Ralph Waldo Emerson 26202 224809167 2008-07-10T14:44:38Z Roundhouse0 1657572 Removed category "Concord, Massachusetts"; Quick-adding category "People from Concord, Massachusetts" (using [[WP:HOTCAT|HotCat]]) {{Infobox Philosopher | region = Western Philosophy | era = [[19th century philosophy]] | color = #B0C4DE | image_name = RWEmerson2.jpg | image_size = 200px | image_caption = Ralph Waldo Emerson | name = Ralph Waldo Emerson | birth = {{birth date|1803|5|25|mf=y}}<br/><small>[[Boston, Massachusetts]]</small> | death = {{Death date and age|1882|4|27|1803|5|25}}<br/><small>[[Concord, Massachusetts]]</small> | school_tradition = [[Transcendentalism]] | main_interests = [[Poetry]] | notable_ideas = [[Abolitionism]], [[Individualism]], [[Nondualism]], [[Self-sufficiency|Self-reliance]] | influences = [[Michel de Montaigne]], [[Vedas]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] | influenced = [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Margaret Fuller]], [[Orestes Brownson]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[Harold Bloom]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]], [[Charles Ives]], [[George Santayana]], [[Ivan Cankar]] | signature = | box_width = 26em }} '''Ralph Waldo Emerson''' ([[25 May]] [[1803]] &ndash; [[27 April]] [[1882]]) was an [[United States|American]] essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the [[Transcendentalist]] movement in the early 19th century. His teachings directly influenced the growing [[New Thought]] movement of the mid 1800s. Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of [[Transcendentalism]] in his 1836 essay, ''[[Nature (Emerson)|Nature]]''. As a result of this ground breaking work he gave a speech entitled ''[[The American Scholar]]'' in 1837, which [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.]] considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence".<ref>Cheevers, Susan (2006). ''American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work''. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 80. ISBN 078629521X.</ref> Emerson once said "Make the most of yourself, for that is all there is of you." Considered one of the great [[orator]]s of the time, Emerson's enthusiasm and respect for his audience enraptured crowds. His support for [[abolitionism]] late in life created controversy, and at times he was subject to abuse from crowds while speaking on the topic, however this was not always the case. When asked to sum up his work, he said his central doctrine was "the infinitude of the private man." ==Biography== Emerson was born in [[Boston, Mass.]], son of Ruth Haskins and the [[Rev. William Emerson]], a [[Unitarian]] minister, from a well-known line of ministers.<ref>{{cite book | last=Cheevers | first=Susan | title=American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work | pages=p. 76 | location=Detroit | edition=Large print ed. | publisher=Thorndike Press | year=2006 | isbn=078629521X}}</ref> Emerson's father, who called his son "a rather dull scholar", died in 1811, less than two weeks short of Emerson's eighth birthday. The young Emerson was subsequently sent to the [[Boston Latin School]] in 1812 at the age of nine. In October 1817, at fourteen, Emerson went to [[Harvard University|Harvard College]] and was appointed the Freshman's President, a position which gave him a room free of charge. He waited tables at Commons, a dining hall at Harvard, reducing the cost of his board to one quarter of the full fee, and he received a scholarship. To complement his meager salary, he tutored and taught during the winter vacation at his Uncle Ripley's school in [[Waltham, Massachusetts]]. After Emerson graduated from Harvard in 1821 at the age of eighteen, he assisted his brother in a school for young ladies established in their mother's house, after he had established his own school in [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts]]; when his brother went to [[Göttingen]] to study divinity, Emerson took charge of the school. Over the next several years, Emerson made his living as a schoolmaster, then went to [[Harvard Divinity School]], and emerged as a Unitarian minister in 1829. A dispute with church officials over the administration of the Communion service, and misgivings about public prayer led to his resignation in 1832. Emerson met his first wife, Ellen Louisa Tucker, in [[Concord, New Hampshire]] and married her when she was 18.<ref>{{cite book | last=Cheevers | first=Susan | title=American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work | pages=p. 78 | location=Detroit | edition=Large print ed. | publisher=Thorndike Press | year=2006 | isbn=078629521X}}</ref> She died of tuberculosis at the age of 20 on [[February 8]], [[1831]]. Emerson was heavily affected by her death, visiting her grave daily and once even opening her coffin to see for himself that she was dead.<ref>{{cite book | last=Cheevers | first=Susan | title=American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work | pages=p. 79 | location=Detroit | edition=Large print ed. | publisher=Thorndike Press | year=2006 | isbn=078629521X}}</ref> Despite his marriage, there is evidence pointing to Emerson being bisexual.<ref name =shand-tucci>{{cite book |last=Shand-Tucci |first=Douglas |year=2003 |title=The Crimson Letter |pages=15-16 |location=New York |publisher=St Martens Press |isbn=0-312-19896-5}}</ref> During early years at Harvard, he found himself 'strangely attracted' to a young freshman named Josh Gay about whom he wrote sexually charged poetry.<ref>Kaplan, Justin. ''Walt Whitman: A Life''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. p. 248. ISBN 0671225421</ref><ref name=richardson>{{cite book |last=Richardson, Jr. |first=Robert D |pages=p. 9|year=1995 |title=Emerson: The Mind on Fire |location= |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0520206894}}</ref> Gay would be only the first of his infatuations and interests, with [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] numbered among them.<ref name=kaplan>{{cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Justin |year=1980 |title=Walt Whitman, A Life |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |pages=p.249 |isbn=0060535113}}</ref> Emerson toured [[Europe]] in 1832 and later wrote of his travels in ''[[English Traits]]'' (1856). During this trip, he met [[William Wordsworth]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[John Stuart Mill]], and [[Thomas Carlyle]]. Emerson maintained contact with Carlyle until the latter's death in 1881. He also served as Carlyle's agent in the U.S. His travels abroad brought him to England, [[France]] (in 1848), [[Italy]], and the [[Middle East]]. In 1835, Emerson bought a house on the [[Cambridge and Concord Turnpike]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]], now open to the public as the [[Ralph Waldo Emerson House]],<ref>Wilson, Susan. ''Literary Trail of Greater Boston''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000: 127. ISBN 0-618-05013-2</ref> and quickly became one of the leading citizens in the town. He married his second wife Lydia Jackson of [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]], in Concord in 1835. He called her Lydian and she called him Mr. Emerson. Their children were Waldo, Ellen, Edith, and Edward Waldo Emerson. Ellen was named for his first wife, at Lydia's suggestion. Emerson lived a financially conservative lifestyle.<ref>{{cite book | last=Cheevers | first=Susan | title=American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work | pages=p. 86 | location=Detroit | edition=Large print ed. | publisher=Thorndike Press | year=2006 | isbn=078629521X}}</ref> He had inherited some wealth after his wife's death, though he brought a lawsuit against the Tucker family in 1836 to get it.<ref>{{cite book | last=Cheevers | first=Susan | title=American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work | pages=p. 82 | location=Detroit | edition=Large print ed. | publisher=Thorndike Press | year=2006 | isbn=078629521X}}</ref> He did, however, pay the rent of his neighbor [[Bronson Alcott]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Cheevers | first=Susan | title=American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work | pages=p. 86 | location=Detroit | edition=Large print ed. | publisher=Thorndike Press | year=2006 | isbn=078629521X}}</ref> Emerson is buried in [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord]], Massachusetts ==Literary career== [[Image:RWEmerson.jpg|thumb|Ralph Waldo Emerson]] In September 1836, Emerson and other like-minded intellectuals founded the [[Transcendental Club]], which served as a center for the movement. The group did not publish its journal, ''[[The Dial]]'', until July 1840. Emerson anonymously published his first essay, ''[[Nature (book)|Nature]]'', in September 1836. In 1838 Emerson was invited into [[Divinity Hall, Harvard Divinity School]], for the school's graduation address, which came to be known as his [[Divinity School Address]]. Emerson discounted Biblical miracles and proclaimed that, while Jesus was a great man, he was not [[God]]. His comments outraged the establishment and the general [[Protestantism|Protestant]] community. For this, he was denounced as an [[atheism|atheist]], and a poisoner of young men's minds. Despite the roar of critics, he made no reply, leaving others to put forward a defense. He was not invited back to speak at Harvard for another thirty years, but by the mid-1880s his position had become standard [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] doctrine. In January of 1842, Emerson lost his first son, Waldo, to [[Group A streptococcal infection|scarlet fever]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Cheevers | first=Susan | title=American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work | pages=p. 93 | location=Detroit | edition=Large print ed. | publisher=Thorndike Press | year=2006 | isbn=078629521X}}</ref> Emerson wrote of his [[grief]] in the poem "[[Threnody]]", and the essay "Experience". In the same year, [[William James]] was born, and Emerson agreed to be his [[godparent|godfather]]. In the 1840s Emerson was hospitable to Nathaniel Hawthorne and his family, and appears to have heavily influenced Hawthorne during these three years. Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in [[New England]] and the rest of the country outside of the [[Southern United States|South]]. During several scheduled appearances he was not able to make, [[Frederick Douglass]] took his place. Emerson spoke on a wide variety of subjects. Many of his essays grew out of his lectures. Emerson associated with [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] and [[Henry David Thoreau]] and often took walks with them in Concord. Emerson encouraged Thoreau's talent and early career. The land on which Thoreau built his cabin on [[Walden Pond]] belonged to Emerson. While Thoreau was living at Walden, Emerson provided food and hired Thoreau to perform odd jobs. When Thoreau left Walden after two years' time, it was to live at the Emerson house while Emerson was away on a lecture tour. Their close relationship fractured after Emerson gave Thoreau the poor advice to publish his first book, ''A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers'', without extensive drafts, and directed Thoreau to his own agent who made Thoreau split the price/risk of publishing. The book found few readers, and put Thoreau heavily into debt. Eventually the two would reconcile some of their differences, although Thoreau privately accused Emerson of having drifted from his original philosophy, and Emerson began to view Thoreau as a [[Wiktionary:misanthrope|misanthrope]]. Emerson's eulogy to Thoreau is largely credited with the latter's negative reputation during the 19th century. Emerson was noted as being a very abstract and difficult writer who nevertheless drew large crowds for his speeches. The heart of Emerson's writing were his direct observations in his journals, which he started keeping as a teenager at Harvard. The journals were elaborately indexed by Emerson. Emerson went back to his journals, his bank of experiences and ideas, and took out relevant passages, which were joined together in his dense, concentrated lectures. He later revised and polished his lectures for his essays and sermons. He was considered one of the great [[orator]]s of the time, a man who could enrapture crowds with his deep voice, his enthusiasm, and his egalitarian respect for his audience. His outspoken, uncompromising support for [[abolitionism]] later in life caused protest and jeers from crowds when he spoke on the subject, however this was not always the case. He continued to speak on abolition without concern for his popularity and with increasing [[Radicalization|radicalism]]. He attempted, with difficulty, not to join the public arena as a member of any group or movement, and always retained a stringent independence that reflected his [[individualism]]. He always insisted that he wanted no followers, but sought to give man back to himself, as a self-reliant individual. {{cquote|''Emerson's journals show that he was concerned with the evil of slavery from his youth forward, and he even dreamed that he might somehow deliver slaves from bondage. As a minister, Emerson frequently used slavery as an example of a human injustice. But it was not until 1837 that Emerson was provoked by the murder of an abolitionist publisher, Elijah P. Lovejoy, in Alton, Illinois, into delivering a moderate antislavery address. At this point Emerson still maintained that reform was best achieved by the moral suasion of individuals rather than by the militant action of groups. Over the next seven years Emerson read more deeply into the horrors of slavery, his fears concerning its expansion grew, and he acquired a deep admiration for the abolitionist movement, which he expressed in a moving speech in Concord on August 1, 1844. He stated, 'we are indebted mainly to this movement, and to the continuers of it, for the popular discussion of every point of practical ethics.' Thereafter, he was welcomed by the abolitionists with enthusiasm.''<ref>{{cite book | last=Lowance | first=Mason | title=Against Slavery: An Abolitionist Reader | pages=p. 301-302 | publisher=Penguin Classics | year=2000 | isbn=0140437584}}</ref>}} In 1845, Emerson's Journal records that he was reading the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]]'s ''Essays on the Vedas.''<ref>Sachin N. Pradhan, India in the United States: Contribution of India and Indians in the United States of America, Bethesda, MD: SP Press International, Inc., 1996, p 12.</ref> Emerson was strongly influenced by the [[Vedas]], and much of his writing has strong shades of [[nondualism]]. One of the clearest examples of this can be found in his essay "[[Over-soul|The Over-soul]]": {{cquote|''We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the soul of the whole; the wise silence; the universal beauty, to which every part and particle is equally related, the eternal ONE. And this deep power in which we exist and whose beatitude is all accessible to us, is not only self-sufficing and perfect in every hour, but the act of seeing and the thing seen, the seer and the spectacle, the subject and the object, are one. We see the world piece by piece, as the sun, the moon, the animal, the tree; but the whole, of which these are shining parts, is the soul.''<ref>The Over-Soul from Essays: First Series (1841)</ref>}} Emerson was strongly influenced by his early reading of the [[French people|French]] essayist [[Montaigne]]. From those compositions he took the conversational, subjective style and the loss of belief in a personal God. He never read [[Kant]]'s works, but, instead, relied on [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge's]] interpretation of the [[Germany|German]] [[Transcriptal idealism|Transcriptal Idealist]]. This led to Emerson's non-traditional ideas of [[soul]] and [[God]]. In his book ''The American Religion,'' [[Harold Bloom]] repeatedly refers to Emerson as "The [[prophet]] of the [[American Religion]]," which in the context of the book refers to indigenously American and [[gnostic]]-tinged religions such as [[Mormonism]],[[Christian Science]],and [[Seventh Day Adventism]] that arose largely in Emerson's lifetime. Emerson's "Collected Essays: First (1841) and Second (1844) Series," including his seminal essays on "History," "[[Self-Reliance]]," "[[Compensation Essay|Compensation]]," "Spiritual Laws," "Love," "Friendship," "Prudence," "Heroism," "The [[Over-soul]]," "Circles," "Intellect," and "Art" in the first and "[[The Poet (Ralph Waldo Emerson)|The Poet]]," "[[Experience]]," "Character," "Manners," "Gifts," "Nature," "Politics," and "Nominalist and Realist" in the second, is often considered to be one of the 100 greatest books of all time.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} ==Selected works== '''Collections''' *[[The Conduct of Life]] '''Essays''' *"[[Self-Reliance]]" *"[[Compensation Essay|Compensation]]" *"[[Over-soul|The Over-Soul]]" *"[[The Poet (Ralph Waldo Emerson)|The Poet]]" *"Experience" *"[[Nature (book)]]" *"[[The American Scholar]]" '''Poems''' *"[[Concord Hymn]]" *"[[The Rhodora]]" ==Named after Emerson== * ''Emerson Unitarian Universalist Association Professorship.'' In May 2006, 168 years after Emerson delivered his "Divinity School Address," Harvard Divinity School announced the establishment of the Emerson Unitarian Universalist Association Professorship.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/pr/emerson_uu.html | title = Emerson Unitarian Universalist Association Professorship Established at Harvard Divinity School | publisher = Harvard Divinity School | date = May 2006 | accessdate = 2007-02-22 }} </ref> The Emerson Chair is expected to be occupied in the fall of 2007 or soon thereafter. * Emersonian Fraternity (Phi Tau Nu), a local fraternity at [[Hope College]] which started as literary society in 1919 following the works of Emerson. The society developed into a fraternity in 1929 and has Emerson as its patron saint. * The Emerson Literary Society at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York. * Emerson Elementary School in Berwyn, IL, USA. * Camp Emerson, a camp based in the Berkshires<ref>[http://www.campemerson.com Camp Emerson] Official website</ref> * [[Ralph Ellison]], the award-winning writer and scholar, was named Ralph Waldo Ellison by his father. * The town of [[Emerson, Manitoba]], Canada. * Mount Emerson, regarded as part of the "Evolution Range" of the High Sierra Nevada near [[Bishop]], California. * Emerson Hospital in Concord, Massachusetts. * Emerson Hall (1900) at Harvard University<ref>[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~phildept/about.html Department of Philosophy] of Harvard University</ref> * Ralph Waldo Emerson Elementary and Middle School in [[Detroit]], Michigan. * Emerson String Quartet * Emerson Unitarian Universalist Church in Houston, Texas. * Ralph Waldo Emerson Middle School in California. * [[Emerson Avenue]] in [[Minneapolis]], Minnesota * Emerson School, Owosso MI * Emerson Community in Queens High School of Teaching * Ralph Waldo Emerson Elementary in Rosemead, California * Ralph Waldo Emerson High School in [[Gary, Indiana]] * Ralph Waldo Emerson Elementary School in [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]] * Emerson Elementary in [[La Crosse, Wisconsin]] ==See also== *[[Classical liberalism]] *[[Libertarianism]] *[[Contributions to liberal theory]] *[[Ralph Waldo Emerson House]] *[[Emerson literary society]] *[[Unitarianism]] *[[New Thought]] *[[Unity Church]] *[[Religious Science]] *[[Divine Science]] ==Further reading== *{{cite book |last=Deming|first=Richard|year=2008|title=Listening on All Sides: Toward an Emersonian Ethics of Reading|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0-8047-5738-0|url=http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804757380}} *{{cite book |last=Strunk |first=William |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2006 |title=The Classics of Style |location= |publisher=The American Academic Press |isbn=0-9787282-0-3}} *{{cite book |last=Soressi |first=B. |quote=with preface by A. Ferrara |year=2004 |title=Ralph Waldo Emerson |location= |publisher=Armando |language=Italian |isbn=88-8358-585-2}} *{{cite book |last=Mariani |first=G. |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2004 |title=Emerson at 200 Proceedings of the International Bicentennial Conference (Rome, 16-18 October 2003) |editor=Mariani, G.; Di Loreto, S.; Martinez, C.; Scannavini, A.; Tattoni, I.; |publisher=Aracne |isbn= }} *{{cite book |last=Cavell |first=Stanley |editor-first=David Justin|editor-last=Hodge |year=2003 |title=Emerson's Transcendental Etudes |location= |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-4543-9 |url=http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804745439}} *{{cite book |last=Geldard |first=Richard G. |quote=with introduction by Robert Richardson |year=2001 |title=Spiritual Teachings of Ralph Waldo Emerson |location= |publisher=Lindisfarne Books |isbn=0-9402625-9-2}} *{{cite book |last=Richardson, Jr. |first=Robert D. |year=1995 |title=Emerson: The Mind on Fire |location= |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-5202068-9-4}} *{{cite book |last=Whicher |first=Stephen E. |year=1950 |title=Freedom and Fate. An Inner Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson ||publisher=Univ of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-8122704-5-2}} *{{cite book |last=Thurin |first=Erik |year=1981 |title=Emerson As Priest of Pan: A Study in the Metaphysics of Sex |location=Lawrence |publisher=Regents Press of Kansas |isbn=0-7006021-6-X}} == Notes == {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{wikiquote}} {{Wikisource author}} {{commons|Ralph Waldo Emerson}} *Collected works on-line: **[http://www.rwe.org Rwe.org], "The most important site for anything Emerson related. Texts and links" **[http://www.emersoncentral.com/texts.htm Emersoncentral.com] **[http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/201 Poets.org] **[http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96may/emerson.html Lucidcafe.com] **[http://www.poetseers.org/early_american_poets/ralph_waldo_emerson/ Biography and Poems ] **[http://www.robpiccoli.it/Emerson/index.html Tribute to Ralph Waldo Emerson]<br>"A Hypertext Guide to R.W. Emerson: Introduction, Chronology, Glossary, Bibliography, Images. The works of Emerson in English and in Italian" **[http://www.hti.umich.edu/e/emerson/ Ralph Waldo Emerson] complete Works at the [[University of Michigan]] **{{gutenberg author| id=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson | name=Ralph Waldo Emerson}} **[http://essays.quotidiana.org/emerson/ Essays by Emerson at Quotidiana.org] **[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2944 Essays &ndash; First Series] **[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2945 Essays &ndash; Second Series] **[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=6312 Representative Men] **[http://www.archive.org/details/englishtraitseme00emerrich English traits &ndash; Digitized copy of first edition] **[http://www.archive.org/details/conductlife00emerrich The Conduct of Life &ndash; Digitized copy of first edition] **[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12843 Poems &ndash; Household Edition] *[http://www.walden.org/Institute/thoreau/about2/E/Emerson_Ralph_Waldo/RWE.htm Concordances etc from the Thoreau Institute] *[http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/emerson/ Emerson at the American Transcendental Web] *[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]: "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emerson/ Ralph Waldo Emerson]" &ndash; by Russell Goodman. *[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]: "[http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/emerson.htm Ralph Waldo Emerson]" &ndash; by Vince Brewton * [http://lgxserve.ciseca.uniba.it/lei/filosofi/autori/schede/emerson_eng.pdf Ralph Waldo Emerson: Life, Works, Philosophy. PDF file from SWIF Encyclopedia of Philosophy] * [http://www.bartleby.com/65/em/Emerson.html Columbia Encyclopedia entry] * [http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,962070,00.html The Sage of Concord] * http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/lydon/2003/09/03 - a long interview with Harold Bloom in which Emerson is extensively discussed. * [http://quotationpark.com/authors/EMERSON,%20Ralph%20Waldo.html Famous Quotes by Ralph Waldo Emerson] {{Essayists}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{Persondata |NAME= Emerson, Ralph Waldo |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION= American [[author]], [[essayist]], [[philosopher]], [[poet]] |DATE OF BIRTH= [[May 25]] [[1803]] |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Boston, Massachusetts]] |DATE OF DEATH= [[April 27]] [[1882]] |PLACE OF DEATH= [[Concord, Massachusetts]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Emerson, Ralph Waldo}} [[Category:1803 births]] [[Category:1882 deaths]] [[Category:19th century philosophers]] [[Category:American essayists]] [[Category:American philosophers]] [[Category:American poets]] [[Category:New Thought movement]] [[Category:American spiritual writers]] [[Category:American Unitarians]] [[Category:American vegetarians]] [[Category:Boston Latin School alumni]] [[Category:Classical liberals]] [[Category:Harvard Divinity School alumni]] [[Category:Massachusetts writers]] [[Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts]] [[Category:People from Massachusetts]] [[Category:People from Middlesex County, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Ralph Waldo Emerson| ]] [[Category:Romantic poets]] [[Category:Western mystics]] [[Category:People associated with Transcendentalism]] [[Category:People from Concord, Massachusetts]] [[ar:أمرسون]] [[az:Ralf Uold Emerson]] [[bs:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[bg:Ралф Уолдо Емерсън]] [[da:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[de:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[et:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[es:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[eo:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[eu:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[fa:رالف والدو امرسن]] [[fr:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[gl:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[ko:랠프 에머슨]] [[hr:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[io:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[it:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[he:ראלף ואלדו אמרסון]] [[ku:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[lb:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[nl:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[ja:ラルフ・ワルド・エマーソン]] [[no:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[oc:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[pl:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[pt:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[ro:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[ru:Эмерсон, Ральф Уолдо]] [[sk:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[sl:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[fi:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[sv:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[th:ราล์ฟ วอลโด เอเมอร์สัน]] [[vi:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[tr:Ralph Waldo Emerson]] [[zh:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生]]