R
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robot Adding: [[lv:R]]
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{{wiktionarypar2|R|r}}
{{Latin alphabet navbox|uc=R|lc=r}}
'''R''' is the eighteenth letter of the modern [[Latin alphabet]]. Its name in [[English language|English]] is spelled '''ar''' ({{IPAEng|ɑr}}; pronounced {{IPA|[ɑː]}} or {{IPA|[ɑɹ]}}).<ref>"R" ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989); "ar," op. cit.</ref>
==History==
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
! Egyptian hieroglyph ''tp''
! [[Proto-Canaanite alphabet|Proto-Semitic R]]
! Phoenician R
! Etruscan R
! [[Rho (letter)|Greek Rho]]
! Later Etruscan R
|-----
|<hiero>D1</hiero>
|[[Image:Proto-semiticR-01.png]]
|[[Image:PhoenicianR-01.png]]
|[[Image:EtruscanR-01.png]]
|[[Image:Rho uc lc.svg|60px]]
|[[Image:EtruscanR-02.png]]
|}
The original Semitic letter was probably inspired by an [[Egyptian hieroglyph]] for "head", pronounced ''t-p'' in Egyptian, but it was used for {{IPA|/r/}} by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was [[Rêš]] (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek [[Rho (letter)|Ρ]] {{polytonic|ῥῶ}} (Rhô) and Latin R. It is likely that some Etruscan and Western Greek forms of the letter added the extra stroke to distinguish it from a later form of the letter P.
===Minuscule===
The minuscule (lower-case) form of r developed through several variations on the capital form. In handwriting it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used today.
Another minuscule, [[r rotunda]], kept the loop-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke. It fell out of use around the 18th century.
==Various phonetic realizations of R==
See [[rhotic consonant]], [[r-colored vowel]], and [[guttural R]] for discussion of the family of 'r' sounds.
In the [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]], {{IPA|[r]}} represents the [[alveolar trill]] sound. Other languages may use the letter r in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In [[Haitian Creole]], it is represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with ''w'', eg. ''Kweyol'' for ''Kreyol''. This sound can also change in a language perceptibly over time; the alveolar trill of British English is more characteristic of 19th / early 20th century speech and is associated with older speakers, while younger Britons have been known for a much weaker 'r' since at least the 1980s{{Fact|date=June 2008}}.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:85%;margin:auto"
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar trill]] {{IPA|[r]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:alveolar trill.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], some dialects of [[British English]] or in emphatic speech, [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[German language|German]] in some dialects, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] in emphatic male speech, [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian Language|Russian]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] 'rr', [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]], in standard [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:alveolar approximant.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[English language|English]] (most varieties), [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in some Dutch dialects (in specific positions of words), [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar flap]] / [[Alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:alveolar flap.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] 'र', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] 'r', [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Italian language|Italian]]
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar lateral flap]] {{IPA|[ɺ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Con-80b.wav|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Retroflex approximant.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | some varieties of [[American English]]
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Retroflex flap]] {{IPA|[ɽ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Retroflex flap.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] 'ड़', sometimes [[Scottish English]]
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Uvular trill]] {{IPA|[ʀ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Uvular trill.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[German language|German]] stage standard, [[French language|French]]; [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in Belgium and some Dutch dialects, [[Swedish language|Swedish]] in Southern Sweden
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPA|[ʁ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:voiced uvular fricative.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[French language|French]] in and around Paris, [[Hebrew language|Modern Hebrew]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|}
==Codes for computing==
{{Letter
|NATO=Romeo
|Morse=·–·
|Character=R
|Braille=⠗
}}
In [[Unicode]] the [[majuscule|capital]] R is codepoint U+0052 and the [[lower case]] r is U+0072.
The [[ASCII]] code for capital R is 82 and for lowercase r is 114; or in [[Binary numeral system|binary]] 01010010 and 01110010, correspondingly.
The [[EBCDIC]] code for capital R is 217 and for lowercase r is 153.
The [[numeric character reference]]s in [[HTML]] and [[XML]] are "<tt>&#82;</tt>" and "<tt>&#114;</tt>" for upper and lower case respectively.
==Dog's Letter==
The letter R is sometimes referred to as the dog's letter. This phrase has Latin origins, the Latin R was trilled so it sounds like a snarling dog. A good example of a trilling R is the Spanish word for dog: perro. <ref>[http://wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html A.Word.A.Day - dog's letter<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In ''Romeo and Juliet'', Shakespeare makes reference to R being the dog's letter in Act 2 Scene 4, when Juliet's nurse calls the letter R "The dog's name".
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
{{Commons|R}}
For other meanings and uses of the letter "R", see [[R (disambiguation)]]. See also:
*[[Raidô]]
*[[Er (Cyrillic)|Р, р - Er (Cyrillic)]]
*[[Ya (Cyrillic)|Я, я - (Cyrillic ''Ya'')]]
*[[Rho (letter)|Ρ, ρ or ϱ - Rho (Greek)]]
*[[Vocalic r]]
{{LetterR}}
{{Latin alphabet}}
[[Category:Latin letters]]
[[af:R]]
[[als:R]]
[[ar:R]]
[[arc:R]]
[[ast:R]]
[[az:R]]
[[bs:R]]
[[br:R (lizherenn)]]
[[ca:R]]
[[cs:R]]
[[co:R]]
[[cy:R]]
[[da:R]]
[[de:R]]
[[et:R]]
[[el:R]]
[[es:R]]
[[eo:R]]
[[eu:R]]
[[fa:R]]
[[fr:R (lettre)]]
[[fur:R]]
[[gan:R]]
[[gd:R]]
[[gl:R]]
[[ko:R]]
[[hr:R]]
[[ilo:R]]
[[is:R]]
[[it:R]]
[[he:R]]
[[ka:R]]
[[kw:R]]
[[sw:R]]
[[ht:R]]
[[la:R]]
[[lv:R]]
[[lt:R]]
[[hu:R]]
[[mzn:R]]
[[nah:R]]
[[nl:R (letter)]]
[[ja:R]]
[[no:R]]
[[nn:R]]
[[nrm:R]]
[[uz:R (harf)]]
[[pl:R]]
[[pt:R]]
[[ro:R]]
[[qu:R]]
[[ru:R (латиница)]]
[[se:R]]
[[scn:R]]
[[simple:R]]
[[sl:R]]
[[sr:R (слово латинице)]]
[[fi:R]]
[[sv:R]]
[[tl:R]]
[[th:R]]
[[vi:R]]
[[tr:R]]
[[uk:R (латиниця)]]
[[vo:R]]
[[yo:R]]
[[zh-yue:R]]
[[bat-smg:R]]
[[zh:R]]