. For the question <i>Do you believe that psychokinesis exists (i.e., that some people can, by paranormal means, apply a noticeable force to an object or alter its physical characteristics)?</i>, the results were as follows: No 83.5%, Yes 9%, Uncertain 7.5%.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://richardwiseman.com/magicsurvey | title = Magicians and the Paranormal: A Survey |accessmonthday= May 7 |accessyear= 2008 }} Published April 23, 2008.</ref> ===Notable claimants of psychokinetic or telekinetic ability=== *[[Uri Geller]] (1946 – present day), the Israeli famous for his [[spoon bending]] demonstrations, allegedly by PK.<ref name=Berger/> *[[Nina Kulagina]] (1926 – 1990), alleged Soviet psychic of the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref name=Berger/> *[[Felicia Parise]], an American medical laboratory technician who allegedly was able to repeatedly demonstrate telekinetic movement of small objects beginning in the 1970s, in the first reported instance spontaneously, and then with practice by intense conscious intention. She said her inspiration for making the attempt was in viewing the black-and-white films of Nina Kulagina performing similar feats.<ref name=MindOverMatter/> Some of the items Parise reportedly caused movement in were a plastic pill container, compass needle, and pieces of aluminum foil (the latter two under a [[bell jar]] filmed by a magician).<ref name=Broughton/> During the height of her fame in the early 1970s , the ''National Enquirer'' tabloid newspaper in the United States, then printed in all black and white, featured her in a large photo on its cover seated at a table attempting to perform telekinesis with the headline: "First American to Move Objects with the Mind." Parise eventually retired from performing telekinesis due to the physical stress on her body.<ref name=Broughton/> *[[Eusapia Palladino]] (alternate spelling: Eusapia Paladino; 1854 - 1918) was an Italian medium who allegedly could cause objects to move during seances and was endorsed by world famous magician [[Howard Thurston]] (1869 – 1936), who witnessed her levitation of a table.<ref> {{cite book | author = Muldoon, Sylvan | coauthors = | year = 1947 | title = ''Psychic Experiences of Famous People'' | publisher = Aries Press | location = Chicago | pages = pp.55-56 | isbn = | quote = }} See endorsement quote by Thurston at [[Eusapia Palladino]] article. [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=IqSDMEYSJPEC&dq=%22psychic+experiences+of+famous+people%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=HjCAB02RH-&sig=L0ADK8cZoGF0QT-tNo2nxcD280Y#PPA56,M1 Text of entire book] also available at google.books.com</ref> *[[Swami Rama]] (1925 – 1996), a [[yogi]] skilled in controlling his heart functions who was studied at the [[Menninger Foundation]] in the spring and fall of 1970, and was alleged by some observers at the foundation to have telekinetically moved a knitting needle twice from a distance of five feet.<ref> {{cite book | last = Green | first = Elmer | coauthors = Alyce Green | title = Beyond Biofeedback | publisher = Knoll Publishing Co |date=1977 | pages = pp. 197-218 | isbn = 0440005833 }} </ref> Although Swami Rama wore a facemask and gown to prevent allegations that he moved the needle with his breath or body movements, and air vents in the room had been covered, at least one physician observer who was present at the time was not convinced and expressed the opinion that air movement was somehow the cause.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.swamij.com/pdf/swami-rama-beyond-biofeedback.pdf | title = http://www.swamij.com/pdf/swami-rama-beyond-biofeedback.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | pages = pp. 12-16 | accessmonthday = July 24 | accessyear=2007}}Elmer Green's description of Swami Rama's alleged psychokinetic demonstration (with illustrations).</ref> The test device was an uncovered, balanced knitting needle (one of two glued on top of each other at right angles) positioned under a floodlight in a room where incense had been burned prior to the test.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/swamiramabio/ResearchSwamiRama.htm | title = http://www.geocities.com/swamiramabio/ResearchSwamiRama.htm | accessmonthday = July 24 | accessyear=2007 }} Photo of the uncovered balanced knitting needle device (a typical psi wheel) that Swami Rama allegedly influenced by telekinesis.</ref> ''See Also'' *[[:Category:People claiming to have psychokinetic abilities]] *[[:Category:Supernatural healing]] ===Notable witnesses to PK events=== Psychokinetic events have been witnessed by&nbsp; psychologists in the United States,<ref> {{cite book | author = Roll, William G. | coauthors = Storey, Valerie | year = 2004 | title = Unleashed — Of Poltergeists and Murder: The Curious Story of Tina Resch | publisher = Paraview Pocket Books/Simon and Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 0-7434-8294-8 }} [[William G. Roll]], PhD, and Jeannie Lagle (Masters degree) both state that they witnessed psychokinesis involving [[Tina Resch]]. Roll additionally reports numerous other cases he investigated.</ref><ref name=DeanRadin> {{cite web | url = http://www.deanradin.com/NewWeb/bio.html | title = Official website of Dean Radin | accessmonthday = June 9 | accessyear=2007 }} ''see also'' [http://www.deanradin.com/spoon.htm]</ref><ref name=PamelaHeath> {{cite web | url = http://pamelaheath.com/about.htm | title = Official website of Pamela Heath | accessmonthday = June 9 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref> and in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world by&nbsp; professionals with medical degrees,<ref name=MichaelCrichton> {{cite web | url = http://www.crichton-official.com/aboutmc/biography.html | title = Official website of Michael Crichton | accessmonthday = June 9 | accessyear=2007 }} ''See also'' [http://www.crichton-official.com/features/ spoonbending.html].</ref><ref name=PamelaHeath/> physicists,<ref> {{cite book | author = Hasted, John B. | year = 1981 | title = The Metal Benders | publisher = Routledge and Kegan Paul | location = London | isbn = 0-7100-0597-0 }}John B. Hasted (1921-2002), PhD, Physics professor, University of London. In his book ''The Metal- Benders'', he describes his research of psychokinesis claimants and psychokinesis events he personally witnessed.</ref>&nbsp; electrical engineers,<ref name=DeanRadin/> military personnel,<ref> {{cite book | author = Johnson, Ron | year = 2004 | title = The Men Who Stare at Goats | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | page = p. 63, (Back cover) | isbn = 0-7432-7060-6 }}"In 1979, a secret unit was established by the most gifted minds within the US Army. Defying all known accepted military practice&mdash;and indeed, the laws of physics&mdash;they believed that a soldier could adopt a cloak of invisibility, pass cleanly through walls, and, perhaps most chillingly, kill goats just by staring at them."; "Lenny from Special Forces disappeared into the room where the goat was. He came back and answered, with surprise and solemnity, "The goat is down.'"</ref><ref> {{cite book | author = Steinberg, Jeffey | year = August 26, 2005 | title = Cheney's 'Spoon-Benders' Pushing Nuclear Armageddon | publisher = Executive Intelligence Review }}"In reality, Fort Bragg, by 1978, was already a hotbed of mind-war experimentation. Among the programs carried out at remote corners of the sprawling special operations base: the Goat Lab, where a team of New Age- trained Special Forces soldiers attempted to burst the hearts of goats, in an adjacent holding pen, through the power of psychic concentration." Article available online at [http://www.uri-geller.com/articles/2005/august/eir.htm http://www.uri-geller.com/articles/2005/august/eir.htm].</ref> police officers,<ref> {{cite book | author = Roll, William G. | coauthors = Storey, Valerie | year = 2004 | title = Unleashed — Of Poltergeists and Murder: The Curious Story of Tina Resch | publisher = Paraview Pocket Books/Simon and Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 0-7434-8294-8 }} Two police officers witnessed alleged psychokinetic activity in the Resch home in the 1984 Columbus poltergeist case.</ref>&nbsp; and other professionals and ordinary citizens. [[Robert M. Schoch]] PhD, professor at Boston University, has written "I do believe that some psychokinesis is real" referring to the evidence for micro-psychokinesis obtained by the Princeton PEAR laboratory experiments and similar studies and some reports of macro-RSPK observed in poltergeist cases. He reports once seeing a book "jumping off a shelf" while in a room where a female psychokinesis agent was also present.<ref> {{cite book | author = Schoch, Robert M. | coauthors = | year = January/February 2008 issue | title = ''Psychokinesis: A Scientist Searches for the Reality Behind PK's Representations'' | publisher = ''Atlantis Rising'' magazine | location = Livingston, Montana USA | pages = pp. 42-43, 70-71 | isbn = | quote = }}</ref> ====Michael Crichton==== Best-selling author and medical doctor [[Michael Crichton]] described what he termed a "successful experience" with psychokinesis at a "spoon bending party" in his 1988 book ''Travels'':<ref name=MichaelCrichton/> {{Quote|I looked down. My spoon had begun to bend. I hadn't even realized. The metal was completely pliable, like soft plastic. It wasn't particularly hot, either, just slightly warm. I easily bend the bowl of the spoon in half, using only my fingertips. This didn't require any pressure at all, just guiding with my fingertips. I put the bent spoon aside and tried a fork. After a few moments of rubbing, the fork twisted like a pretzel. It was easy. I bent several more spoons and forks. ... I had bent a spoon, and I knew it wasn't a trick. I looked around the room and saw little children, eight or nine years old, bending large metal bars. They weren't trying to trick anybody.| Michael Crichton|''Travels '', 1988, pages 319-320}} ====Dean Radin==== Senior Scientist at the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]], author [[Dean Radin]] has reported that he, too, was able to bend the bowl of a spoon over with unexplained ease of force with witnesses present at an informal PK experiment gathering. He described his experience in his 2006 book ''Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality'' and online (with photos):<ref name=DeanRadin/> {{Quote|I was much more skeptical about such claims until one day I personally folded the bowl of a large, heavy soup spoon in half with a gentle touch, and with half a dozen witnesses present. I later tested to see if I could do this again with a similar spoon using ordinary force. I couldn't budge the bowl without the assistance of two pairs of pliers and some serious leverage. So I have good reason to doubt the usual skeptical assertion that all cases of metal-bending are conjuring tricks or due to unconscious use of force.| Dean Radin| ''Entangled Minds'', page 331}} == Skepticism and controversy == The topic of psychokinesis is regarded as pseudoscience by many mainstream scientists. In the book ''Parapsychology: The Controversial Science'' (1991), British parapsychologist Richard S. Broughton, Ph.D, wrote of the differences of opinion among top scientists encountered by [[Robert G. Jahn]], director of the (now-closed) [[Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab|PEAR laboratory]], regarding the psychokinesis research that the lab was engaged in at the time. Jahn is quoted as saying that six Nobel laureates commented on the lab's work and that two firmly rejected the whole topic, two encouraged his team to push on, and two were unwilling to commit either way, thus indicating that negative and positive scientific opinion on the subject, even at the highest level, is not absolute.<ref name=Broughton/> Supporters of research in the field point out that many things in science were once thought impossible and ridiculed, only later to be proven true.<ref name=Broughton/> [[Henry Margenau]], [[David Bohm]], and O.&nbsp;Costa&nbsp;de&nbsp;Beauregard have publicly stated that they believe that nothing in [[quantum physics]] forbids the existence of psi phenomena.<ref name=Broughton/> Nobel laureate [[Brian Josephson]] has stated that the results of experiments in quantum physics that he has seen have produced more compelling evidence for the hypothetical existence of psi effects than the results of experiments done in the lab so far by parapsychologists.<ref name=Broughton/><ref> {{cite book | author = Nobel laureate Brian Josephson | year = May 5, 1987 | title = The Unexplained | publisher = BBC World Service radio program | location = London }} broadcast interview. }}</ref> ===Anecdotal evidence=== On the problems of eyewitness testimony concerning psychokinesis is that it constitutes [[Anecdotal evidence]]; that is, stories by eyewitnesses outside of controlled laboratory conditions. Anecdotal evidence is considered insufficient to establish the scientific validity of psychokinesis.<ref name=Broughton/> ===Illusion of Control=== In psychology there is a well-established phenomenon called the [[illusion of control]], in which people think they have a degree of control of something when it makes no difference what they do. Such an [[illusory correlation]] between a person's intention and a physical effect could give a false impression of psychokinesis. Two examples of this in relation to psychokinesis are when a person claims to use PK to affect the outcome of a roll of dice, which could be merely a one in 11 chance event, and when a claim is made to be able to control the appearance or disappearance of clouds. See also [[Observer-expectancy effect]]. ===Magic and special effects=== See also [[mentalism]]. Magicians, sleight-of-hand-artists, etc., have successfully simulated some of the specialized abilities of PK (object movement, [[spoon bending]], levitation, teleportation), but not all of the feats of claimed spontaneous and intentional psychokinesis have been reproduced under the same observed conditions as the original.<ref name=Broughton/><ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.uri-geller.com/uri-biography/uribiog4.htm | title = What Magicians Say About Uri Geller | accessmonthday = May 19 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref> According to Robert Todd Carroll, author of ''[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]'' , there are many impressive magic tricks available to amateurs and professionals to simulate psychokinetic powers.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://skepdic.com/kinesis.html | title = The Skeptic's Dictionary - SkepDic.com: psychokinesis (PK) | accessmonthday = September 28 | accessyear=2007 }}Robert Todd Carroll: "The variety of magic tricks used to demonstrate psychokinetic powers is impressive. Scientists have been investigating PK since the mid-19th century but with little success at demonstrating that anyone can move even a feather without trickery involving something as simple and obvious as blowing on objects to move them."</ref> These can be purchased on the Internet from magic supply companies. Amateur-made videos alleging to show feats of psychokinesis, particularly spoon bending and the telekinetic movement of objects, can be found on video-sharing websites such as YouTube. Critics point out that it is now easier than ever for the average person to fake psychokinetic events and that without more concrete proof, the topic, apart from its enjoyment in fiction, will continue to remain controversial.<ref name=Genzmer/> === Statements by skeptics === The more vocal members of the [[Scientific skepticism|skeptical community]] assert that because some PK effects can be reproduced or simulated by trickery or special effects, that is a more reasonable explanation than to accept that the [[laws of physics]] should be rewritten.<ref name=Broughton/> To support their side of the argument, skeptics may invoke the principles of [[parsimony]], [[Occam's razor]], the lack of replicable experimental evidence for psychokinesis, and the saying [[Marcello Truzzi|"extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof"]] to support their position. Regarding claims of psychic metal bending, in particular spoon bending, ''Skeptical Inquirer'' columnist [[Robert Sheaffer]]'s position is that skeptics should not waste their time investigating such claims and risk their credibility because there is no actual phenomenon to investigate: "Since magicians can readily perform the same feat using deception, there is no need to hypothesize anything more complicated."<ref> {{cite journal | last = Sheaffer | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Sheaffer | coauthors = | title = The Fallacy of Misplaced Rationalization | journal = Skeptical Inquirer | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = pp 23-24, 47 | publisher = Committee for Skeptical Inquiry | location = | date = July/August 2008 | isbn = }} From the end of his column, p. 47: "Before the skeptic expends time, effort, and credibility to come up with an explanation for some alleged phenomenon, he or she needs to be quite certain that there is indeed a phenomenon in need of explanation."</ref> ====Michael Shermer==== [[Michael Shermer]], the executive director of the [[Skeptics Society]] and founding publisher/editor-in-chief of [[Skeptic (magazine)|Skeptic]] magazine, stated in 1997 and again in 2002 in his book ''[[Why People Believe Weird Things]]'' his position that people who claim to have witnessed psychic phenomena, which includes psychokinesis, "have committed an error in thinking" and are "misinformed" about what they claim they personally experienced or observed. {{Quote|So we are left with the legacy of two types of thinking errors: '' Type 1 Error: believing a falsehood'' and ''Type 2 Error: rejecting a truth ''. ... Believers in UFOs, alien abductions, ESP, and psychic phenomena have committed a Type 1 Error in thinking: they are believing a falsehood. ... It' s not that these folks are ignorant or uninformed; they are intelligent but misinformed. Their thinking has gone wrong.| Michael Shermer|''Why People Believe Weird Things'', 1997, 2002, Introduction}} ====James Randi==== [[James Randi]] is an author, magician, and long-time lecturer of paranormal skepticism. In 1999, he founded the [[James Randi Educational Foundation]]. He has stated that psychic feats, such as the alleged softening of metal described in "spoon bending," in his view, have contributed only to society's understanding of fraud.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://randi.org/jr/bio.html | title = http://randi.org/jr/bio.html | accessdate = 2007-06-09 }}From Randi's bio: "1995: A degree honoris causa, Doctor of Humane Letters, was awarded Mr. Randi from the University of Indianapolis."</ref> {{Quote|More importantly, I think, we should ask why not one of the " discoveries" of parapsychology — the reality of mental spoon-bending, survival -after-death, ESP, etc., has made one iota of change in our lives, in science , in philosophy, or in any disciplines — except for the field of fraud and swindle, of course.| James Randi |''Swift'' JREF online newsletter, November 21, 2003 }} ====Carl Sagan==== The late [[Carl Sagan]] offered this advice to scientists and the public at large about psychokinesis research in his 1995 book ''[[The Demon-Haunted World]]'': {{Quote|Typical offerings of pseudoscience and superstition&mdash;this is merely a representative, not a comprehensive, list&mdash; are... extrasensory perception (ESP), such as telepathy, precognition, telekinesis, and "remote viewing" of distant places;... It is barely possible that a few of these paranormal claims might one day be verified by solid scientific data. &nbsp; But it would be foolish to accept them without adequate evidence. &nbsp;In the spirit of garage dragons, it is much better, for those claims not already disproved or adequately explained, to contain our impatience, to nurture a tolerance for ambiguity, and to await&mdash;or, much better, to seek&mdash; supporting or disconfirming evidence.| Carl Sagan|''The Demon-Haunted World'' , 1995, pages 221, 224}} === Prize money for proof of psychokinesis === {{main|List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal}} Internationally, there are several individual skeptics of the paranormal and [[List of Skeptics and skeptical organizations|skeptics' organizations]] who offer cash prize money for demonstration of the existence of an extraordinary psychic power, such as psychokinesis. Experimental design must be agreed upon prior to execution, and additional conditions, such as a minimum level of fame, may be imposed. These prizes have remained uncollected by people claiming to possess paranormal abilities. The [[James Randi Educational Foundation]] offers 1,000,000 US dollars to anyone who has a demonstrated media profile as well as the support from some member of the academic community, and who can produce a paranormal event, such as psychokinesis, in a controlled, mutually agreed upon experiment. The money is kept in an escrow account with Goldman-Sachs in New York. On January 4, 2008 it was announced that the prize would be discontinued on March 6, 2010 so that the Foundation could use the money for other purposes. ==Psychokinesis in religion, mythology, and popular culture== ;Religion and mythology There are written accounts and oral legends of events fitting the description of psychokinesis dating back to early history, most notably in the stories found in various religions and mythology. In the Bible, for example, Jesus is described as transmuting water into wine, which "could be called psychokinesis",<ref> {{cite book | author = Brian, Denis | year = 2000 | title = The Voice of Genius: Conversations with Nobel Scientists and Other Luminaries | publisher = Basic Books, imprint of Perseus Books | location = New York | page = p. 288 | isbn = 9-780738-204475 | quote = . . . parapsychologists are studying some of the unusual events recorded in the Bible: changing water into wine could be called psychokinesis; . . . People have spoken of such things from early times and they seem to occur in every civilization.}}</ref> healing the sick, and multiplying food.<ref> {{cite book | author = Heath, Pamela Rae, M.D., Psy.D. | year = 2003 | title = The PK Zone: A Cross-Cultural review of Psychokinesis | publisher = iUniverse | location = Bloomington, Indiana | page = p. 3 | isbn = 0-595-27658-X | quote = Religion has seemed to provide fertile ground for both spontaneous and intentional PK. Every great religious tract of mankind includes stories of people with the ability to heal and to multiply food, such as the Bible says were performed by Jesus Christ.}}</ref> Mythological beings, such as witches, have been accused of levitating people, animals, and objects.<ref> {{cite book | author = Guiley, Rosemary Ellen | coauthors = | year = 1989 | title = The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft | publisher = Facts on File | location = New York | page = p. 201 | isbn = 0-8160-1793 | quote = In hauntings, witches, poltergeists, and fairies have been blamed for levitating people, animals, and objects. }}</ref> The court wizard and prophet [[Merlin]] in the [[King Arthur]] legend, is said to have used his power to transport [[Stonehenge]] across the sea to England from Ireland.<ref> {{cite book | author = Newall, Venetia | coauthors = | year = 1974 | title = The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft & Magic | publisher = The Dial Press | location = New York | page = p. 121 | isbn = 0-8037-2343-1 | quote = He performed many feats of magic, sailing through the ocean in a house of glass and transporting Stonehenge across the sea from Ireland. }}</ref> ;Popular culture <!-- --> <!-- PLEASE TRY NOT TO ADD ANY FURTHER EXAMPLES TO THIS BRIEF SECTION - UNLESS A NEW MEDIUM. --> <!-- ♦ Additions can be submitted to the former Wikipedia POPULAR CULTURE LIST which can be found via the External Links section at the bottom of the article. What you want to add here may already be listed there.--> <!-- ANY ADDITIONS HERE ARE SUBJECT TO REMOVAL BY ANY EDITOR!! THANK YOU.--> :''See also [[Superpower (ability)]] and [[List of fictional characters with telekinesis|Fictional characters with telekinesis]]'' Psychokinesis has a well-established existence in movies, television, computer games, literature, and other forms of popular culture. In the 1976 film ''[[Carrie (film)|Carrie]]'', based on the [[Stephen King]] novel of the same name, [[Sissy Spacek]] portrayed a troubled high school student with telekinetic powers. She was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]], the first psychokinetic character in a film ever to be so recognized ([[Ellen Burstyn]] was the second, in 1980's ''Resurrection''). Numerous characters have the ability to control the movement of objects using the [[Force (Star Wars)|"the Force"]] in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' canon. In the 1988 [[anime]] movie [[Akira (film)]], a few of the main characters use telekinesis throughout the film. The comic book character [[Jean Grey]] of the [[X-Men]] exhibits powerful telekinetic ability. Also from the TV show ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'', the serial killer [[Sylar]] frequently exhibits telekinetic ability. It is also commonly used as a power in a large number of [[videogame]]s and [[role playing game]]s. <!-- PLEASE TRY NOT TO ADD ANY FURTHER EXAMPLES TO THIS BRIEF SECTION. --> <!-- ANY ADDITIONS HERE ARE SUBJECT TO REMOVAL BY ANY EDITOR!! THANK YOU.--> ==See also== {{col-start}} {{col-break}} *[[Anomalous operation]] *[[Anomalous phenomenon]] *[[Count of St Germain]] *[[Ectenic Force]] *[[Energy (healing or psychic or spiritual)|Energy (spirituality)]] *[[Faith healing]] {{col-break}} *[[Global Consciousness Project]] *[[List of psychic abilities]] *[[Magical thinking]] *[[Manifestation]] *[[Materialization (paranormal)|Materialization]] *[[Wolf Messing]] *[[Nensha]] {{col-break}} *[[Precognition]] *[[Psi wheel]] *[[Psionics]] *[[Psychic surgery]] *[[Reality shift]] *[[Tina Resch]] {{col-break}} *[[Jack Sarfatti]] *[[Silva Method]] *[[Teleportation in Islam|Tai al-Ardh]] *[[Telepathy]] *[[Therapeutic touch]] {{col-break}} {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * ''The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena, ''[[Dean Radin]], HarperEdge, 1997. * ''Distant Mental Influence'', William Braud, Hampton Roads Publishing, Inc. , 2003. ISBN 1-57174-354-5. (largely a collection of published scientific research papers on formal experiments in psychokinesis conducted by the author with others between 1983 to 2000). * ''Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality,'' [[Dean Radin]], Pocket Books, 2006. * ''The Field: The Quest for the Secret Force of the Universe'', [[Lynne McTaggart]], HarperCollins, 2008, updated paperback edition. ISBN 978-0-06-143518-8. * ''Flim Flam!,'' [[James Randi]], Prometheus Books, 1982. ISBN 0-87975-198-3. *''Hauntings and Poltergeists: Multidisciplinary Perspectives,'' James Houran and Rense Lange, editors; McFarland Press, 2001. A collection of science articles by leading researchers on documented ghost and spontaneous PK cases, with technical discussion also of possible methods of action for PK. ISBN 0786409843. ===Published Scientific Papers on PK / TK=== *[http://emergentmind.org/journal.htm The Journal of Non-Locality and Remote Mental Interactions] A journal of PK-related research papers published by EmergentMind.org. *[http://www.ebo.de/publikationen/pk_ma.pdf ''Examining Psychokinesis: The Interaction of Human Intention With Random Number Generators – A Meta-Analysis''] by Holger Bösch, Fiona Steinkamp, and Emil Boller, Psychological Bulletin, 132, 497-523, 2006. *[http://www.anomalistik.de/sdm_pdfs/etzold.pdf ''Solar-periodic full moon effect in the Fourmilab RetroPsychoKinesis Project experiment data: an exploratory study''] by Eckhard Etzold ''Journal of Parapsychology'', Fall 2005. *[http://m0134.fmg.uva.nl/research/PSI%20research/papers/39.pdf ''Does Psi Exist and Can We prove It: Belief and Disbelief in Psychokinesis Research''] by Eckhard Etzold, presented at the Parapsychological Association Convention 2004. *[http://jackhouck.com/mdi.shtml ''Material Deformation by Intention''] by Jack Houck, presented at the Science of Whole Person Healing Conference, [[March 28]], [[2003]]. *[http://integral-inquiry.com/docs/649/intentions.pdf ''Can Our Intentions Interact Directly with the Physical World?''] by William G. Braud, ''European Journal of Parapsychology'', Vol. 10, 1994. ===Military Papers on PK / TK=== *[http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADB097979 ''Psychokinesis and Its Possible Implication to Warfare Strategy''] A 1985 study on potential military applications of psychokinesis by the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas USA. Listed at the U.S. [[Defense Technical Information Center]]'s website and available to the public through the U.S. National Technical Information Service. *[http://www.fas.org/sgp/eprint/teleport.pdf ''Teleportation Physics Study''] A study published in 2004 that reviews the current state research of real and hypothetical methods of teleportation. Includes a section titled ''PK phenomenon''. Conducted by Eric Davis of Warp Drive Metrics, Nevada and sponsored by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory at Edwards AFB, California. Available publicly on the Federation of American Scientists website. *[http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0667953 ''New Correlation Between a Human Subject and a Quantum Mechanical Random Number Generator''] A 1967 study by Helmut Schmidt conducted at the Boeing Scientific Research Laboratory in Seattle, Washington USA that concluded: "From the results, it is tentatively concluded that there exists a weak but significant correlation between the statistical processes operative in these experiments and the experimenter who initiates the processes." Listed at the U.S. [[Defense Technical Information Center]]'s website and available to the public through the U.S. National Technical Information Service. ==External links== <!-- PLEASE NOTE: Inappropriate links are subject to removal by any editor. If you are unsure, propose your link first on the Talk page so that other editors can visit the website you are proposing to add. If your link was removed and you wish to challenge that action, ask for an explanation on the Talk page. Often the History log will give the explanation, but you can still ask for a discussion and propose reinstatement. Note also that all external links on Wikipedia are "no follow" and therefore are ignored by search engines. --> <!-- --> * [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/gtpp/ Notes toward a General Theory of Paranormal Phenomena] by John Walker. *[http://www.psychic-experiences.com/psychic-tests/telekinesis-test.php Online Telekinesis Test] *[http://theintentionexperiment.com/the_experiments.htm The Intention Experiment] A series of scientifically controlled, web-based PK experiments. *[http://www.rhine.org Mind Over Matter Study] An invitation by the Rhine Research Center of Durham, North Carolina USA to submit reports of PK or TK as part of an academic research study. *[http://jamesaconrad.tripod.com/TK-movie-list.html Hollywood Telekinesis and Psychokinesis Movie List] Includes the "List of Cultural References to Psychokinesis and Telekinesis" that was formerly on Wikipedia. * {{dmoz|Society/Paranormal/Psychic/Psychokinesis/|Psychokinesis}} {{Parapsychology}} [[Category:Psychic powers]] [[Category:Psychokinesis]] [[Category:Parapsychology]] [[Category:Paranormal]] [[bg:Телекинеза]] [[cs:Telekineze]] [[da:Psykokinese]] [[de:Telekinese]] [[et:Telekinees]] [[es:Telequinesis]] [[fr:Psychokinèse]] [[it:Psicocinesi]] [[he:טלקינזיס]] [[ka:ტელეკინეზისი]] [[nl:Telekinese]] [[ja:念力]] [[pl:Psychokineza]] [[pt:Telecinésia]] [[ro:Telechinezie]] [[ru:Телекинез]] [[simple:Psychokinesis]] [[sk:Psychokinéza]] [[sr:Telekineza]] [[fi:Psykokinesia]] [[sv:Telekinesi]] [[tr:Telekinezi]]