Race and crime 2010174 225566131 2008-07-14T10:00:50Z Eldereft 365061 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225554356 by [[Special:Contributions/Yukichigai|Yukichigai]] ([[User talk:Yukichigai|talk]]) Is this five people who disagree with this material as it is presented? {{semiprotected|small=yes}} {{articleissues | POV = March 2007 | expert = Ethnic groups }} {{Merge|Biological criminology|Talk:Race and crime#Merger proposal|date=July 2008}} Based on certain crime statistics, a possible a correlative relationship between race (ethnicity) and crime and its possible causes has been discussed in late 19th century [[scientific racism]]. Historically, research that argues from genetic determinism has been represented by the works of the [[Francis Galton]], [[Cesare Lombroso]] and [[Samuel George Morton]]. Instead of a racial basis for crime, some modern research claims that crime is a product of social conditions, citing judicial and institutional racism as the reason for the correlative link between race and crime. Some others dispute the 100% social explanation as Political Correctness bias. In the 1990s, genetic determinism made a popular resurgence with works like [[The Bell Curve]] by Richard J. Hernstein and [[Charles Murray]], and Race, Evolution, and Behavior by [[J. Philippe Rushton]]. Criticisms of genetic determinism can be found in the work [[Stephen Jay Gould]], [[Axel Kahn]], [[Jay Joseph]], and the [[American Psychological Association]]. ==History== ===Cartwright=== In 1851, [[Samuel A. Cartwright]], a physician, explained the tendency of [[slavery in the United States|slave]]s to run away (and thus disobey the law) because of what he identified as a medical condition which he called "[[drapetomania]]." Carwright also described ''[[Dysaethesia Aethiopica]]'', "called by overseers 'rascality'" which "is much more prevalent among free negroes living in clusters by themselves, than among slaves on our plantations, and attacks only such slaves as live like free negroes in regard to diet, drinks, exercise, etc." Indeed, according to Cartwright, "nearly all [free negroes] are more or less afflicted with this mental disorder, that have not got some white person to direct and to take care of them." Such claims have been since denounced as forms of [[scientific racism]]. ===Italian school=== Race and crime were studied by [[criminal anthropologist]] [[Cesare Lombroso]], who belonged to the [[Italian school of criminology]] of the end of the 19th century. Lombroso divided Northern Italian and Southern Italians in two different "[[Race (classification of human beings)|races]]." Henceforth, he thought that "Southern Italians were more crime-prone and lazy because they were unlucky enough to have less "[[Aryan race|Aryan]]" blood than their northern countrymen <ref> Mary Gibson, ''Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology'', p.108 (Praeger Press. Hardcover - 272 pages - 2002) </ref>." [[Enrico Ferri]], a student of Lombroso, considered [[black people]] to be of an "inferior race" and more prone to crime than others <ref> Antony Walsh, [http://human-nature.com/nibbs/03/gibson.html The Holy Trinity and the Legacy of the Italian School of Criminal Anthropology], Review of ''Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology'', by Mary Gibson. Published in ''[[The Human Nature Review]]'', 2003 Volume 3: 1-11 ( 15 January ) {{en icon}}</ref>. ===Chicago school === {{see|Nature versus nurture |Scientific racism}} The theories were discredited by later works of [[criminology]], in particular by the [[Chicago school (sociology)|Chicago school]] and [[environmental criminology]], which insisted on social, economic and cultural factors explaining criminality.''"The slim economic opportunities and turbulent living conditions of young disadvantaged and black men may lead them to crime.In addition, elevated rates of offending in poor and minority neighborhoods compound the stigma of social marginality and provoke the scrutiny of criminal justice authorities."''<ref>[http://www.asanet.org/galleries/default-file/ASRv69n2p.pdf 69200a-ASR_covers_&_FM.q41<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Recent literature=== Some recent works of [[sociobiology]], which aims at explaining behaviour by biological factors, have provided for renewed interest in some circles about the relations between an [[ethnic group]] and [[crime statistics|criminality rate]]. Thus, some have attempted to find [[Genetics and violence|genetic roots of violence]], reviving the old debate of [[Nature versus nurture]]. Along with the attempt to justify the notion of [[race and genetics|"race" by genetics]], this has been criticized by a variety of scholars, for example clinical psychologist Jay Joseph in ''[[The Gene Illusion]]'' (2002) or the geneticist [[Axel Kahn]] <ref> [[Axel Kahn]], "[http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2007-04-04/2007-04-04-848961 « Un gène ne commande jamais un destin humain »] {{fr icon}} </ref>. == References == {{reflist}} ==See also== *[[Loïc Wacquant]] *[[Nature versus nurture]] *[[Genetics and violence]] *[[Immigrant criminality]] *[[Marvin D. Free Jr.]] *[[Race and intelligence]] *[[Racial profiling]] *[[Steven Levitt]] *[[William Bennett]] *[[Sex and crime]] {{Race and sex differences}} [[Category:Race|Crime, race and]] [[Category:Criminology]] [[Category:Crime]] [[Category:Racism]]