Puerto Rico
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{{For|the board game|Puerto Rico (board game)}}
{{Infobox_Country
|common_name = Puerto Rico
|native_name = ''Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico''<br>Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
|image_flag = Flag of Puerto Rico.svg
|image_coat = Escudo de Puerto Rico 1.svg
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|image_map = LocationPuertoRico.svg
|national_motto = [[Latin]]: ''Joannes Est Nomen Eius''<br>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Juan es su nombre''<br>
[[English language|English]]: "[[List of U.S. state mottos|John is his name]]"
|national_anthem = "''[[La Borinqueña]]''"
|official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[English language|English]]<ref>{{Citation
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vyQDYqz2kFsC&pg=RA1-PA62&lpg=RA1-PA62&dq=%22puerto+rico%22+official+language+1993&source=web&ots=AZKLran6u3&sig=8fkQ9gwM0B0kwVYMNtXr-_9dnro|title = Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity|author = Nancy Morris|year = 1995|publisher = Praeger/Greenwood|page = 62|isbn = 0275952282}}</ref>
|demonym = Puerto Rican
|ethnic_groups = 80.5% [[White people|White]] ([[Spaniards|Spanish]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|French]], [[Italians|Italian]], [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Corsican]]), 8.0% [[Black history of Puerto Rico|Black]], 0.4% [[Taíno]], 0.2% [[Asian people|Asian]] (esp. [[Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico|Chinese]]), 11% [[Multiracial]]
|capital = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
|largest_city = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
|sovereignty_type = [[Sovereignty]]
|sovereignty_note = United States sovereignty.<ref name=ussd>[http://www.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm U.S. Department of State. Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty]
</ref>
|government_type = Republican three-branch government
|leader_title1 = [[President of the United States|Head of State]]
|leader_name1 = [[George W. Bush]]
|leader_title2 = [[United States Congress|Federal Legislative Branch]]
|leader_name2 = [[United States Congress]]
|leader_title3 = [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Head of Government]]
|leader_name3 = [[Aníbal Acevedo Vilá]]
|area_total = 5,324
|area_km2 = 9,104
|area_sq_mi = 3,515<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|area_water_sq_mi= 1,809<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|area_rank = 169th
|area_magnitude = 1 E9
|percent_water = 1.6
|population_estimate = 3,994,259
|population_estimate_year = July 2007
|population_estimate_rank = 127th in the world; 27th in U.S.
|population_density_km2 = 438
|population_density_sq_mi = 1,115<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|population_density_rank = 21st in the world; 2nd in U.S.
|population_census = 3,913,055
|population_census_year = 2000
|GDP_PPP = $77.4 billion<!--gdb-pur.com-->
|GDP_PPP_year = 2007
|GDP_PPP_rank = N/A
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $19,600
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = N/A
|GNP = $56.7 billion<!gdp-pur.com-->{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|GNP_per_capita = $14,462{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
|HDI_year = n/a
|HDI =
|HDI_rank = not ranked
|HDI_category =
|currency = [[United States dollar]]
|currency_code = USD
|time_zone = [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]
|utc_offset = -4
|time_zone_DST = No DST
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|cctld = [[.pr]]|[[.us]]
|calling_code = 1
|calling_code_note = spec. [[Area code 787|+1-787]] and [[Area code 939|+1-939]]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Puerto Rico''' ({{IPAEng|ˌpwertoˈriko}}), officially the '''Commonwealth of Puerto Rico''' ({{lang-es|"Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico"}} [literally, {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}}), is a [[Autonomy|self-governing]] unincorporated territory of the [[United States]] located in the northeastern [[Caribbean]], east of the [[Dominican Republic]] and west of the [[Virgin Islands]]. The territory is composed of an [[archipelago]] that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands and [[Cay|keys]], the largest of which are [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]], [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], and [[Mona, Puerto Rico|Mona]]. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area but third largest by population among the four [[Greater Antilles]] ([[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]], [[Jamaica]], and Puerto Rico).
[[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]] often call the island ''Borinquen'', from ''Borikén'', its [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Taíno]] name.<ref>Allatson, Paul. Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies, p. 47. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1405102500.
</ref><ref>
[http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm#anchor250018 Dictionary: Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean]
Retrieved: February 21, 2008. (Based on the encyclopedia "Clásicos de Puerto Rico", 2nd. edition. Ed. Cayetano Coll y Toste. Publisher: Ediciones Latinoamericanas, S.A., 1972.).
</ref> The terms ''boricua'' and ''borincano'' derive from ''Borikén'' and ''Borinquen'' respectively, and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage. The island is also popularly known as "''La Isla del Encanto''", which translated means "The Island of Enchantment."
== History ==
{{main|History of Puerto Rico}}
=== Pre-Columbian era ===
The history of the archipelago of Puerto Rico (Spanish for "Rich Port") before the arrival of [[Christopher Columbus]] is not well known. What is known today comes from archaeological findings and early [[Spanish people|Spanish]] accounts. The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by [[Fray Iñigo Abbad y Lasierra]] in 1786, 293 years after the first Spaniards arrived on the island.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abbad y Lasierra |first=Iñigo |title=Historia Geográfica, Civil y Natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico}}</ref>
[[Image:Taino Village.JPG|thumb|left|Taíno Village at the Tibes Ceremonial Center]]
The first settlers were the [[Ortoiroid people]], an [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic Period]] culture of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] hunters and fishermen. An archaeological dig in the island of Vieques in 1990 found the remains of what is believed to be an ''Arcaico'' (Archaic) man (named Puerto Ferro man) dated to around 2000 BC. Between AD 120 and 400, the [[Igneri]], a tribe from the [[South America]]n [[Orinoco]] region, arrived. Between the 4th and 10th centuries, the Arcaicos and Igneri co-existed (and perhaps clashed) on the island. Between the 7th and 11th centuries the [[Taíno]] culture developed on the island, and by approximately 1000 AD had become dominant. This lasted until [[Christopher Columbus]] arrived in 1492.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |title=Vieques Island: What lies beneath |author=Cheryl Mahaffy |date=2006-01-30 |publisher=Edmonton Journal}}</ref><ref name=chronology>{{cite web |url=http://iprac.aspira.org/PDF%27s/Chronology%20of%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |title=Brief Chronology of the History of Puerto Rico |author=Ronald Blackburn-Moreno |date=2001 |format=PDF |publisher=ASPIRA Association, Inc.}}</ref>
=== Spanish colony ===
When [[Christopher Columbus]] arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on [[November 19]], [[1493]], the island was inhabited by a group of [[Arawak]] [[Amerindian|Indians]] known as [[Taíno]]s. They called the island "Borikén" or, in Spanish, "Borinquen".<ref>Today, Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas, or people from Borinquen.</ref> Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint [[John the Baptist]]. Later the island took the name of Puerto Rico while the capital was named [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]. In 1508, Spanish ''[[conquistador]]'' [[Juan Ponce de León]] became the island's [[List of Governors of Puerto Rico|first governor]] to take office.<ref>[[Vicente Yáñez Pinzón]] was the first appointed governor but he never arrived on the island.</ref>
[[Image:garita morro s.jpg|thumb|left|[[guerite|Garita]] at fort San Felipe del Morro]]
The Spanish soon colonized the island. Taínos were forced into [[slavery]] and were decimated by the harsh conditions of work and by diseases brought by the Spaniards. In 1511, the Taínos revolted against the Spanish; cacique [[Urayoán]], as planned by [[Agüeybaná and Agüeybaná II|Agüeybaná II]], ordered his warriors to drown the Spanish soldier [[Diego Salcedo (soldier)|Diego Salcedo]] to determine whether the Spaniards were immortal. After drowning Salcedo, they kept watch over his body for three days to confirm his death.<ref> {{cite web|author=Mari, Brenda A.|title=The Legacy of Añasco: Where the Gods Come to Die|publisher=Puerto Rico Herald |date=[[April 22]], [[2005]] |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060427181624/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues2/2005/vol09n16/PRSST0916-en.shtml |accessdate=March 1|accessyear=2006}}</ref> The revolt was easily crushed by Ponce de León and within a few decades much of the native population had been decimated by disease, violence, and a high occurrence of suicide. [[Africa]]n slaves were introduced to replace the Taíno. Puerto Rico soon became an important stronghold and port for the [[Spanish Empire]]. Various forts and walls, such as [[La Fortaleza]], [[Fort San Felipe del Morro|El Castillo San Felipe del Morro]] and [[Fort San Cristóbal|El Castillo de San Cristóbal]], were built to protect the port of San Juan from European enemies. [[France]], [[The Netherlands]] and [[England]] made several attempts to capture Puerto Rico but failed to wrest long-term occupancy. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries colonial emphasis was on the more prosperous mainland territories, leaving the island impoverished of settlers.
In 1809, in the midst of the [[Peninsular War]], the [[Junta (Peninsular War)|Supreme Central Junta]] based in [[Cádiz]] recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain with the right to send representatives to the recently convened [[Cádiz Cortes|Spanish parliament]]. The representative, [[Ramon Power y Giralt]], died after serving a three-year term in the Cortes. These [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|parliamentary and constitutional reforms]], which were in force from 1810 to 1814 and again from 1820 to 1823, were reversed twice afterwards when the traditional monarchy was restored by [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]]. Nineteenth century reforms augmented the population and economy, and expanded the local character of the island. After the rapid gaining of independence by the South and Central American states in the first part of the century, Puerto Rico and [[Cuba]] became the sole New World remnants of the large Spanish empire.
[[Image:Lares Revolutionary Flag (original).jpg|thumb|The Original Lares Revolutionary Flag.]]
Toward the end of the 19th century, poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as "[[Grito de Lares]]". It began in the rural town of [[Lares]] but was easily and quickly crushed when rebels moved to the neighboring town of [[San Sebastian, Puerto Rico|San Sebastián]]. Leaders of this independence movement included [[Ramón Emeterio Betances]], considered the "father" of the Puerto Rican nation, and other political figures such as [[Segundo Ruiz Belvis]]. In 1897, [[Luis Muñoz Rivera]] and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to Charters of Autonomy for Cuba and Puerto Rico. In 1898, Puerto Rico's first, but short-lived, autonomous government was organized as an 'overseas province' of Spain. The charter maintained a governor appointed by Spain, which held the power to annul any legislative decision, and a partially elected parliamentary structure. In February, Governor-General [[Manuel Macías y Casado|Manuel Macías]] inaugurated the new government under the Autonomous Charter. General elections were held in March and the autonomous government began to function on [[17 July]] [[1898]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.solboricua.com/history2.htm#usa |title=USA Seizes Puerto Rico |date=2000 |work=History of Puerto Rico |publisher= solboricua.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history4.shtml |title=History |accessdate=2007-10-01 |author=Magaly Rivera |publisher=topuertorico.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html |title=Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish-American War |work=The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War |publisher=Hispanic Division, Library of Congress}}</ref>
=== United States colony ===
On [[July 25]], [[1898]], during the [[Spanish-American War|Spanish–American War]], Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at [[Guánica, Puerto Rico|Guánica]]. As an outcome of the war, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, along with [[Cuba]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Guam]] to the U.S. under the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/spain/sp1898.htm |title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain;
December 10, 1898 |work=The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School |publisher=Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library}}
</ref>
The United States and Puerto Rico thus began a long-standing relationship. Puerto Rico began the 20th century under the military rule of the U.S. with officials, including the governor, appointed by the [[President of the United States]]. The [[Foraker Act]] of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of popular government, including a popularly-elected House of Representatives. In 1917, the [[Jones-Shafroth Act]] granted Puerto Ricans [[American_citizenship#Birth_within_the_United_States|U.S. citizenship]] and provided for a popularly-elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly. As a result of their new U.S. citizenship, many Puerto Ricans were drafted into [[World War I]] and all subsequent wars with U.S. participation. This new citizenship also saw a large increase of Puerto Rican migrants to the U.S.{{fact|date=June 2008}}
Natural disasters, including a major [[1918 Puerto Rico earthquake|earthquake]], a [[tsunami]] and several [[hurricane]]s, and the [[Great Depression]] impoverished the island during the first few decades under American rule. Some political leaders, like [[Pedro Albizu Campos]] who led the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]], demanded change. On [[October 30]], [[1950]], Albizu-Campos and other nationalists led a 3-day revolt (known as [[The Jayuya Uprising]]) against the United States in the town of [[Jayuya]]. The United States declared [[martial law]] and attacked Jayuya with infantry, artillery and bombers. On [[November 1]], [[1950]], Puerto Rican nationalists [[Griselio Torresola]] and [[Oscar Collazo]] [[Truman assassination attempt|attempted to assassinate]] President [[Harry S Truman]]. Torresola was killed during the attack, but Collazo was captured. Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison, being released in 1979. Don Pedro Albizu Campos also served many years in a federal prison in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web|last = García|first = Marvin|url = http://www.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/campos.cfm|title = Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos|publisher = National-Louis University|accessmonthday= April 28 |accessyear = 2006}}</ref>
The internal governance changed during the latter years of the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]–[[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] administrations, as a form of compromise led by Muñoz Marín and others. It culminated with the appointment by President Truman in 1946 of the first Puerto Rican-born governor, [[Jesus T. Piñero]].
===Commonwealth===
In 1947, the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own [[governor of Puerto Rico|governor]]. Luis Muñoz Marín was elected during the 1948 general elections, becoming the first popularly-elected governor of Puerto Rico. In 1950, the Truman Administration allowed for a democratic [[referendum]] in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution.<ref>Act of July 3, 1950, Ch. 446, 64 Stat. 319.</ref> A [[Constitution of Puerto Rico|local constitution]] was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on [[July 25]], [[1952]], the anniversary of the 1898 arrival of U.S. troops. Puerto Rico adopted the name of ''Estado Libre Asociado'' (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as [[Commonwealth (United States insular area)|Commonwealth]], for its [[body politic]].<ref>[http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico - in Spanish (Spanish)].</ref><ref>[http://topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico - in English (English translation)].</ref>
During the 1950s Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization, due in large part to ''Operación Manos a la Obra'' ("[[Operation Bootstrap]]"), an offshoot of FDR's New Deal, which aimed to transform Puerto Rico's economy from agriculture-based to manufacturing-based. Presently, Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination and a leading pharmaceutical and manufacturing center.{{fact|date=June 2008}} Yet it still struggles to define its political status. Three plebiscites have been held in recent decades to resolve the political status but no changes have been attained. Support for the pro-statehood party, [[Partido Nuevo Progresista|''Partido Nuevo Progresista'']] (PNP) and the pro-commonwealth party, [[Partido Popular Democrático]] (PPD) remains about equal. The only registered pro-independence party, the [[Puerto Rican Independence Party|''Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño'']] (PIP), usually receives 3-5% of the electoral votes.{{fact|date=June 2008}}
On [[October 25]], [[2006]], the State Department of Puerto Rico conferred Puerto Rican [[citizenship]] to [[Juan Mari Brás]].<ref>
[http://www.estado.gobierno.pr/Documentos/CP-Ciudadania.pdf Comunicado de Prensa, ''Departamento de Estado Concederá Certificacion de Ciudadania de Puerto Rico al Licenciado Juan Mari Bras,'' 25 de Octubre de 2006.] Retrieved: February 24, 2008.</ref> The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rican Secretary of Justice determined that Puerto Rican citizenship exists and was recognized in the Constitution of Puerto Rico. Since the summer of 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed the protocol to grant Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.estado.gobierno.pr/Ciudadania_Puertorriquena.htm|title=Ciudadanía de Puerto Rico|language=Spanish|publisher=Departamento de Estado, Estado del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico|accessdate=2007-10-01}}</ref>
==Government and politics==
{{main|Government of Puerto Rico}}
{{seealso|Municipalities of Puerto Rico|List of political parties in Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico has a [[republic]]an form of government,<ref name=prconstitution>[http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Article I, Section 2]</ref> subject to U.S. jurisdiction and sovereignty.<ref name=ussd>[http://www.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm U.S. Department of State. Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty]</ref> Its current powers are all delegated by the [[United States Congress]] and lack full protection under the [[United States Constitution]]. Puerto Rico's head of state is the [[President of the United States]]. The government of Puerto Rico, based on the formal [[Republicanism in the United States|republican system]], is composed of three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The [[Executive branch]] is headed by the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]], currently Mr. [[Anibal Acevedo Vila]]. The [[Legislative branch]] consists of a [[bicameral]] [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]] made up of a [[Senate of Puerto Rico|Senate]] upper chamber and a [[House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|House of Representatives]] lower chamber. The Senate is headed by the President of the Senate, while the House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House. The [[Judicial branch]] is headed by the Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court. The legal system is a mix of the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and the [[common law]] systems. The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years. Members of the Judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the "advice and consent" of the Senate.
Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. Congress in the form of a nonvoting delegate, formally called a [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|Resident Commissioner]] (currently [[Luis Fortuño]]). The current Congress has returned the Commissioner's power to vote in the [[Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)|Committee of the Whole]], but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation.<ref name="rhg">[http://www.rules.house.gov/ruleprec/110th.pdf Rules of the House of Representatives]</ref> Puerto Rican elections are governed by the [[Federal Election Commission]];<ref>[http://www.fec.gov/pages/report_notices/State_Notices/prprim.shtml Puerto Rico Primary Election Report Notice]</ref><ref>[http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2008pdates.pdf 2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access]</ref> While residing in Puerto Rico, Puerto Ricans cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections, but they can vote in [[US Presidential Primary|primaries]]. Puerto Ricans who become residents of a [[U.S. state]] can vote in presidential elections.
As Puerto Rico is not an independent country, it hosts no [[Embassy|embassies]]. It is host, however, to [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] from 42 countries, mainly from the [[Americas]] and [[Europe]]. Most consulates are located in San Juan. The [[Holy See]] has designated the Papal Nuncio in the Dominican Republic as the ecclesiastical liaison to the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico; the Papal Nuncio in Washington, D.C. serves as the Vatican State's ambassador to the U.S. and the ecclesiastical liaison to the American Roman Catholic Church.
As an unincorporated territory of the United States, Puerto Rico does not have any first-order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government, but has 78 [[municipalities]] at the second level. [[Mona Island]] is not a municipality, but part of the municipality of [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico|Mayagüez]].<ref name="wfb"/> Municipalities are subdivided into wards or [[barrio]]s, and those into sectors. Each municipality has a [[mayor]] and a municipal legislature elected for a four year term. The municipality of San Juan (previously called "town"), was founded first, in 1521, [[San Germán]] in 1570, [[Coamo]] in 1579, [[Arecibo]] in 1614, [[Aguada, Puerto Rico|Aguada]] in 1692 and [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] in 1692. An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th. Six were founded in the 20th century; the last was [[Florida, Puerto Rico|Florida]] in 1971.<ref>[http://www.linktopr.com/fundacion.html LinktoPR.com - Fundación de los Pueblos].</ref>
From 1952 to present, Puerto Rico has had 3 political parties which stand for three distinct future political scenarios. The [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico|Popular Democratic Party]] (PPD) seeks to maintain the island's "association" status as a commonwealth, improved commonwealth and/or seek a true free sovereign-association status or Free Associated Republic, and has won a plurality vote in referendums on the island's status held over six decades after the island was invaded by the U.S. The [[New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico|New Progressive Party]] (PNP) seeks [[51st state|statehood]]. The [[Puerto Rican Independence Party]] seek [[Puerto Rican independence movement|independence]]. In 2007, a fourth party, [[Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party]] (PPR), was ratified. The PPR seeks to address the islands problems (including its status) from a status-neutral platform. Non-registered parties include the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]], the [[Socialist Workers Movement (Puerto Rico)]], the [[Hostosian National Independence Movement]], and others.
==Political status==
{{main|Politics of Puerto Rico | Political status of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico is an “unincorporated territory” of the United States which according to the United States Supreme Court is “a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United States.” <ref>Downes v. Bidwell 182 U.S. 244, 287 (1901); Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922).</ref> Puerto Rico is subject to the Congress’ plenary powers under the “territorial clause” of Article IV, sec. 3, of the U.S. Constitution.<ref>U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3, cl. 2 (“The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States...”).</ref> United States federal law is applicable to Puerto Rico, even though Puerto Rico is not a [[U.S. State|state]] of the American Union and has no voting representative in the United States Congress. Due to the establishment of the Federal Relations Act of 1950 all federal laws that are “not locally inapplicable” are automatically the law of the land in Puerto Rico.<ref>39 Stat. 954, 48 USCA 734 “The statutory laws of the United States not locally inapplicable, except as hereinbefore or hereinafter otherwise provided, shall have the same force and effect in Porto Rico as in the United Status…".</ref>
===''Estado Libre Asociado''===
In 1950, the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention via a referendum. Puerto Ricans expressed their support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum being held to ratify the constitution. The [[Constitution of Puerto Rico]] was formally adopted on [[July 3]], [[1952]]. The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the [[body politic]] would be known. On [[February 4]] [[1952]], the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word "[[Commonwealth (United States insular area)|Commonwealth]]", meaning a "politically organized community" or "[[state]]," which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system. The convention adopted a translation into Spanish of the term, inspired by the [[Irish Free State]] (Saorstát Éireann) of "Estado Libre Asociado" (ELA) to represent the agreement. Literally translated into English the phrase ''Estado Libre Asociado'' means "Associated Free State."
In 1967, the Legislative Assembly tested the political interests of the Puerto Rican people by passing a [[plebiscite]] Act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico. This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice on three status options (continued Commonwealth, statehood, and independence). The Commonwealth option, represented by the PDP, won with a majority of 60.4% of the votes. After the plebiscite, efforts in the 1970s to enact legislation to address the status issue died in Congressional committees. In subsequent plebiscites on 1993 and 1998 the status quo was upheld.<ref>For complete statistics of these plebiscites, see [http://electionspuertorico.org/cgi-bin/events.cgi Elections in Puerto Rico:Results].</ref>
=== International status ===
On [[November 27]], [[1953]], shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth, the General Assembly of the [[United Nations]] approved [[UN General Assembly Resolution|Resolution 748]], removing Puerto Rico's classification as a [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories|non-self-governing territory]] under article 73(e) of the Charter from UN. But the General Assembly did not apply its full list of criteria to Puerto Rico to determine if it has achieved self-governing status. According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico's Political Status in its December 21, 2007 report, the U.S., in its written submission to the UN in 1953, never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory's consent.<ref name=status2007 /> It stated that the U.S. Justice Department in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the Territorial Clause<ref name = "Artice4">Art. IV, Sec. 3, clause 2, U.S. Constitution</ref> of the U.S. Constitution.<ref name=status2007 /> In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill, the "[[United States House Committee on Natural Resources|U.S. House Committee on Resources]] stated that PR's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self-government". It concluded that PR is still an unincorporated territory of the U.S. under the territorial clause, that the establishment of local self-government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress, and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of PR residents of PR at any time, for a legitimate Federal purpose.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/resources/hii43194.000/hii43194_0.HTM|title=Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing
|publisher=Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, 105th Congress|date=[[April 19]], [[1997]]|accessdate=2007-10-01}}</ref> The application of the Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the [[Insular Cases]].
=== Within the United States===
Under the [[Constitution of Puerto Rico]], Puerto Rico is described as a 'Commonwealth' and Puerto Ricans enjoy a degree of [[autonomous entity|administrative autonomy]] similar to that of a [[U.S. state]]. Puerto Ricans are statutory U.S. citizens, but since Puerto Rico is an [[unincorporated territory]] and not a U.S. state, the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] does not [[enfranchise]] U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico does participate in the internal political process of both the [[Democratic Party of the United States|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party of the United States|Republican]] parties in the U.S., accorded equal-proportional representation in both parties, and delegates from the islands vote in each party's national convention.
Puerto Rico is classified by the U.S. government as an independent taxation authority by mutual agreement with the U.S. Congress. Contrary to common misconception, residents of Puerto Rico pay some U.S. federal taxes: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes, etc. Most residents do not pay [[Income tax in the United States|federal income tax]] but pay federal [[payroll tax]]es ([[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]), and Puerto Rico income taxes. But federal employees, or those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. and others also pay federal income taxes. Because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code, and because the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income on the mainland, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. Residents are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement. But Puerto Rico is excluded from [[Supplemental Security Income]] (SSI) and receives less than 15% of the [[Medicaid]] funding it would be allotted as a state, while Medicare providers receive only partial state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico (even though the latter paid fully into the system).
Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military. Since becoming statutory United States citizens in 1917, Puerto Ricans have been included in the compulsory draft whenever it has been in effect. Puerto Ricans have participated in all U.S. wars since 1898, most notably [[Puerto Ricans in World War II|World War II]], the [[Korean War|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] wars, as well as the current Middle Eastern conflicts.
=== Recent developments ===
The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico, the [[United States Congress]], and the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf|title=Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress|date=[[May 25]], [[2005]]|author=Keith Bea|publisher=Congressional Research Service|accessdate=2007-10-01|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="sdc">{{cite press release|title=Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self-determination process|date=[[13 June]], [[2006]]|publisher=Department of Public Information, United Nations General Assembly|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3138.doc.htm|accessdate=2007-10-01}}</ref> In 2005 and 2007, two reports were issued by the U.S. President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status.<ref name=status>{{cite web|url=http://charma.uprm.edu/~angel/Puerto_Rico/reporte_status.pdf|title= Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status|month=December|year=2005|accessdate=2007-10-01|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=status2007>{{cite web|url=http://www.primerahora.com/XStatic/primerahora/docs/espanol/whitehousestatusreport.pdf|title= Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status|month=December|year=2007|accessdate=2007-12-24|format=PDF}}</ref> Both reports conclude that Puerto Rico continues to be a territory of U.S. under the plenary powers of the U.S. Congress.<ref name=eldiariaony1778876> [http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/detail.aspx?section=20&desc=Nuestros%20Países&id=1778876 U.S. hardens position on Puerto Rico ("EE.UU. endurece posición sobre Puerto Rico"); Jesús Dávila - El Diario La Prensa; December 22, 2007]</ref><ref name=status2007 /> Reactions from the two major political parties were mixed. The Popular Democratic Party (PPD) challenged the task force's report and committed to validating the current status in all international forums, including the United Nations. It also rejects any "colonial or territorial status" as a status option, and vows to keep working for the enhanced Commonwealth status that was approved by the PPD in 1998 which included sovereignty, an association based on "respect and dignity between both nations", and common citizenship.<ref>[http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/vol2n11/indep-hearing-v2n11.html Independence Hearing] by the ''Puerto Rico Herald''.</ref> The New Progressive Party (PNP) supported the White House Report's conclusions and supported bills to provide for a democratic referendum process among Puerto Rico voters.
== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Puerto Rico}}
{{Seealso|Geology of Puerto Rico|Fauna of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands, including [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]], [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], [[Mona, Puerto Rico|Mona]], [[Desecheo Island|Desecheo]], and [[Caja de Muertos, Puerto Rico|Caja de Muertos]]. Of the latter five, only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year-round. Mona is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources. There are also many other even smaller islands including [[Monito Island|Monito]] and "La Isleta de San Juan" which includes [[Old San Juan]] and [[Puerta de Tierra]].
Puerto Rico has an area of {{convert|5325|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|3425|sqmi|km2|}} is land and {{convert|1900|sqmi|km2}} is water.<ref name=ciafactbook>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html#Geo CIA - The World Factbook -- Puerto Rico#Geography]</ref> The maximum length from east to west is {{convert|110|mi|km}}, and the maximum width from north to south is {{convert|40|mi|km}}.<ref name=topuertorico.com>{{Citation
|url=http://www.topuertorico.org/descrip.shtml|title=Welcome to Puerto Rico!|publisher=topuertorico.org|accessdate=[[2007-12-30]]}}</ref> Comparing land areas, Puerto Rico is 8/10 the size of [[Jamaica]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html#Geo |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Jamaica |publisher=[[CIA]] |accessdate=2008-04-24}}</ref> and 8/100 the size of [[Cuba]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#Geo |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Cuba |publisher=[[CIA]] |accessdate=2008-04-24}}</ref> the next smallest and the largest countries in the Greater Antilles, respectively. Compared to U.S. states, it is larger than [[Delaware]] and [[Rhode Island]] combined, but slightly smaller than [[Connecticut]]. The main island is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south. The main mountain range is called "[[Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico)|La Cordillera Central]]" (The Central Range). The highest elevation in Puerto Rico, [[Cerro de Punta]] (4,390 feet; 1,338 m),<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| date =[[29 April]] [[2005]] | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessmonthday = November 9 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> is located in this range. Another important peak is [[El Yunque, Puerto Rico|El Yunque]], one of the highest in the ''Sierra de Luquillo'' at the [[El Yunque National Forest]], with an elevation of 3,494 feet (1,065 m).
[[Image:Rico.png|left|thumb|Map of Puerto Rico.]]
Puerto Rico has 17 [[lake]]s, all man-made,<ref>[http://www.gobierno.pr/DRNA/ReservasNaturales/LagosRiosLagunas/Lagos/Lagos_I.htm Los Lagos de Puerto Rico] {{es icon}}</ref> and more than [[List of Puerto Rico rivers|50 rivers]], most originating in the Cordillera Central. Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher [[Volumetric flow rate|water flow rates]] than those of the south, since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions.
Puerto Rico is composed of [[Cretaceous]] to [[Eocene]] [[volcanic]] and [[plutonic]] rocks, overlain by younger [[Oligocene]] and more recent [[carbonates]] and other [[sedimentary rocks]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200605/ai_n17177064| title=Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation, Puerto Rico| author=Andrzej Pisera, Michael Martinez, Hernan Santos| publisher=''[[Journal of Paleontology]]''| date=May 2006| accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref> Most of the [[caverns]] and [[karst]] topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates. The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old ([[Jurassic]]) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island. They may represent part of the [[oceanic crust]] and are believed to come from the [[Pacific Ocean]] realm.
Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American [[plate tectonics|plate]]s and is being deformed by the [[tectonics|tectonic]] stresses caused by their interaction. These stresses may cause [[earthquakes]] and [[tsunami]]s. These [[seismic]] events, along with [[landslide]]s, represent some of the most dangerous [[geologic hazards]] in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean. The [[1918 Puerto Rico Earthquake|most recent major earthquake]] occurred on [[October 11]], [[1918]] and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]].<ref name="1918 quake">{{cite web| url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php| title=Earthquake History of Puerto Rico| publisher=U.S. Geological Survey| accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> It originated off the coast of [[Aguadilla]] and was accompanied by a tsunami.
[[Image:Atlantic-trench.JPG|thumb|Illustration of the Puerto Rico Trench.]]
The [[Puerto Rico Trench]], the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic, is located about {{convert|75|mi|km}} north of Puerto Rico in the at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates.<ref name="trench">{{cite web| author=Uri ten Brink| url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html| title=Explorations: Puerto Rico Trench 2003 - Cruise Summary and Results| publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> It is {{convert|1090|mi|km}} long and about {{convert|60|mi|km}} wide. At its deepest point, named the [[Milwaukee Deep]], it is {{convert|27493|ft|m}} deep, or about {{convert|5.2|mi|km}}.<ref name="trench"/>
Located in the [[tropics]], Puerto Rico enjoys an average temperature of {{convert|82.4|°F|°C|sigfig=2}} throughout the year. Temperatures do not change drastically throughout the seasons. The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than the rest of the island. The [[List of Atlantic hurricane seasons|Hurricane season]] spans from June to November. The all-time low in Puerto Rico has been {{convert|40|°F|°C|abbr=on}}, registered in [[Aibonito, Puerto Rico|Aibonito]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://nowdata.rcc-acis.org/SJU/pubACIS_results| title=NOAA Online Weather Data - Puerto Rico| publisher=National Weather Service| accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref>
Species [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the archipelago are 239 [[plant]]s, 16 [[bird]]s and 39 [[amphibian]]s/[[reptile]]s, recognized as of 1998. Most of these (234, 12 and 33 respectively) are found on the main island.<ref>[http://islands.unep.ch/ISV.htm#459 Island Directory].</ref> The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the ''[[Coquí]]'', a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call, and from which it gets its name. Most ''Coquí'' species (13 of 17) live in the [[El Yunque National Forest]], a [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical rainforest]] in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest. El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants, 26 of which are endemic to the island. It is also home to 50 bird species, including one on the top 10 [[Endangered Species#Endangered birds|endangered]] birds in the world, the [[Puerto Rican Amazon]]. Across the island in the southwest, the {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} of dry land at the Guánica Dry Forest Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals, including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico.
== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Puerto Rico}}
In the early 1900s the greatest contributor to Puerto Rico's economy was [[agriculture]] and its main crop was sugar. In the late 1940s a series of projects codenamed [[Operation Bootstrap]] encouraged a significant shift to manufacture via tax exemptions. Manufacturing quickly replaced agriculture as the main industry of the island. Puerto Rico is classified as a [[First World#High income country|high income country]] by the [[World Bank]].<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20421402~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html Data and Statistics of Country Groups] of the [[World Bank]]</ref><ref>[http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/pri_ict.pdf Income report for Puerto Rico] by the [[World Bank]].</ref>
Economic conditions have improved dramatically since the [[Great Depression]] due to external investment in capital-intensive industries such as [[petrochemical]]s, [[pharmaceuticals industry|pharmaceuticals]] and [[technology]]. Once the beneficiary of special tax treatment from the U.S. government, today local industries must compete with those in more economically depressed parts of the world where wages are not subject to U.S. minimum wage legislation. In recent years, some U.S. and foreign owned factories have moved to lower wage countries in Latin America and Asia. Puerto Rico is subject to U.S. trade laws and restrictions.
Also, starting around 1950, there was heavy migration from Puerto Rico to the [[Continental United States]], particularly [[New York City]], in search of better economic conditions. Puerto Rican migration to New York displayed an average yearly migration of 1,800 for the years 1930-1940, 31,000 for 1946-1950, 45,000 for 1951-1960, and a peak of 75,000 in 1953.<ref>[http://palante.org/History.htm Latino/a Education Network Service, retrieved 5 February 2007]</ref> As of 2003, the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] estimates that more people of Puerto Rican birth or ancestry live in the U.S. than in Puerto Rico.<ref>[http://www.prfaa.com/uploadedfiles/PRFAA_Atlas_12_06_04.pdf Anglelo Falcón, "Atlas of Stateside Puerto Ricans", Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration, published 6 December 2004, retrieved 5 February 2007]</ref>
On [[May 1]], [[2006]], the Puerto Rican government faced significant [[2006 Puerto Rico budget crisis|shortages in cash flows]], which forced the closure of the local Department of Education and 42 other government agencies. All 1,536 public schools closed, and 95,762 people were furloughed in the first-ever partial shutdown of the government in the island's history.<ref>{{cite news|first=Magdalys|last=Rodríguez|url=http://www.endi.com/2006/05/01/index/412858.asp?category=Ultima+hora&title=No+hubo+acuerdo+y+el+gobierno+amanecio+cerrado&artdate=2006/05/01|title=No hubo acuerdo y el gobierno amaneció cerrado|publisher=[[El Nuevo Día]]|accessdate=2006-05-01}}{{es icon}}</ref> On [[May 10]], [[2006]], the [[2006 Puerto Rico budget crisis|budget crisis]] was resolved with a new tax reform agreement so that all government employees could return to work. On November 15, 2006 a 5.5% sales tax was implemented. Municipalities are required by law to apply a municipal sales tax of 1.5% bringing the total sales tax to 7%.<ref>{{cite news |author= Miguel Díaz Román |title= Incierto el impacto del nuevo tributo|url=http://www.endi.com/noticia/portada/noticias/incierto_el_impacto_del_nuevo_tributo/110378 |work= |publisher=[[El Nuevo Día]] |date=2006-11-15 |accessdate=2006-11-15|language= Spanish}}</ref>
[[Tourism in Puerto Rico|Tourism]] is an important component of Puerto Rican economy supplying an approximate $1.8 billion. In 1999, an estimated 5 million tourists visited the island, most from the U.S. Nearly a third of these are [[cruise ship]] passengers. A steady increase in hotel registrations since 1998 and the construction of new hotels and new tourism projects, such as the [[Puerto Rico Convention Center]], indicate the current strength of the tourism industry.
Puerto Ricans had a per capita [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) of $19,600 for 2007,<ref name="wfb">{{Citation
|url=http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/factsheet/documents/PR.Eco.Fact.Sheet.pdf|title=Puerto rico fact Sheet|publisher=Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico|month=May|year=2007|accessdate=[[2007-12-21]]}}</ref> By comparison, the poorest state of the Union, [[Mississippi]], had a per capita GSP (nominal) of $24,062 in 2006. The United Nation's Human Development Index ranking is not regularly available for Puerto Rico, though the UN Development Program assigned it a .942 score in 1998, which would place it among the top 15 countries in the HDI rankings.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://islands.unep.ch/CSV.htm|title=Puerto Rico (United States)|publisher=islands.unep.ch|accessdate=2007-10-01}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Puerto Rico}}
===Population and racial makeup===
[[Image:Real Cédula de Gracia.jpg|thumb|upright|Royal Decree of Graces, 1815]]During the 1800s hundreds of [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Corsica]]n, [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|French]], [[Lebanon|Lebanese]], [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]], and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] families arrived in Puerto Rico, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain (mainly from [[Catalonia]], [[Asturias]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], the [[Balearic Islands]], [[Andalusia]], and the [[Canary Islands]]) and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America. Other settlers included [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Irish]], [[Scotland|Scots]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germans]], [[Italian people|Italians]] and thousands others who were granted land by Spain during the ''Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815'' ("[[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]]"), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with a certain amount of free land. This mass immigration during the 19th century helped the population grow from 155,000 in 1800 to almost a million at the close of the century. A census conducted by royal decree on [[September 30]],[[1858]], gives the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at this time: 300,430 identified as [[Whites]]; 341,015 as Free [[colored]]; and 41,736 as [[Slaves]]. <ref>{{cite book
|last=Van Middeldyk
|first=R.A.
|title=The History of Puerto Rico
|url=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico.html
|accessdate=2008-05-29
|chapter=Part 4
|chapterurl=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico4.html}}</ref> More recently, Puerto Rico has become the permanent home of over 100,000 legal residents who immigrated from not only Spain, but from [[Latin America]]: Argentines, [[Cuba]]ns, Dominicans, [[Colombia]]ns and [[Venezuela]]ns.
[[Emigration]] has been a major part of Puerto Rico's recent history. Starting soon after [[World War II|WWII]], poverty, cheap airfare and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the continental United States, particularly to [[New York City, New York]]; [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]], and [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]], [[New Jersey]]; [[Chicago, Illinois]]; [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] and [[Boston, Massachusetts]]; [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Miami, Florida|Miami]] and [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], [[Florida]]; [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]; [[Hartford, Connecticut]]; [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Los Angeles, California]]. This trend continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined.
{{boxboxtop|Demographic distribution}}
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<div class="NavHead" style="background:#EDF1F1;text-align:center;text-style:normal">
Racial distribution</div><div class="NavContent" style="display:none;">
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
|-
!colspan=3|Race - [[Puerto Rico]] - 2000 Census<ref>U.S. Census Bureau; [http://www.topuertorico.org/pdf/2kh72.pdf Profiles of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Puerto Rico]. Retrieved [[2008-01-27]]</ref>
|-----
! Race
! Population
! % of Total
|-----
| '''[[White people|White]]'''||3,064,862||80.5%
|-----
| '''Black/[[African American]]'''||302,933||8.0%
|-----
| '''[[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] and [[Alaska Native]]'''||13,336||0.4%
|-----
| '''[[Asian people|Asian]]'''||7,960||0.2%
|-----
| '''[[Native Hawaiian]]/[[Pacific Islander]]'''||1,093||0.0%
|-----
| '''Some other race'''||260,011||6.8%
|-----
| '''Two or more races'''||158,415||4.2%
|}
{{Userboxbottom}}According to the [[United States Census 2000|2000 U.S. Census]] there were almost four million inhabitants. Eighty percent of Puerto Ricans described themselves as "white"; 8% as "[[blacks|black]]"; 12% as "[[mulatto]]" and 0.4% as "[[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] or [[Alaska Native]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-dispatch.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Puerto_Rico
|title=Puerto Rico|date=[[25 June]] [[2007]]|publisher=The Dispatch Online|accessdate=2007-06-26}}</ref><ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US72&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Puerto Rico DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000].</ref> (The U.S. Census does not consider ''Hispanic'' a race, and asks if a person considers himself Hispanic in a separate question.)
===Genetics===
A 2002 study of [[Mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) of 800 Puerto Ricans found that 61.1% had Amerindian maternal mtDNA, 26.4% African, and 12.5% Caucasian.<ref name=Ancestry>Martínez Cruzado, Juan C. (2002). The Use of Mitochondrial DNA to Discover Pre-Columbian Migrations to the Caribbean:Results for Puerto Rico and Expectations for the Dominican Republic. KACIKE: The Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology [On-line Journal], Special Issue, Lynne Guitar, Ed. Available at: http://www.kacike.org/MartinezEnglish.pdf [Date of access: 25 September, 2006]</ref> Conversely, patrilineal input showed that 70% of all Puerto Rican males have inherited Y chromosome DNA from a male European ancestor, 20% from a male African ancestor, and fewer than 10% from a male Amerindian ancestor. This suggests that the largest components of the Puerto Rican genetic pool are European/Caucasian, Amerindian, and African, in descending order.
[[Image:Puertoricoadmixture Bonilla.jpg|right|thumb|Admixture Graph, Bonilla et al 2004]]
In a study done on Puerto Rican women born on the island but living in NY in 2004, the ancestry proportions corresponding to the three parental populations were found to be 53.3±2.8% European, 29.1±2.3% West African, and 17.6±2.4% Native American based on [[autosomal]] ancestry informative markers. The study also showed 98% of the people sampled had European ancestry markers, 87% had African ancestry markers, 84% had Native American ancestry markers, 5% showed only African and European markers, 4% showed only Native American and European markers, 2% showed only African markers, and 2% showed only European markers. <ref name=Ancestry2>Bonilla et al, Ancestral proportions and their association with skin pigmentation and bone mineral density in Puerto Rican women from New York City. Hum Gen (2004) 115: 57-58 Available at: http://onedroprule.org/forum/index.php?file=bonilla-2004-pigmnt-bmd-pr-women.pdf [Date of access: 30 May, 2008]</ref>
=== Language ===
The official languages are [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[English language|English]] with Spanish being the primary language. In 2008, it is estimated that 50 percent of Puerto Ricans speak English fluently.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} English is taught as a second language in public and private schools from elementary levels to high school and also in universities.<ref>[http://topuertorico.org/descrip.shtml Description of Puerto Rico] by Topuertorico.org.</ref> Particularly, the [[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish of Puerto Rico]], has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies that differentiate it from the language as spoken in other Spanish-speaking countries. This is mainly due to the influences from ancestral languages, such as those from the Taínos and Africans, and more recently from the English language influence resulting from its relationship with the United States.
=== Religion ===
The [[Roman Catholic Church]] has been historically the dominant religion in Puerto Rico. The first [[dioceses]] in the Americas was erected in Puerto Rico in 1511.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Porto Rico}}</ref> All [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|municipalities]] in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church (building), most of which are located at the town center or "''plaza''". Protestantism which was suppressed under the Spanish regime has been encouraged under American rule making modern Puerto Rico interconfessional. Taíno religious practices have been rediscovered/reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates. Various African religious practices have been present since the arrival of African slaves. In particular, the [[Yoruba]] beliefs of [[Santeria]] and/or [[Ifá]], and the [[Kongo people|Kongo]]-derived [[Palo Mayombe]] find adherence among a few individuals who practice some form of [[African traditional religion]].
== Migration to the United States ==
Puerto Ricans moved to the U.S. in hopes of a better life—particularly more employment and higher wages. Most moved to urban areas, particularly New York City, but also to cities such as Philadelphia, Chicago, Hartford, or Boston. In the 1920s, Puerto Rico still largely retained a rural, agricultural economy that began to decline in the era of growing industrialization and expanded capitalism in the U.S. Both men and women migrated. Families migrated with their children, but widowed women migrated with their children as well.<ref>Altagracia Ortiz, “‘En la aguja y el pedal eché la hiel’: Puerto Rican Women in the Garment Industry of New York City, 1920-1980.” In ''Puerto Rican Women and Work'', ed. A. Ortiz, 55-81 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996).</ref>
Puerto Rican women, due to language barriers and racism, often received the lowest ranking jobs. Most Puerto Rican women acquired work in the food service or garment industries. In 1955, Puerto Rican skirtmakers in New York City produced 83 million items.<ref>Altagracia Ortiz, “‘En la aguja y el pedal eché la hiel’: Puerto Rican Women in the Garment Industry of New York City, 1920-1980.” In ''Puerto Rican Women and Work'', ed. A. Ortiz, 55-81 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996) 61.</ref> They worked long hours and received the lowest wages. Women who could not find work took jobs in the informal economy, helping to take care of other women’s children or helping with other women’s domestic chores.
By the 1950s, the Puerto Rican population in the U.S. had increased dramatically. Average yearly migration of Puerto Ricans to the U.S. was up to 1,800 from 191 in 1940 and increased to 45,000 between 1951 and 1960. Twenty percent of Puerto Rico’s population migrated to the U.S. in the 1950s.<ref>Christine E. Bose, “Puerto Rican Women in the United States: An Overview,” in The Puerto Rican Woman: Perspectives on Culture, History, and Society, ed. Edna Acosta-Belén, (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1986), 148.</ref> By 1964, Puerto Ricans made up almost 10% of New York City’s population.<ref>Anonymous. Latino/a Education Network Service (website). http://palante.org/History.htm. (Last updated July 1, 2007. Accessed March 12, 2008.)</ref> Today, more Puerto Rican descendants live in the continental U.S. than in Puerto Rico.
Puerto Ricans did not assimilate like other immigrant groups, and retained their culture and language.<ref>Linda C. Delgado, “Rufa Concepción Fernández: The Role of Gender in the Migration Process,” in Puerto Rican Women’s History, ed. Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1998), 177.</ref> U.S. policymakers believed Puerto Ricans were having too many children and that they had a poor work ethic. Women were seen as reproducing too much.<ref>Carmen Teresa Whalen, “Labor Migrants or Submissive Wives: Competing Narratives of Puerto Rican Women in the Post-World War II Era,” in ''Puerto Rican Women’s History'', ed. Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1998), 218</ref> Because they did not stay in the home as women were expected to, Puerto Rican women were also considered inadequate mothers. Additionally, they were blamed for spreading immorality to their children and their larger community.<ref>Ibid</ref>
Such ideas supported the sterilization of Puerto Rican women. Puerto Rico has a higher rate of female sterilization than any other country in the world, a phenomenon that also occurred in the U.S.<ref>''La Operación''. Dir. Ana Maria Garcia. Skylight Pictures. New York: Cinema Guild, 1982.</ref> Beginning in the 1930s, U.S. officials declared an overpopulation of people in Puerto Rico. Instead of educating young women about contraceptives, doctors forced them to be sterilized. Many women had no idea that other options existed for them. The operations women were subjected to were often very dangerous and many women faced serious complications afterwards.<ref>Ibid</ref>
== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Puerto Rico}}
[[Image:Kapok tree Honolulu.jpg|thumb|upright|Kapok tree (''Ceiba''), the national tree of Puerto Rico]]
Puerto Rican culture is a mix of four cultures, African (from the slaves), [[Taíno]] (Amerindians), Spanish, and more recently, North American. From Africans, the Puerto Ricans have obtained the "[[bomba]] and [[plena]]", a type of music and dance including percussions and [[maraca]]s. From the Amerindians (Taínos), they kept many names for their municipalities, foods, musical instruments like the [[güiro]] and [[maraca]]s. Many words and other objects have originated from their localized language. From the Spanish they received the Spanish language, the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions. From the United States they received the English language, the university system and a variety of hybrid cultural forms that developed between the U.S. mainland and the island of Puerto Rico. The [[University of Puerto Rico]] was founded in 1903, five years after the island became part of the U.S.
Much of the Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of [[music]]. Like the country as a whole, Puerto Rican music has been developed by mixing other cultures with its own unique flavor. Early in the history of Puerto Rican music, the influences of African and Spanish traditions were most noticeable. However, the cultural movements across the [[Caribbean]] and [[North America]] have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences that have reached Puerto Rico. <ref>Giovannetti, Jorge L. "Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols." In Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas, ed. Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez, 81-98.</ref><ref>[http://www.puertoricanmusictv.com/ Puerto Rican Music TV]</ref>
The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the bird, ''Reinita mora'' (''[[Spindalis portoricensis]]''), the flower, ''Flor de Maga'' (''[[Flor de maga|Thespesia grandiflora]]''), and the tree, ''Ceiba'' or Kapok (''[[Kapok|Ceiba pentandra]]''). The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the Coquí (''[[Eleutherodactylus coqui]]''). Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the "[[jíbaro]]" , the "countryman", and the [[carite]].
{{seealso|Cuisine of Puerto Rico}}
==Sports==
{{main|Sports in Puerto Rico}}
{{Further|[[Association Football in Puerto Rico]]}}
[[Image:Venegas.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Juan Evangelista Venegas]], first Puerto Rican to win an Olympic medal]]
[[Baseball]] is the most popular sport in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico has its own professional baseball league which operates as a winter league. No [[Major League Baseball|major league]] franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico, however, San Juan hosted the [[Montreal Expos]] for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to [[Washington, D.C.]] and became the [[Washington Nationals]]. Puerto Rico has participated in the [[World Cup of Baseball]] winning one gold (1951), four silver and four bronze medals and the [[Caribbean Series]], winning fourteen times. Famous Puerto Rican baseball players include [[Roberto Clemente]] and [[Orlando Cepeda]], enshrined in the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] in 1973 and 1999, respectively.<ref>[http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/enterworkflow.do?flowId=playerDetails.playerDetails&name=Clemente Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente] accessed on September 30, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/playerModule.do Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda] accessed on September 30, 2007</ref>
[[Boxing]], [[basketball]], and [[volleyball]] are considered popular sports as well. Puerto Rico has the third-most [[List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions|boxing world champions]] and its the global leader in champions per capita. These include [[Miguel Cotto]], [[Félix Trinidad]], [[Wilfred Benítez]], and [[Wilfredo Gómez]]. Secondary sports include [[Professional wrestling]], [[association football]] and [[road running]]. The [[World Wrestling Council]] and [[International Wrestling Association]] are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island. The [[Puerto Rico Islanders]] Football Club, founded in 2003, plays in the [[USL First Division|United Soccer Leagues First Division]], which constitutes the second tier of football in [[North America]]. [[Puerto Rico national football team|Puerto Rico]] is also a member of [[FIFA]] and [[CONCACAF]]. In 2008 the islands first unified league the [[Puerto Rico Soccer League]] was established.
Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the [[Summer Olympics|Summer]] and [[Winter Olympics]], the [[Pan American Games]], the [[Caribbean World Series]], and the [[Central American and Caribbean Games]]. Puerto Rican athletes have won 6 medals (1 silver, 5 bronze) in Olympic competition, the first one in 1948 by boxer [[Juan Evangelista Venegas]]. [[August 8]], [[2004]], became a landmark date for the [[Puerto Rico national basketball team|National Basketball Team]] when it defeated the [[United States men's national basketball team|United States]] in the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] organized in [[Athens]], [[Greece]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/basketball/3567344.stm BBC Sports - Olympics 2004].</ref> On March 2006 San Juan's [[Hiram Bithorn Stadium]] hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed [[World Baseball Classic]].
==Education==
{{main|Education in Puerto Rico}}
Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels — Primary (elementary school grades 1-6), Secondary (intermediate and high school grades 7-12), and Higher Level (undergraduate and graduate studies). As of 2002, the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1%; by gender, it was 93.9% for males and 94.4% for females.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html CIA FactBook]</ref> According to the 2000 Census, 60.0% of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education, and 18.3% has a bachelor's degree or higher. This ranks as worst and 6th worst, respectively, among U.S. states, where the national averages are 80.4% and 24.4%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-24.pdf |title=Educational Attainment 2000 |date=August 2003 |format=PDF |work=United States Census 2000 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce (Economics and Statistics Administration) }}</ref>
Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18 and is enforced by the state. The Constitution of Puerto Rico grants the right to an education to every citizen on the island. To this end, public schools in Puerto Rico provide free and non-sectarian education at the elementary and secondary levels. At any of the three levels, students may attend either [[Public School|public]] or [[Private School|private]] schools. As of 1999, there were 1532 public schools<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.de.gobierno.pr/NR/rdonlyres/D3388419-2932-4654-9C59-FBC4585A9CF7/0/PRStateReportCard20022003.pdf |title=Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico |publisher=Departamento de Educación De Puerto Rico |accessdate=2008-05-05|format=PDF}}</ref> and 569 private schools in the island.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
The largest and oldest university system in Puerto Rico is the public [[University of Puerto Rico]] (UPR) with 11 campus. The largest private university systems on the island are the [[Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez]] which operates the [[Turabo University|Universidad del Turabo]], [[Metropolitan University]] and [[Universidad del Este]], the multi-campus [[Inter American University of Puerto Rico|Inter American University]], the [[Catholic University of Puerto Rico|Pontificial Catholic University]], and the [[University of the Sacred Heart|Universidad del Sagrado Corazón]]. Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and four Law Schools.
== Transportation ==
[[Image:Tren Urbano.jpg|thumb|Tren Urbano at Bayamón Station]]
{{main|Transportation in Puerto Rico}}
Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads, [[freeway]]s, [[expressway]]s, and [[highway]]s maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority and patrolled by the [[Police of Puerto Rico]]. The island's [[metropolitan area]] is served by a [[Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses|public bus transit system]] and a [[rapid transit|metro system]] called ''[[Tren Urbano]]'' (in English: Urban Train). Other forms of public transportation include sea-born ferries (that serve Puerto Rico's archipelago) as well as ''Carros Públicos'' [[Share taxi|(Mini Bus)]], similar to [[jitney]] service on the United States.
The island's main airport, [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]], is located in [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]] and is a major hub in the Caribbean. The most recently renovated airport in the west of Puerto Rico is that of the former Ramey Military airbase in Aguadilla, [[Rafael Hernandez Airport]], which has made it easier to explore the towns of the newly created tourism area known as "Porta del Sol." The main [[port]] of the island is [[San Juan Port]].
{{clear}}
== See also ==
*[[List of Puerto Rico-related topics]]
{{portal|Puerto Rico|Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|left=yes}}
{{clear}}
<!-- Please place links to all topics directly related to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico into the [[List of Puerto Rico-related topics]] -->
== Notes and references ==
{{reflist|4}}
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Puerto Rico}}
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'''Puerto Rican government'''
* [http://www.gobierno.pr/ Official website] {{es icon}}
'''United States government'''
*[http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas]
'''United Nations (U.N.) Declaration on Puerto Rico'''
* [http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/gacol3160.doc.htm U.N. Decolonization Committee's press release on what it deems as the colonial political status of Puerto Rico]
'''Country, Regions and territories profiles'''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/country_profiles/default.stm BBC Territory profile]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117386/Puerto-Rico Encyclopaedia Britannica profile]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html CIA - The World Factbook]
'''Other'''
* {{wikitravel}}
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{{Puerto Rico|expand}}
{{Puerto Rican topics}}
{{West Indies}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{United States}}
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