Radial glia 5662589 225445485 2008-07-13T19:00:46Z CopperKettle 1434427 produce intermediate progenitor cells '''Radial glial cells''', are a pivotal [[cell (biology)|cell]] type in the developing [[central nervous system]] (CNS) involved in key developmental processes, from patterning and neuronal migration to their recently discovered role as [[progenitor cell|precursor]]s during [[neurogenesis]].<!-- --><ref name="pmid11972958">{{cite journal |author=Campbell K, Götz M |title=Radial glia: multi-purpose cells for vertebrate brain development |journal=[[Trends Neurosci.]] |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=235–8 |year=2002 |month=May |pmid=11972958 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166223602021562}}</ref><ref name="pmid15574494">{{cite journal |author=Merkle FT, Tramontin AD, García-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A |title=Radial glia give rise to adult neural stem cells in the subventricular zone |journal=[[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]] |volume=101 |issue=50 |pages=17528–32 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15574494 |pmc=536036 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0407893101 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15574494}}</ref><!-- --> They arise early in development from [[neuroepithelial cell]]s. Radial phenotype is typically transient, but some cells, such as [[Bergmann glia]] in the [[cerebellum]] and [[Muller glia]] in the [[retina]], retain radial glia-like morphology postnatally. According to recent reseach, during the late stages of cortical development, radial glial cells divide asymmetrically in the [[ventricular zone]] to generate radial glial cells and [[intermediate progenitor cell]]s and after that intermediate progenitor cells divide symmetrically in the [[subventricular zone]] to produce multiple neurons.<!-- --><ref name="pmid16766701">Martínez-Cerdeño V, Noctor SC, Kriegstein AR. The role of intermediate progenitor cells in the evolutionary expansion of the cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2006 Jul;16 Suppl 1:i152-61. PMID 16766701</ref><!-- --> The term 'radial glial cell' refers to their two major characteristics, their long radial [[Process (anatomy)|processes]] extending from the [[ventricle system|ventricular zone]] (VZ) to the [[Pia mater|pial surface]] and their [[glia]]l properties, such as the content of [[glycogen]] granules or the expression of the [[astrocyte]]-specific [[glutamate]] transporter or the [[glial fibrillary acidic protein]] (GFAP). Another radial glia-specific protein is the [[FABP7|brain lipid binding protein]], expression of which could be induced by [[Notch-1]] activation.<!-- --><ref name="pmid15879553">{{cite journal |author=Anthony TE, Mason HA, Gridley T, Fishell G, Heintz N |title=Brain lipid-binding protein is a direct target of Notch signaling in radial glial cells |journal=[[Genes Dev.]] |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=1028–33 |year=2005 |month=May |pmid=15879553 |pmc=1091737 |doi=10.1101/gad.1302105 |url=http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15879553}}</ref><ref name="pmid18593473">{{cite journal |author=Keilani S, Sugaya K |title=Reelin induces a radial glial phenotype in human neural progenitor cells by activation of Notch-1 |journal=[[BMC Dev. Biol.]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=69 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18593473 |doi=10.1186/1471-213X-8-69 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/69}}</ref><!-- --> Studies show that radial glial cells characterized by long radial processes and [[Astrocyte|astroglial]] properties constitute the majority of precursors during [[neurogenesis]]. Indeed, all radial glial cells divide throughout neurogenesis and give rise to the majority of [[projection neuron|projection neurons]] in the [[cerebral cortex]]. Expression of the [[PAX6]], a [[transcription factor]], was found to be the key feature of neurogenic radial glia.<!-- --><ref name="pmid9856459">{{cite journal |author=Götz M, Stoykova A, Gruss P |title=Pax6 controls radial glia differentiation in the cerebral cortex |journal=[[Neuron]] |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=1031–44 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9856459 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0896-6273(00)80621-2}}</ref><ref name="pmid17947347">{{cite journal |author=Mo Z, Zecevic N |title=Is Pax6 critical for neurogenesis in the human fetal brain? |journal=[[Cereb. Cortex]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1455–65 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=17947347 |doi=10.1093/cercor/bhm181 |url=http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17947347}}</ref> == See also == * [[Glia]] * [[Bergmann glia]] * [[Muller glia]] ==Sources== * Hartfuss E, Forster E, Bock HH, Hack MA, Leprince P, Luque JM, Herz J, Frotscher M, Gotz M. (2003) Reelin signaling directly affects radial glia morphology and biochemical maturation. Development 130(19):4597-609. PMID 12925587 == References == {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * {{Dorlands|g_07|12393469}} {{Neuroanatomy-stub}} {{Nervous tissue}} [[Category:Neurobiology]] [[Category:Developmental neuroscience]] [[Category:Glial cells]] [[zh:放射狀膠質細胞]]