Publication
226691
221770266
2008-06-26T00:51:35Z
69.140.152.55
/* Official publication */ copyedit
{{selfref|In [[Wikipedia]], see [[Wikipedia:Requests for publication]].}}
{{Wiktionarypar|publication}}
To '''publish''' is to make [[Content (media and publishing)|content]] [[public]]ly [[knowledge|known]]. The term is most frequently applied to the distribution of text or images on paper, or to the placing of content on a [[website]].
The word '''''publication''''' means the act of '''[[publishing]]''', and it also means any writing of which copies are published, and any website. Among ''publications'' are [[book]]s, and periodicals, the latter including [[magazine]]s, [[Academic_publishing|scholarly journals]], and [[newspaper]]s.
[[Computers]] and the [[internet]] have changed the face of publishing, lowering the cost, and allowing more people to publish, through both '''[[desktop publishing]]''' and internet publishing.
== Specific publications ==
Some publications have to be characterized in a more specific sense and contexts. Examples:
* [[Academic publishing]]
* [[Open access publishing]]
=== Web publishing ===
To publish on the [[Web]]. See [[website]], [[Web template system]]s, [[Blog]], etc.
=== Legal definition ===
==== Copyright====
"Publication" is a technical term in legal contexts and especially important in [[copyright law|copyright legislation]]. An author of a work generally in the initial owner of the [[copyright]] on the work. One of the copyrights granted to the author of a work is the exclusive right to publish the work.
In the [[United States]], publication is defined as:
:''the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication.''
:''To perform or display a work "publicly" means –''
::''(1) to perform or display it at a place open to the public or at any place where a substantial number of persons outside of a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered; or''
::''(2) to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or display of the work to a place specified by clause (1) or to the public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of the public capable of receiving the performance or display receive it in the same place or in separate places and at the same time or at different times.''
:—[[:s:United_States_Code/Title_17/Chapter_1/Section_101#publication|17 USC 101]]
Furthermore, the right to publish a work is an exclusive right of the copyright owner ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Sections 105 and 106|17 USC 106]]), and violating this right (e.g. by disseminating copies of the work without the copyright owner's consent) is a [[copyright infringement]] ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 5/Section 501|17 USC 501(a)]]), and the copyright owner can demand (by suing in court) that e.g. copies distributed against his will be confiscated and destroyed ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 5/Sections 502 and 503|17 USC 502, 17 USC 503]]).
The definition of "publication" as "distribution of copies to the general public with the consent of the author" is also supported by the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]], which makes mention of "copies" in article 3(3), where "published works" are defined.<ref name="bc">[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 Berne Convention, article 3(3)]. URL last accessed [[2007-05-29]].</ref> In the [[Universal Copyright Convention]], "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."<ref name="ucc">[http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf Universal Copyright Convention, Gevena text (1952), article VI]. URL last accessed [[2007-05-29]].</ref> Many countries around the world follow this definition, although some make some exceptions for particular kinds of works. In Germany, §6 of the ''Urheberrechtsgesetz'' additionally considers works of the visual arts (such as sculptures) "published" if they have been made permanently accessible by the general public (i.e., erecting a sculpture on public grounds is publication in Germany).<ref name="de">[http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__6.html German UrhG, §6], in German. URL last accessed [[2007-05-29]].</ref> Australia and the UK (as the U.S.) do not have this exception and generally require the distribution of copies necessary for publication. In the case of sculptures, the copies must be even three-dimensional.<ref name="au">[http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/bodylodgmentattachments/62632B5B1514AEB0CA2570DC000DF45C?OpenDocument#para2.454 Australian Copyright Act, section 29: Publication]. URL last accessed [[2007-05-29]].</ref><ref ="uk">[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880048_en_11.htm#mdiv175 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48), section 175], [[Copyright law of the United Kingdom]]. URL last accessed [[2007-05-29]].</ref>
==== Official publication ====
{{expert-subject|law|section|June 2008}}
In some countries, publication in the [[official journal]] is a condition for the law to [[come into effect]] and it is released in the [[public domain]].
Examples of official publications:
* [[Federal Register]]
=== Taxonomy ===
In [[Biological classification]] ([[Taxonomy]]), the '''publication''' of the description of a [[taxon]] has to comply with some rules.
* It must be published in [[Latin]].
* It must be published on paper.
* The publication must be generally available.
* The date of publication is the date the published material became generally available.
== References ==
<references/>
== External links ==
* [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=897643 RayMing Chang, Publication Does Not Really Mean Publication: The Need to Amend the Definition of Publication in the Copyright Act, 33 AM. INTELL. PROP. L. ASS'N Q.J. 225]: This article analyzes the definition of publication in the 1976 Copyright Act and finds strong support for the proposition that electronic dissemination (e.g., "Internet publishing") of works does not result in publication under American copyright law. This article argues that the definition of publication needs to be amended to explicitly include electronic dissemination.
[[Category:Publications|*]]
[[de:Publikation]]
[[eo:Eldono]]
[[fr:Publication]]
[[hu:Publikáció]]
[[nl:Publicatie]]
[[ru:Публикация]]
[[sv:Publikation]]
[[zh:出版物]]