Queensland
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2008-07-10T11:39:51Z
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{{Australia state or territory
|Name = Queensland
|Fullname = State of Queensland
|Flag = Flag of Queensland.svg
|CoatOfArms = Queensland coa.png
|Map = Queensland locator-MJC.png
|Motto = "Audax at Fidelis" (Bold but Faithful)
|Nickname = Sunshine State, Smart State
|Emblems = ''Faunal - [[Koala]] (''Phascolarctos cinereus''); Floral - [[Cooktown orchid]] (''Dendrobium bigibbum''); Bird - [[Brolga]] (''Grus rubicunda''); Aquatic - [[Barrier Reef Anemonefish]] (''Amphiprion akindynos''); Gem - [[Sapphire]]; Colour - [[Maroon (color)|Maroon]]
|Emblem_title1 = Faunal
|Emblem1 = [[Koala]]<br/> (''Phascolarctos cinereus'')
|Emblem_title2 = Floral
|Emblem2 = [[Cooktown orchid]]<br/> (''Dendrobium bigibbum'')
|Emblem_title3 = Bird
|Emblem3 = [[Brolga]] (''Grus rubicunda'')
|Emblem_title4 = Aquatic
|Emblem4 = [[Barrier Reef Anemonefish]]<br/> (''Amphiprion akindynos'')
|Emblem_title5 = Gem
|Emblem5 = [[Sapphire]]
|Emblem_title6 = [[Australian state colours|Colours]]
|Emblem6 = [[Maroon (color)|Maroon]]
|Capital = [[Brisbane]]
|ChiefType = Premier
|Chief = [[Anna Bligh]]
|ChiefParty = [[Australian Labor Party|ALP]]
|Viceroy = [[Quentin Bryce]]
|ViceroyType = Governor
|PostalAbbreviation = QLD
|EntityAdjective = State
|GSP = $187,339<ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/5220.0 Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2006-07]</ref>
|GSPYear = 2006-07
|GSPRank = 3<sup>rd</sup>
|GSPPerCapita = $45,496
|GSPPerCapitaRank = 6<sup>th</sup>
|AreaRank = 2<sup>nd</sup> largest
|TotalArea = 1852642
|LandArea = 1730648
|WaterArea = 121994
|PercentWater = 6.58
|PopulationRank = 3<sup>rd</sup>
|Population = 4,182,100
|PopulationYear = End of June 2007
|DensityRank = 5<sup>th</sup>
|Density = 2.42
|HighestPoint = [[Mount Bartle Frere|Mt. Bartle Frere]]
|HighestElev = +1,622 m
|HighestElev_ft = 5,321
|LowestPoint =
|LowestElev =
|LowestElev_ft =
|TimeZone = [[UTC+10]] no DST
|HouseSeats = 28
|SenateSeats = 12
|ISOCode = AU-QLD
|GovtWebsite = www.qld.gov.au
|Website = www.qld.gov.au
}}
'''Queensland''' is a [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[Australia]], occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the [[Northern Territory]] to the west, [[South Australia]] to the south-west and [[New South Wales]] to the south. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the [[Coral Sea]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]. The state is Australia's second largest by area, following [[Western Australia]], and the country's third most populous after New South Wales and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].
The area was first colonised by [[Indigenous Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]], who arrived between 40,000 and 65,000 years ago, according to various dating methods.<ref>[http://www.dreamtime.net.au/indigenous/timeline.cfm Dreaming Online: Indigenous Australian Timeline]</ref> Later, Queensland was made a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Crown Colony]] that was separated from New South Wales on [[6 June]] [[1859]], a date now celebrated annually as [[Queensland Day]]. The area that currently forms [[Brisbane, Queensland|Brisbane]] was originally the [[Moreton Bay]] [[penal colony]], intended as a place for [[recidivism|recidivist]] convicts who had offended while serving out their sentences in New South Wales. The state later encouraged free settlement, and today Queensland's economy is dominated by the agricultural, tourist and natural resource sectors.
The population is concentrated in [[South East Queensland]], which includes the capital Brisbane, [[Logan City, Queensland|Logan City]], [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]], [[Toowoomba, Queensland|Toowoomba]], and the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold]] and [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine]] Coasts. Other major regional centres include [[Cairns, Queensland|Cairns]], [[Townsville, Queensland|Townsville]], [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]], [[Rockhampton, Queensland|Rockhampton]], [[Bundaberg, Queensland|Bundaberg]], [[Hervey Bay, Queensland|Hervey Bay]] and [[Mount Isa, Queensland|Mount Isa]]. Queensland is often nicknamed the '''Sunshine State''', since it enjoys warm weather and a sizeable portion of the state is in the [[tropics]]. The people of Queensland are colloquially known as 'Banana Benders' or 'Canetoads', the former possibly because of the large [[banana]] plantations in the tropics, the latter a reference born of the environmental disaster occurring when the [[cane toad]] was imported to rid the [[sugar cane]] fields of [[cane beetle]] pest. This is often referred to during the '[[Rugby League State of Origin|State of Origin]]', an annual [[Rugby]] League competition between Queensland and fierce rivals New South Wales.
==Etymology==
The state was named in honour of Queen [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]],<ref>[http://www.piulapublications.com/Placenames/page54.html Place Names]</ref> who, in 1859, signed the proclamation separating the state from New South Wales. At the time, Victoria was a generally popular monarch, and the successful name was preferred over ''Cooksland'', which had been suggested by the influential local [[Presbyterian]] minister [[John Dunmore Lang]].<ref>[http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogL.html Dictionary of Australian Biography]</ref> The southern Australian state of Victoria is also named after her.
==Geography==
[[Image:Queenslandroads.png|thumb|left|Queensland cities, towns, settlements and [[List of highways in Queensland|road network]]]]
Queensland is bordered to the north by the Torres Strait with [[Boigu Island]] off the coast of [[New Guinea]] representing the absolute northern extreme of the territory. The triangular [[Cape York Peninsula]], which points toward New Guinea is the northernmost part of the state's mainland. The western side of the peninsula is washed by the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]], while its eastern side borders the [[Coral Sea]], an arm of the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The eastern border is the Pacific Ocean. To the west, Queensland is bordered by the [[Northern Territory]], at the 138° E. longitude, and to the south-west by the north-eastern corner of [[South Australia]].
In the south, there are three sections that comprise its border: the [[drainage basin|watershed]] from [[Point Danger (Australia)|Point Danger]] to the [[Dumaresq River]]; the river section involving the Dumaresq, the [[MacIntyre River|MacIntyre]] and the [[Barwon River (New South Wales)|Barwon]]; and 29° S. latitude, over to the South Australian border.
The state capital is Brisbane, is located on the coast 100 kilometres (60 [[mile|mi]]) by road north of the New South Wales border. The fifth-largest city by area in the world, [[Mount Isa, Queensland|Mount Isa]], is located in Queensland. The city area is in excess of 40,000 square kilometres (15,400 [[Square mile|sq mi]]). The state is divided into several [[Regions of Queensland|officially recognised regions]]. Other smaller geographical regions of note include the [[Atherton Tableland]]s, the [[Granite Belt]], and the [[Channel Country]] in the far south-west.
Queensland has many places of natural beauty, including: the Sunshine Coast and the Gold Coast having some of the state's most popular [[beach]]es; the [[Bunya Mountains National Park|Bunya Mountains]] and the [[Great Dividing Range]] with numerous lookouts, [[waterfall]]s and [[picnic]] areas; [[Carnarvon National Park|Carnarvon Gorge]]; [[Whitsunday Islands National Park|Whitsunday Islands]] and [[Hinchinbrook Island]].
The state contains five [[World Heritage]] listed preservation areas: Australian Fossil Mammal Sites at [[Riversleigh]] in the [[Gulf Country]], [[Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves]], [[Fraser Island]], [[Great Barrier Reef]], and the [[Wet Tropics of Queensland]].
===Climate===
[[Image:DSCN1033.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Gold Coast CBD; the Gold Coast is the second-largest city in Queensland]]
Because of its size, there is significant variation in climate across the state. Low rainfall and hot summers are typical for the inland west, a [[monsoon]]al 'wet' season in the far north, and warm [[temperate]] conditions along the coastal strip. Inland and in southern ranges low minimum temperatures are experienced.
The climate of the coastal strip is influenced by warm ocean waters, keeping the region free from extremes of temperature and providing moisture for rainfall.<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimqld.htm Australian Government, Bureau of Meterology - Climate of Queensland]</ref>
There are five predominate climatic zones in Queensland<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/cgi_bin_scripts/clim_classification.cgi Australian Government, Bureau of Meterology - Australian climatic zones]</ref>, based on temperature and humidity:
* hot humid summer (far north and coastal)
* warm humid summer (coastal elevated hinterlands and coastal south-east)
* hot dry summer, mild winter (central west)
* hot dry summer, cold winter (southern west)
* temperate - warm summer, cold winter (inland south-east, e.g. [[Granite Belt]])
However, most of the Queensland populace experience two weather seasons: a "winter" period of rather warm temperatures and minimal rainfall and a sultry summer period of hot, sticky temperatures and higher levels of rainfall.
The annual mean statistics<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/index.shtml Australian Government, Bureau of Meterology - Climate statistics for Australian locations]</ref> for some Queensland centres is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!City
!Min. Temp <sup>o</sup>C
!Max. Temp <sup>o</sup>C
!No. Clear days
!Rainfall (mm)
|-
|[[Brisbane]]
|align=center | 14 || align=center | 26|| align=center | 123 || align=center | 1061
|-
|[[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]]
|align=center | 18 || align=center | 27|| align=center | 113 || align=center | 1667
|-
|[[Cairns, Queensland|Cairns]]
|align=center | 20 || align=center | 29|| align=center | 86 || align=center | 2223
|-
|[[Townsville, Queensland|Townsville]]
|align=center | 18 || align=center | 29|| align=center | n/a || align=center | 1144
|}
The highest maximum temperature observed in the state is 49.5 °[[Celsius|C]] (121.1 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]) at [[Birdsville, Queensland|Birdsville]] on [[24 December]] [[1972]] (The temperature of 53.1 °C (127.5 °F) at [[Cloncurry, Queensland|Cloncurry]] on [[16 January]] [[1889]] is not considered official; the figure quoted from Birdsville is the next highest, so that record is considered as being official).
The lowest minimum temperature is −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) at [[Stanthorpe, Queensland|Stanthorpe]] on [[4 July]] [[1895]] [http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/worldtp.html]
[[Image:BrisbaneSkylineFromEast15Oct06.JPG|thumb|440px|[[Brisbane]] CBD, Brisbane is the largest city in Queensland and also the capital]]
==Demographics==
[[Image:CairnsQld.jpg|thumb|200px|Queensland has a less centralised population than other states, with significant populations in regional cities such as [[Cairns]]]]
A smaller proportion of Queensland's population lives in the capital city than any other mainland state. As of June 2004 the capital city represented 45.7% of the population; for the whole country, capital cities represented 63.8% of the total population.
* Christian: 70.9%:
** [[Roman Catholic]]: 24.9%
** [[Anglican]]: 22.3%
** [[Uniting Church]]: 8.4%
** [[Lutheran]]: 2.1%
** Other: 13.2%
* Non-Christian: 2.3%
** [[Buddhism]]: 1.1%
** [[Islam]]: 0.4%
** [[Hinduism]]: 0.3%
** [[Judaism]]: 0.1%
** Other: 0.4%
* No Religion: 14.8%
* Not Stated: 12.0%
On [[9 December]] [[2005]], the population of Queensland officially reached 4 million. Queensland is the fastest growing state in Australia, with over 1,500 people moving to the state per week; 1,000 in the southern part of the state alone. Predictions show that Queensland will become Australia's second [[Population density|most populous]] state by the late 2020s. <ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3101.0Mar%202006?OpenDocument ABS Statistics]</ref> According to Queensland's Office of Economic and Statistical Research the estimated population of the state at the end of 2007 was 4,228,290 which is almost 20% of Australia's total.
==Economy==
[[Image:Glitz and Palm Trees.jpg|thumb|200px|Glitz and palm trees]]
Queensland's economy has enjoyed a boom in the [[tourism]] and [[mining]] industries over the last twenty years. A sizeable influx of [[wiktionary:interstate|interstate]] and overseas migrants, large amounts of federal government investment, increased mining of vast [[mineral]] deposits and an ever expanding aerospace sector ensure that the state will remain Australia's fastest growing economy in the foreseeable future.
Between 1992 and 2002, the growth in the [[Gross State Product]] of Queensland outperformed that of all the other states and territories. In that period Queensland's GSP grew 5.0% each year, while growth in Australia's [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) rose on average 3.9% each year. Queensland's contribution to the Australian GDP increased by 10.4% in that period, one of only three states to do so. [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/521bc90dc5faa7faca256dd90080326a!OpenDocument#GROSS%20STATE%20PRODUCT]
In 2003 Brisbane had the lowest cost of living of all Australia's capital cities. As of late 2005 Brisbane is the third most expensive capital for housing after [[Sydney]] and [[Canberra]] and just ahead of Melbourne by $15,000.
[[Primary sector of industry|Primary industries]] include: [[banana]]s, [[pineapple]]s, [[peanut]]s, a wide variety of other tropical and temperate fruit and vegetables, grain crops, [[wineries]], [[cattle raising]], [[cotton]], [[sugar cane]], [[wool]] and a mining industry including [[bauxite]], [[coal]], silver, lead, zinc, gold, and [[copper]].
[[Secondary sector of industry|Secondary industries]] are mostly further processing of the above-mentioned primary produce: [[bauxite]] from [[Weipa, Queensland|Weipa]] is converted to [[alumina]] at [[Gladstone, Queensland|Gladstone]]. There are also copper refining and the refining of sugar cane to sugar.
Major [[tertiary sector of industry|tertiary industries]] are the [[retail trade]] and [[tourism]].
===Tourism===
[[Image:The Beach - Airlie Beach, Queesland, Australia.JPEG|thumb|250px|[[Airlie Beach, Queensland|Airlie Beach]]]]
Tourism is Queensland's leading tertiary industry with millions of interstate and overseas visitors flocking to the Sunshine State each year. Queensland is a state of many contrasts that range from sunny tropical coastal areas, lush rainforests to dry inland areas.
The main tourist destinations of Queensland include:
[[Image:Hbay.JPG|thumb|200px|Hervey Bay, Queensland|Hervey Bay]]
* [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]
* [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]]
* [[Hervey Bay, Queensland|Hervey Bay]]/[[Fraser Island|Fraser Island]]
* [[Brisbane]]
* [[Whitsundays]] (Airlie Beach, Whitehaven Beach, Hamilton Island, Daydream Island)
* [[Far North Queensland]] (Cairns, Port Douglas,The Daintree)
* [[North Queensland]] (Townsville, Magnetic Island)
* [[North Stradbroke Island]] and [[South Stradbroke Island]]
* The [[Great Barrier Reef]]
[[Image:Australia zoo-Raffi Kojian-CIMG6415.JPG|thumb|200px|Crocodile show at the [[Australia Zoo]]]]
The Gold Coast of Queensland is also sometimes referred to as "Australia's Theme Park Capital", with five major amusement parks –
* [[Dreamworld]]
* [[Movie World]]
* [[Sea World]]
* [[Wet 'n' Wild]]
* [[WhiteWater World]]
There are also wildlife parks in Queensland - [[Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary]] on the Gold Coast and [[Australia Zoo]] on the Sunshine Coast (home of [[Steve Irwin]] until his death on [[4 September]] [[2006]]).
[[Image:WhitsundayIslandBeach.JPG|thumb|250px|Whitehaven beach on [[Whitsunday Island]]]]
Accommodation in Queensland caters for nearly 22% of the total expenditure, followed by restaurants/meals (15%), airfares (11%), fuel (11%) and shopping/gifts (11%).<ref>[http://www.discoverqueensland.com.au Tourism related information and statistics]</ref>
==Transport==
Queensland is served by a number of [[National Highway (Australia)|National Highways]] and, particularly in South East Queensland, high quality [[motorways]] such as the [[M1, Queensland|M1]].
[[Rail transport in Queensland|Principal rail services]] are provided by [[Queensland Rail]] and [[Pacific National]], predominantly along the coamajor ports including the [[Port of Brisbane]] and subsidiary ports at [[Port of Gladstone|Gladstone]] and [[Port of Townsville|Townsville]].
[[Brisbane International Airport]], [[Gold Coast Airport|Gold Coast International Airport]] and [[Cairns International Airport]] are the main gateway airports both domestically and internationally. Other major domestic airports include:
* [[Hamilton Island Airport]]
* [[Hervey Bay Airport]]
* [[Mackay Airport]]
* [[Mount Isa Airport]]
* [[Proserpine Airport]]
* [[Rockhampton Airport]]
* [[Sunshine Coast Airport]]
* [[Townsville Airport]]
South East Queensland is governed by an integrated public transport system, [[TransLink (South East Queensland)|TransLink]], which provides [[List of South East Queensland bus stations|bus]], [[Citytrain|rail]] and [[List of Brisbane ferry wharves|ferry services]]. Regional bus and [[Traveltrain|long-distance rail]] services are also provided throughout the State. Local bus services are also available in most regional centres.
==Government==
{{main|Government of Queensland}}
[[Image:Qld-Parliament-House-and-Annex.jpg|thumb|220px|The [[Parliament of Queensland]] in Brisbane]]
Executive authority is vested in the [[Governor of Queensland|Governor]], who represents and is appointed by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] on the advice of the [[Premier of Queensland|Premier]]. The current governor is Ms. [[Quentin Bryce]], [[Order of Australia|AC]]. The head of government is the premier, who is appointed by the governor but must have the support of the [[Queensland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]. The current premier is [[Anna Bligh]], of the [[Australian Labor Party]]. Other ministers, forming the [[Executive Council]], are appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Assembly on the premier's recommendation.
The [[Queensland Parliament]] or the Legislative Assembly, is [[unicameral]]. It is the only Australian state with a unicameral legislature. A [[bicameral]] system existed until 1922, when the [[Legislative Council of Queensland|Legislative Council]] was abolished by the Labor members' "suicide squad," so called because they were appointed for the purpose of voting to abolish their own offices.
The judicial system of Queensland consists of the [[Supreme Court of Queensland|Supreme Court]] and the [[District Court of Queensland|District Court]], established by the Queensland Constitution, and various other courts and tribunals established by ordinary Acts of the Queensland Parliament.
In 2001 Queensland adopted a new codified [[constitution]], repealing most of the assorted [[Act of Parliament|Acts of Parliament]] that had previously made up the constitution. The new constitution took effect on [[6 June]] [[2002]], the anniversary of the formation of the colony of Queensland by the signing of [[Letters patent|Letters Patent]] by Queen Victoria in 1859.
==History==
{{main|History of Queensland}}
[[Image:Nla.pic-an24494586 south sea islanders.jpg|thumb|[[Kanaka]] labourers on a plantation in the 1890s]]
The history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy [[Indigenous Australian|indigenous]] presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. Estimated to have been settled by Indigenous Australians approximately 40,000 years ago, the north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Portuguese and French navigators before being encountered by [[Captain James Cook]] in 1770. The state has witnessed the tragic events of frontier warfare between European settlers and Indigenous inhabitants, as well as the employment of cheap [[Kanakas|Kanaka]] labour sourced from the [[Oceania|South Pacific]]. Likewise, it has experienced dynamic growth and progress since its separation from New South Wales in 1859.
==Landmarks==
[[Image:Q1 oberservation deck.jpg|thumb|250px|The view from [[Q1 (building)|Q1]] over the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]]]
The [[Q1 (building)|Q1]], located on the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], is the tallest residential tower in the world.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} When measured to the top of its spire it measures {{convert|1058|ft|m|abbr=on}}. It was completed in September 2005.
The statue of [[Wally Lewis]], at the northern end of [[Suncorp Stadium]] (formerly known as Lang Park) is visited by Rugby League enthusiasts from around the world.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
The state has the world's best collection of [[dinosaur]] tracks near [[Winton, Queensland|Winton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/fossils/ |title=Australia's fossil past |accessdate=2008-06-23 |format= |work= }}</ref>
==Universities==
[[Image:University of Queensland.jpg|thumb|The Great Court of the [[University of Queensland]]]]
[[Image:Bond University.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Bond University]] in [[Robina, Queensland|Robina]]]]
* [[University of Queensland]]
* [[Bond University]]
* [[Central Queensland University]]
* [[James Cook University]]
* [[University of Southern Queensland]]
* [[University of the Sunshine Coast]]
* [[Griffith University]]
* [[Queensland University of Technology]]
* [[Australian Catholic University]] (Brisbane campus)
==Sport==
{{main|Sport in Queensland}}
The state of Queensland has teams in all of Australia's national sporting competitions and is also host to a number of domestic and international sporting events.
* [[Australian Football]]: [[Brisbane Lions]]
* [[Association Football]]: [[Queensland Roar]]
* [[Basketball]]: [[Cairns Taipans]], [[Gold Coast Blaze]] and the [[Townsville Crocodiles]]
* [[Cricket]]: [[Queensland Bulls]]
* [[Netball]]: [[Queensland Firebirds]]
* [[Rugby League]]: [[Queensland state rugby league team|Queensland Maroons]], [[Brisbane Broncos]], [[Gold Coast Titans]] and the [[North Queensland Cowboys]]
* [[Rugby Union]]: [[Queensland Reds]]
Events include:
*[[Rugby League State of Origin|State of Origin]]
*[[Gold Coast Indy 300]]
*[[V8 Supercars|Queensland 400]]
*[[World championship tour (WCT) surfing|Quicksilver Pro and Roxy Pro]]
==See also==
* [[Governors of Queensland]]
* [[Local Government Areas of Queensland]]
* [[List of Queenslanders]]
* [[Premiers of Queensland]]
* [[Protected areas of Queensland (Australia)]]
* [[Regions of Queensland]]
* [[List of highways in Queensland]]
* [[Queensland Council of Unions]]
* [[List of schools in Queensland]]
* [[Sport in Queensland]]
* [[Queensland Expatriate Awards]]
* [[Queensland Day]]
* [[Queensland Police]]
* [[Queensland Games]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.qld.gov.au Government of Queensland]
*[http://www.workliveplay.qld.gov.au/ Queensland Government skilled and business migration site]
*[http://www.govhouse.qld.gov.au/ Governor of Queensland]
*[http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/ Parliament of Queensland]
*[http://www.thepremier.qld.gov.au/ Premier of Queensland]
*[http://www.queenslandholidays.com.au Official State Tourism Organisation]
*[http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/qag_index.html Queensland Art Gallery]
*[http://www.translink.com.au Translink - Public Transport in Queensland- Bus Train Ferry]
{{States and territories of Australia}}
{{Queensland}}
[[Category:Queensland|*]]
[[Category:Former British colonies]]
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