Pupa
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[[Image:Meikever pop onderzijde (Melolontha melolontha).jpg|thumb|150px|Pupa of the [[Cockchafer]] (''Melolontha melolontha'')]]
A '''pupa''' ([[Latin]] ''pupa'' for doll, pl: ''pupae'' or ''pupas'') is the life stage of some [[insect]]s undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in [[Holometabolism|holometabolous]] insects, those that undergo a complete [[metamorphosis]], going through four life stages; [[embryo]], [[larva]], pupa and [[imago]]. (For a list of such insects see [[Holometabolism]]).
The pupae of different groups of insects have different names such as [[#Chrysalis|chrysalis]] in the [[Lepidoptera]] and [[tumbler]] in [[mosquitoes]]. Pupae may further be enclosed in other structures such as [[cocoons]], [[nests]] or [[Animal shell|shells]].<ref>Borror, D. J. Dwight M. DeLong and Charles A. Triplehorn. An introduction to the study of insects. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Sixth Edition.</ref>
==Position in life cycle==
In the [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]] of an insect the pupal stage follows the [[larva]]l stage and precedes [[adult]]hood (''[[imago]]''). It is during the time of pupation that the adult structures of the insect are formed whilst the larval structures are broken down. Pupae are inactive, and usually [[sessile]] (not able to move about). They have a hard protective coating and often use [[camouflage]] to evade potential predators.
===Duration===
Pupation may be brief, for example 2 weeks as in [[monarch butterfly|monarch butterflies]], or the pupa may enter [[dormancy]] or ''[[diapause]]'' until the appropriate season for the adult insect (in [[temperate]] climates pupae usually stay dormant during winter, in the [[tropics]] pupae usually do so during the [[dry season]]).
===Emergence===
Insects emerge ('''eclose''') from pupas by splitting the pupal case, and the whole process of pupation is controlled by the insect's [[hormone]]s. Most butterflies emerge in the morning. In mosquitoes the emergence is in the evening or night. In [[fleas]] the process is triggered by vibrations that indicate the possible presence of a potential host. Prior to emergence, the adult inside the pupal [[exoskeleton]] is termed "'''pharate'''". Once the pharate adult has eclosed from the pupa, the empty pupal exoskeleton is called an "'''[[exuvium]]'''" (or '''exuvia'''); in most hymenopterans (ants, bees and wasps) the exuvium is so thin and membranous that it becomes "crumpled" as it is shed.
==Structure==
[[Image:Drohnenpuppen_79d.jpg|thumb|300px|Exarate pupae of the [[Western honey bee]].]]
In some insect orders the appendages such as legs and proboscis are free and visible in the pupal stage. Such pupae are termed as '''exarate''' and examples are seen in the [[Hymenoptera]]. In many others the pupa is a tight and compact shell with all the appendages tightly packed within and these are termed as '''obtect'''. The familiar [[lepidoptera]]n chrysalis is obtect. Another form has the appendages visible, but covered within a shell. In some cases the covering is formed by the integument of the last larval instar also known as the [[puparium]]. Such pupae are termed as '''coarctate''' and are found in many of the [[diptera]]. Some exarate pupae such as those of the [[neuroptera]] also have movable mandibles attached to the head. Such pupae are termed '''decticous'''. In most other insects the mandibles are immovable and such pupae are termed '''adecticous'''.
[[Image:Drohnenpuppen_81b.jpg|thumb|300px|Stages of development of the honeybee pupa.]]
==Defense==
Pupae are usually immovable and are largely defenseless. To overcome this, a common feature is concealed placement. Some species of [[Lycaenidae|Lycaenid butterflies]] are protected in their pupal stage by ants. Some species of pupae are capable of making sounds or vibrations to scare potential predators. A few species use chemical defenses including toxic secretions. The pupae of social [[hymenoptera]]ns are protected by adult members of the hive.
==Chrysalis==
{{redirect|Chrysalis|other uses|Chrysalis (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:Common crow pupa.jpg|thumb|200px|Common crow (''[[Euploea core]]'') chrysalis illustrating the [[Greek language|Greek]] origin of the term : χρυσός (''chrysós'') for gold]]
A '''chrysalis''' ([[Latin]] ''chrysallis'', from [[Greek language|Greek]] χρυσαλλίς = ''chrysallís'', pl: ''chrysalides'') or '''nympha''' is the pupal stage of [[butterfly|butterflies]]. The term is derived from the metallic gold-colouration found in the pupae of many butterflies referred to by the [[Greek language|Greek]] term χρυσός (''chrysós'') for gold.
Because chrysalids are often showy and are formed in the open, they are the most familiar examples of pupae. Most chrysalids are attached to a surface by a [[Velcro]]-like arrangement of a [[silk]]en pad spun by the [[caterpillar]] and a set of hooks ([[cremaster]]) at the tip of the pupal [[abdomen]].
Like other types of pupae, the chrysalis stage in most butterflies is one in which there is little movement. However, some butterfly pupae are capable of moving the abdominal segments to produce sounds or to scare away potential [[predator]]s. Within the chrysalis, growth and differentiation occur. The adult butterfly emerges (ecloses) from this and expands its wings by pumping [[haemolymph]] into the wing veins.<ref>[http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/butterflies/highlights/metamorphosis.php AMNH] Accessed December 2006</ref> This sudden and rapid change from pupa to imago is called [[metamorphosis]].
When the butterfly emerges from the chrysalis, usually it will sit on the empty shell in order to expand and dry its wings. However, if the chrysalis was near the ground (such as if it fell off from its silk pad), the butterfly would find another vertical surface to rest upon and dry its wings (such as a wall or fence).
[[Moth]] pupae are usually dark in color and either formed in underground cells, loose in the soil, or their pupa is contained in a protective [[silk]] case called a '''cocoon'''.
[[Aurelia]] is an old synonym of chrysalis from which is derived the term ''aurelian''; one who studies the emergence of butterflies from chrysalids.
==Cocoon==
{{other uses|Cocoon}}
[[Image:Caterpillars cocoon.jpg|thumb|right|The tough brown cocoon of an [[Opodiphthera eucalypti|Emperor Gum Moth]]]]
A '''cocoon''' is a casing spun of [[silk]] by many [[moth]] [[caterpillar]]s and numerous other [[holometabolous]] insect [[larva]]e as a protective covering for the pupa.
Cocoons may be tough or soft, opaque or translucent, solid or meshlike, of various colors, or composed of multiple layers, depending on the type of insect larva producing it. Many moth caterpillars shed the larval hairs ([[seta]]e) and incorporate them into the cocoon; if these are [[urticating hair]]s then the cocoon is also irritating to the touch. Some larvae attach small twigs, fecal pellets or pieces of vegetation to the outside of their cocoon in an attempt to disguise it from predators. Others spin their cocoon in a concealed location - on the ''underside'' of a [[leaf]], in a [[crevice]], down near the base of a [[tree trunk]], suspended from a twig or concealed in the [[leaf litter]].<ref>Malcolm J. Scoble. 1992. The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>
Insects that pupate in a cocoon must escape from it, and they do this either by the pupa cutting its way out, or by secreting fluids that soften the cocoon. Some cocoons are constructed with built-in lines of weakness along which they will tear easily from inside, or with exit holes that only allow a one-way passage out; such features facilitate the escape of the adult insect after it emerges from the pupal skin.
<gallery>
Image:Caterpillar making cocoon2.jpg|An Emperor Gum Moth caterpillar spinning its cocoon.
Image:Actias luna pupa 2 sjh.JPG|[[Actias luna|Luna moth]] cocoon and pupa.
Image:Actias luna cocoons sjh.JPG|Assortment of Luna moth cocoons.
Image:Actias luna emergence sjh.gif|Luna moth emerging from silk cocoon.
Image:Actias luna pupa sjh enhanced.JPG|Luna moth pupa removed from cocoon.
Image:Chrysalis5504.jpg|Chrysalis of [[Gulf Fritillary]] in [[Georgetown, South Carolina]]
Image:Pupation_-_Inachis_io.jpg|Pupation of ''Inachis io''
Image:Monarch Butterfly Chrysalis.JPG|Monarch Butterfly chrysalis
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist}}sex
==See also==
{{commonscat|Chrysalis}}
*[[Larva]]
*[[Brood (honeybee)]]
*[[Silk]]
*[[Cocoon]]
[[Category:Entomology]]
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