Raytheon
248454
225330482
2008-07-13T03:25:46Z
Sdsds
3146208
/* History */ cite Florida DEP website (a presumed [[WP:RS]]) regarding soil and groundwater contamination at E-Systems site.
{{Infobox Company
|company_name = Raytheon Company
|company_logo = [[Image:RaytheonLogo.png|150px|center]]
|company_type = Public ([[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]: [http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=RTN RTN]) |
|foundation = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (1922)
|location = [[Waltham, Massachusetts]]
|key_people = [[William H. Swanson]], Chairman and CEO
|industry = [[Aerospace manufacturer|Aerospace]] and [[Defense contractor|defense]]
|products = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
|revenue = [[Image:green up.png]]$21.3 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2007)<ref>[http://finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=RTN Raytheon Co. (RTN)] Yahoo! Finance</ref>
|num_employees = 72,000
|homepage = [http://www.raytheon.com/ www.raytheon.com]
}}
'''Raytheon Company''' ({{nyse|RTN}}) is a major [[United States|American]] [[defense contractor]] and industrial corporation with core [[manufacturing]] concentrations in [[defense systems]] and defense and commercial [[electronics]]. It was previously involved in corporate and special-mission [[aircraft]] until early 2007. Raytheon is the world's largest producer of guided missiles.<ref>[http://www.sazhightechconnect.com/headlines/index.cfm?action=view&articleID=265 Missile maker hopes to diversify, create technology for peacetime]</ref>
Established in 1922, the company [[Incorporation (business)|reincorporated]] in 1928 and adopted its present name in 1959. The company has around 73,000 employees worldwide and annual revenues of approximately [[US$]]20 billion. More than 90 percent of Raytheon's revenues were obtained from defense contracts and, as of 2007, it was the fifth largest defense contractor in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/index.php?S=07top100byname|title=Defense News Top 100
|accessdate=2006-08-23|year=2007|publisher=Defense News Research}}</ref> and is the fourth largest [[List of United States defense contractors|defense contractor in the United States]] by [[revenue]].
Raytheon Headquarters was moved from [[Lexington, Massachusetts]] to [[Waltham, Massachusetts]] on October 27, 2003.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=148606&TICK=RTNB1&STORY=/www/story/02-23-2004/0002114856&EDATE=Oct+22,+2003 New Raytheon Headquarters to Open Oct. 27 in Waltham, Mass.] October 22 2003 PRNewswire.</ref> The company was previously headquartered in Waltham from 1941 until it opened its then Lexington headquarters in 1961.
==History==
{{subsections}}
[[Image:Raytheon1934TubeBox.PNG|thumb|right|200px|An early Raytheon Tube Box]]
In 1922, two former engineering college roommates Laurence K. Marshall and [[Vannevar Bush]], along with scientist Charles G. Smith, founded the American Appliance Company in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].<ref>Raytheon Australia. [http://www.raytheon.com.au/Default.aspx?x=12 History.] ''Raytheon Marketing Material''.</ref> Its focus, which was originally on new [[refrigeration]] technology, soon shifted to [[electronics]]. The company's first product was a [[gaseous]] ([[helium]]) [[rectifier]] that was based on Charles Smith's earlier [[Astronomy|astronomical]] research of the star [[Zeta Puppis]].<ref name="ordeal">Otto J. Scott, The Creative Ordeal, (New York, Atheneum, 1974),16-32</ref> The electron tube was christened with the name ''Raytheon'' ("light of/from the gods") and was used in a [[battery eliminator]], a type of [[Receiver (radio)|radio-receiver]] [[power supply]] that plugged into the [[power grid]] in place of large [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. This made it possible to convert household [[alternating current]] to [[direct current]] for radios and thus eliminate the need for expensive, short-lived batteries.
In 1925 the company changed its name to Raytheon Manufacturing Company and began marketing its rectifier, under the ''Raytheon'' brand name, with great commercial success. In 1928 Raytheon merged with Q.R.S. Company, an American manufacturer of electron tubes and switches, to form the successor of the same previous name, Raytheon Manufacturing Company. In 1933 it diversified by acquiring Acme-Delta Company, a producer of [[transformers]], power equipment, and electronic [[auto parts]]. By the 1930s it had already grown to become one of the world's largest vacuum tube manufacturing companies.
Early in [[World War II]], [[physicist]]s in [[England]] invented the [[magnetron]], a specialized microwave-generating electron tube that markedly improved the capability of [[radar]] to detect enemy [[planes]]. American companies were then sought by the U.S. government to perfect and [[mass-produce]] the magnetron for ground-based, airborne, and shipborne radar systems, and, with support from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]'s [[Radiation Laboratory]] (recently formed to investigate [[microwave radar]]), Raytheon received a contract to build the devices. Within a few months of being awarded the contract, Raytheon had already begun to mass manufacture [[magnetron]] tubes for use in [[radar]] sets and then complete [[radar system]]s. At war's end in 1945 the company was responsible for about 80 percent of all magnetrons manufactured. During the war Raytheon also pioneered the production of shipboard radar systems, particularly for submarine detection.
Raytheon's research on the magnetron tube revealed the potential of [[microwaves]] to cook food. In 1945 Raytheon's [[Percy Spencer]] invented the [[microwave oven]] by discovering that the magnetron could rapidly heat [[food]]. In 1947 the company demonstrated the Radarange microwave oven for commercial use.
In 1945 the company expanded its electronics capability through acquisitions that included the Submarine Signal Company (founded in 1901), a leading manufacturer of maritime safety equipment. With its broadened capabilities, Raytheon developed the first [[guidance system]] for a missile that could intercept a flying target. In 1948 Raytheon began to manufacture [[guided missile]]s. In 1950 its Lark missile became the first such weapon to destroy a target aircraft in flight. Raytheon then received military contracts to develop the air-to-air [[AIM-7 Sparrow|Sparrow]] and ground-to-air [[MIM-23 Hawk|Hawk]] missiles — projects that received impetus from the [[Korean War]]. In later decades it remained a major producer of missiles, among them the [[Patriot antimissile missile]] and the air-to-air [[Phoenix missile]]. In 1959 Raytheon acquired Apelco-Applied Electronics, which significantly increased its strength in commercial marine electronics. In the same year, it changed its name to '''Raytheon Company'''.
[[Image:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile.jpg|thumb|right|A Raytheon [[Tomahawk Block IV]] cruise missile during a U.S. Navy flight test at [[NAWS China Lake]], California (Nov. 10, 2002)]]
During the post-war years Raytheon also made radio and television [[transmitter]]s and related equipment for the commercial market in the U.S. and got into the educational [[publisher|publishing]] business with the acquisition of [[D.C. Heath]]. In the 1950s Raytheon began manufacturing [[transistor]]s, including the [[CK722]], priced and marketed to hobbyists.
In 1965 it acquired [[Amana Refrigeration]], Inc., a manufacturer of [[refrigerators]] and [[air conditioners]]. Using the Amana brand name and its distribution channels, Raytheon began selling the first countertop household [[microwave oven]] in 1967 and became a dominant manufacturer in the microwave oven business.
In 1980, Raytheon acquired [[Beech Aircraft|Beech Aircraft Corporation]], a leading manufacturer of general aviation aircraft founded in 1932 by [[Walter H. Beech]]. In 1993 the company expanded its aircraft activities by adding the Hawker line of business jets by acquiring Corporate Jets Inc., the business jet product line of [[British Aerospace]] (now [[BAE Systems]]). These two entities were merged in 1994 to become the Raytheon Aircraft Company. In the first quarter of 2007 Raytheon sold its aircraft operations, which is now operating as [[Hawker Beechcraft]]. The product line of Raytheon's aircraft subsidiary included [[business jet]]s such as the [[Hawker 800XP]] and [[Horizon]], the [[Beechjet 400A]], and the [[Premier I]]; the popular [[Beechcraft King Air|King Air]] series of twin turboprops; and single-engine piston aircraft such as the [[Beech Bonanza]]. Its special-mission aircraft included the single-turboprop [[T-6A Texan II]], which had been chosen to be the primary [[training aircraft]] for the [[U.S. Air Force]] and [[U.S. Navy]].
In 1991, during the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], Raytheon's [[Patriot missile]] received great international exposure, resulting in a substantial increase in sales for the company outside the United States. In an effort to establish leadership in the defense electronics business, Raytheon purchased in quick succession [[Chrysler Corporation]]'s defense electronics and aircraft-modification businesses (1996) and the defense business units of [[E-Systems]] (1997) and [[Texas Instruments]] (1997). Also in 1997, Raytheon acquired the aerospace and defense business of [[Hughes Aircraft Company]] from [[Hughes Electronics Corporation]] — a subsidiary of [[General Motors]], which included a number of product lines previously purchased by Hughes Electronics including the former [[General Dynamics]] [[missile]] business, the defense portion of [[Delco Electronics]] (Delco Systems Operations), and [[Magnavox Electronic Systems]]. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}
Raytheon also divested itself of several nondefense businesses in the 1990s, including [[Amana Refrigeration]].
In 1995, Raytheon acquired E-Systems, in [[St. Petersburg, Florida]]. In November 1991 contamination had been discovered at the E-Systems site. Soil and groundwater had been contaminated with the volatile organic compounds [[trichloroethylene]] and [[1,4-Dioxane]]. In 2005 groundwater monitoring indicated polluted groundwater was moving into areas outside the site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/southwest/Raytheon/pages/Site_Summary.htm |title=Raytheon Site Summary |publisher=Florida Department of Environmental Protection}}</ref>
On [[October 12]], [[1999]] Raytheon exited the [[personal rapid transit]] (PRT) business as it terminated its [[PRT 2000]]<ref>[http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/PRT/PRT2000_Concept.html PRT 2000 System Concept], "Design and Commercialization of the PRT 2000 Personal Rapid Transit System" by S.J.Gluck, R.Tauber and B.Schupp. University of Washington Web Server.</ref> system due to high-cost of development and lack of interest.<ref name="Raytheon PRT Prospects Dim but not Doomed. Peter Samuel.">[http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/samuel2.htm Raytheon PRT Prospects Dim but not Doomed. Peter Samuel.] October, 1999.</ref> The PRT 2000 prototype now sits idle at their [[Marlboro, Massachusetts]] facility.<ref>[http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/prtquick.htm Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) or Personal Automated Transport (PAT) Quicklinks.] University of Washington Web Server.</ref>
==Company structure==
===Businesses===
Raytheon is composed of six major business divisions:
*[[Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems|Integrated Defense Systems]] — based in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts]]; Dan Smith, President
*[[Raytheon Intelligence and Information Systems|Intelligence and Information Systems]] — based in [[Garland, Texas]]; [[Mike Keebaugh]], President
*[[Raytheon Missile Systems|Missile Systems]] — based in [[Tucson, Arizona]]; Louise Francesconi, President
*Network Centric Systems — based in [[McKinney, Texas]]; Colin Schottlaender, President
*Raytheon Technical Services Company LLC — based in [[Reston, Virginia]]; Rick Yuse, President
*[[Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems|Space and Airborne Systems]] — based in [[El Segundo, California]]; Jon Jones, President
Raytheon’s businesses are supported by several dedicated international operations including: Raytheon Australia (Managing Director, [[Ron Fisher]]); Raytheon Canada Limited; operations in [[Japan]]; Raytheon Microelectronics in [[Spain]]; Raytheon System Limited in the [[UK]]; and [[ThalesRaytheonSystems]], [[France]].
====Strategic Business Areas====
In recent years, Raytheon has expanded into other fields while redefining some of its core business activities. Raytheon has identified four key 'Strategic Business Areas' where it is focusing its expertise and resources, including:
*[[Homeland Security]]
*[[Missile Defense]]
*[[Precision Engagement]]
*[[Intelligence (information gathering)|Intelligence]], [[Surveillance]], [[Reconnaissance]] (ISR)
===Leadership===
[[William H. Swanson]] is the [[Chairman]] and [[CEO]]. Other members of the [[board of directors]] of Raytheon are: [[Barbara Barrett]], [[Vern Clark|Vernon Clark]], Ferdinand Colloredo-Mansfeld, [[John Deutch]], [[Thomas Everhart]], Frederic Poses, [[Warren Rudman]], Michael Ruettgers, Ronald Skates, William Spivey, and Linda Stuntz.
===International===
In addition to its US domestic facilities, Raytheon has offices in countries worldwide, including [[Australia]], [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Egypt]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[India]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Kuwait]], [[Malaysia]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Norway]], [[Republic of Korea]], [[Singapore]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Taiwan]], [[Thailand]], [[Turkey]], [[United Arab Emirates]], and the [[United Kingdom]].
==Products and services==
===Overview===
:''See [[:Category:Raytheon products|Raytheon products]] for products manufactured and sold by Raytheon Company''
Raytheon's electronics and defense-systems units produce air-, sea-, and land-launched [[missiles]], aircraft radar systems, weapons sights and targeting systems, communication and battle-management systems, and satellite components. Raytheon is also a leader in marine electronics, manufacturing shipboard radar and sonar systems, autopilots, depth finders, and [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) devices.
===Radars and sensors===
[[Image:PAVE PAWS Radar Clear AFS Alaska.jpg|thumb|right|A [[PAVE PAWS Early Warning Radar System]] built by Raytheon, based at [[Clear AFS]], Alaska]]
Raytheon is a developer and manufacturer of [[radar]]s (including [[Active Electronically Scanned Array|AESAs]]), electro-optical sensors, and other advanced electronics systems for airborne, naval and ground based military applications. Examples include:
*[[APG-63 and APG-70 radars|APG-63/APG-70 radars]] for the [[F-15 Eagle]]
*[[APG-65, APG-73, and APG-79 radars|APG-65/APG-73/APG-79 radars]] for the [[F/A-18 Hornet]]
*[[AN/APG-77|APG-77 radar]] for the [[F-22 Raptor]] (joint development with [[Northrop Grumman]] )
*[[ALE-50 Towed Decoy System|ALE-50 towed decoy]]
*[[ALR-67 Radar Warning Receiver|ALR-67(V)3]] and ALR-69A [[radar warning receivers]]
*[[APQ-181 radar|AN/APQ-181]] (AESA upgrade currently in development), for the [[B-2 Spirit]] bomber
*[[Integrated Sensor Suite]] (ISS) for the [[RQ-4 Global Hawk]] UAV
*[[ASQ-228 ATFLIR]] (Advanced Targeting [[FLIR|Forward-Looking Infrared]]) pod
*[[AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar|TPQ-36]]/[[AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar|TPQ-37]] Firefinder and [[MPQ-64 Sentinel]] mobile battlefield radars
*[[SLQ-32]] shipboard EW system
*Large fixed-site radars such as [[PAVE PAWS]], [[BMEWS]], and the [[Missile Defense Agency]] [[X-band Radar]] (XBR)
===Satellite sensors===
Raytheon, often in conjunction with [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]] or [[Northrop Grumman]], is also heavily involved in the satellite sensor business. Much of its Space and Airborne Systems division in [[El Segundo]], [[California|CA]] is devoted to this, a business it inherited from [[Hughes Electronics|Hughes]]. Examples of programs include:
*[[Space Tracking and Surveillance System]] (STSS), being developed for the [[Ballistic Missile Defense]]. Raytheon is building the sensor payload.{{fact |date=June 2008}} Additionally, the El Segundo site is the company center of excellence for the development and production of [[laser]] products.
*Raytheon company’s [[Navy Multiband Terminal]] (NMT) is the first advanced, next-generation satellite communications (SATCOM) system to successfully log on to and communicate with the U.S. government's Milstar SATCOM system using low and medium data rate waveforms. The system provides naval commanders and sailors with greater data capacity, as well as improved protection against enemy intercept and jamming.
===Communications===
*Raytheon’s [[Universal Control System]] (UCS) is an [[unmanned aerial system]] (UAS) "cockpit" that improves operator awareness and efficiency, while providing the ability to control multiple unmanned aircraft, and reduce potential accidents.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=/www/story/10-31-2006/0004463679&EDATE=Oct+31,+2006 Raytheon Announces Revolutionary New 'Cockpit' for Unmanned Aircraft - an Industry First] Falls Church, Virgnia, Oct. 31, 2006. PRNewswire.</ref>
*The company also makes several [[software radio]] and digital communication systems for military applications such as [[Cooperative Engagement Capability]] (CEC), is participating in [[Navy-Marine Corps Intranet]] (NMCI), [[ECHELON]] and the [[Joint Tactical Terminal]] (JTT) programs.
===Radioactive materials detection system===
As part of the company’s growing [[homeland security]] business and strategic focus, Raytheon has teamed with other contractors to develop an [[Advance Spectroscopic Portal]] (ASP) to allow border officials to peer into vehicles and containers to identify [[radioactive]] materials.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2006/08/28/raytheon_targets_nuclear_smuggling/=
|title= Raytheon targets nuclear smuggling: Firm sees profit in homeland security
|accessdate=2006-11-07
|year=2006
|publisher=BostonGlobe
}}
</ref>
===Semiconductors===
Raytheon also manufactures [[semiconductor]]s for the [[electronics]] industry. In the late 20th century it produced a wide range of [[integrated circuit]]s and other components, but as of 2003 its semiconductor business specializes in [[gallium arsenide]] (GaAs) components for radio communications. It is also making efforts to develop [[gallium nitride]] (GaN) components for next-generation radars and radios.
===Missile defense systems===
In the framework of [[Ground-Based Midcourse Defense]], Raytheon is developing a [[Ground-Based Interceptor]] (GBI) which includes a booster missile and a [[Projectile#Explosive charge or kinetic|kinetic]] [[Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle]] (EKV), along with several key radar components, such as the [[Sea-Based X-Band Radar]] (SBX) and the [[Upgraded Early Warning Radars]] (UEWR).
===Missiles===
[[Image:Raytheon DSC04284.JPG|thumb|right|[[:Category:Raytheon products|Raytheon missiles]] on display at the [[Paris Air Show]], 2005]]
Raytheon is a developer of missiles and related missile defense systems. These include:
*[[AGM-65 Maverick]]
*[[AGM-88 HARM]]
*[[AGM-129 ACM]] (Advanced Cruise Missile)
*[[AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon]]
*[[AIM-7 Sparrow]]
*[[AIM-9 Sidewinder]]
*[[AIM-120 AMRAAM]]
*[[BGM-109 Tomahawk]]
*[[MIM-23 Hawk]]
*[[MIM-104 Patriot]]
*[[RIM-7 Sea Sparrow]]
*[[RIM-162 ESSM]]
===Hi-tech simulators===
Raytheon also produces and runs the ABACUS ([[Advanced BAttlefield CompUter Simulation]]) or Higher Formation Trainer (HFT) for training HQs from small specialist units up to corps level.
===Training Services and Learning Outsourcing===
Raytheon Professional Services (RPS) is a global leader in training services and learning outsourcing for over 75 years. Clients are offered a full range of proven training capabilities on a global scale, tailored to client’s unique needs. The scope of each solution can vary from short-term training initiatives and projects to multi-year outsourcing engagements for some or all of a client’s training function. Services include: (1) Performance Consulting & Learning Strategy Development, (2)Training Design, Development & Delivery, (3) Learning Technologies and (4)Training Administration
==Controversies==
As the vast majority of Raytheon's revenues have been obtained from defense contracts, there has been a necessarily tight relationship of cooperation between itself and the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] and other U.S. government departments and agencies. This, along with heavy lobbying, has led to perennial charges of influence peddling. Raytheon, for instance, contributed nearly a million dollars to various defense-related political campaigns in the presidential election year of 2004, spending much more than that on lobbying expenses.<ref name="Spring 2004 The Politics of Contracting.">[http://www.pogo.org/ Project on Government Oversight.] Spring 2004 The Politics of Contracting. [http://www.pogo.org/p/contracts/c/co-030612-raytheon.html Raytheon].</ref> And there are many tight ties between the company and all levels of government. For example, [[Richard Armitage]], a former United States Deputy Secretary of State, is linked to the company through consultancy work. [[John M. Deutch]], a former U.S. [[Director of Central Intelligence]], sits on the board of directors, along with [[Warren Rudman]], a former Senator. On the other hand, Raytheon has also been involved in several [[contract]] disputes with the [[U.S. Government]].<ref name="Spring 2004 The Politics of Contracting."/>
===Case of Illegally obtaining classified information in a bidding process===
In March 1990, Raytheon pleaded guilty to one felony count of illegally obtaining classified [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] budget and planning documents.<ref>[http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_theme=current&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=BGBK&p_text_direct-0=document_id=(%200EADDEC48E840460%20)&p_nbid=E63A49ODMTA4NjA1NTkzMi43MTg5MzI6MTo2OmJvc3Rvbg& NewsBank InfoWeb]</ref> U.S. District [[Judge]] Albert V. Bryan, Jr. imposed a [[US dollar|$]]10,000 criminal fine for one [[felony]] count of "conveyance without authority" and $900,000 in civil penalties and damages. The documents allegedly gave Raytheon an unfair advantage against its competitors in bidding for weapons contracts. Although the plea only involved 1983 Air Force documents, [[United States Attorney]] Henry Hudson said Raytheon also illegally obtained a wide range of secret [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] documents.
===Disputed claims of the Patriot missile===
During the 1991 [[Gulf War]], Raytheon received widespread publicity in the United States in connection with its manufacture of the Patriot missile ([[MIM-104 Patriot]]). The Patriot missile is an [[anti-aircraft missile]] that was upgraded to have some capability against [[ballistic missile]]s. The Patriot had allegedly intercepted [[Scud]] missiles launched by [[Iraq]] in its defense against the U.S.-led invasion. When President [[George H. W. Bush]] traveled to Raytheon's Patriot manufacturing plant in [[Andover, Massachusetts]] during the [[Gulf War]], he declared, the ""Patriot is 41 for 42: 42 Scuds engaged, 41 intercepted!"<ref>{{cite web
|last = Bush
|first = George H.W.
|year = 1991
|url = http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1991/91021504.html
|title = Remarks to Raytheon Missile Systems Plant Employees in Andover, Massachusetts
|publisher = The George Bush Presidential Library
|accessdate = 2006-04-05
}}</ref> After the Gulf War had concluded, the staff of the House Government Operations Subcommittee on Legislation and National Security reported,
:"The Patriot missile system was not the spectacular success in the Persian Gulf War that the American public was led to believe. There is little evidence to prove that the Patriot hit more than a few Scud missiles launched by Iraq during the Gulf War, and there are some doubts about even these engagements. The public and the [[United States Congress]] were misled by definitive statements of success issued by administration and Raytheon representatives during and after the war."<ref>{{cite web
|year = 1991-1992
|url = http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/operate.htm
|title = Report 102-1086
|publisher = Activities of the House Committee on Governmental Operations, One Hundred Second Congress First and Second Sessions
|accessdate = 2006-04-05
}}</ref>
===Contract disputes===
In October 1994, Raytheon paid $4 million to settle a U.S. government claim that it inflated a defense contract for antimissile radar.<ref name="Raytheon v White">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit RAYTHEON COMPANY (doing business as Raytheon Systems Company), Appellant, v. Thomas E. White, SECRETARY OF THE ARMY, Appellee. [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/01opinions/01-1350.html 01-1350]</ref> The [[PAVE PAWS]] (Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased Array Warning System) system was designed to detect incoming submarine-launched ballistic missiles. The government claimed in a federal lawsuit that Raytheon inflated a contract to upgrade two of four PAVE PAWS sites by proposing to hire higher-skilled employees than were necessary for the job.<ref name="Raytheon v White"/>
Just one year earlier, on [[October 14]], [[1993]], Raytheon paid $3.7 million to settle allegations that it misled the [[Defense Department|U.S. Defense Department]] by overstating the labor costs involved in manufacturing Patriot missiles.<ref name="Raytheon v White"/> "The recovery of this money is yet another warning to contractors that the Truth in Negotiations Act's information disclosure requirements will be strictly and sternly enforced," Frank Hunger, assistant [[Attorney General|attorney general]], said in a statement.<ref name="Raytheon v White"/>
===Brazilian SIVAM project===
Allegations of [[bribery]] were made against Raytheon in 1995 in connection with its efforts to win a 1.4 [[1,000,000,000 (number)|billion]] [[dollar]] [[radar]] contract from [[Brazil]] for the [[SIVAM]] project.<ref>[http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_theme=current&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=BGBK&p_text_direct-0=document_id=(%200EADE18FE984E756%20)&p_nbid=I6BQ51DLMTA4NjA1NjY5MS45MDUwMDE6MTo2OmJvc3Rvbg& NewsBank InfoWeb -2]</ref> SIVAM, the acronym for "System for Vigilance over the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]]," was a complex radar [[surveillance]] system for use in monitoring the [[Amazon rainforest]], allegedly to curb the trafficking of [[illegal drugs|narcotics]] and to curb illegal [[logging]] or burning of the forest. Brazilian police wiretapped a telephone conversation between a special advisor to the [[Brazilian President]] [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]], and Raytheon's operative in Brazil, Jose Afonso Assumpcão. According to transcripts published in the Brazilian national weekly ''Isto É'', when Assumpcão told Gomes dos Santos that Brazilian Senator Gilberto Miranda might block the Raytheon contract, Gomes dos Santos responded, "Damn, did you already pay this guy?". Gomes dos Santos and Brazil's aviation minister resigned because of allegations that this conversation suggested that bribes were paid. Nonetheless, Raytheon ultimately was awarded the contract after [[lobbying]] by the administration of U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]].
===AGES lawsuit===
In 1996 a corporation called AGES Group filed a lawsuit against Raytheon in a [[United States district court|federal court]] in [[Alabama]] over a $450 million contract to service [[C-12 Huron]] and [[Beechcraft King Air|U-21]] military aircraft.<ref>{{cite news| first=Gregg | last=Krupa | url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_theme=current&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=BGBK&p_text_direct-0=document_id=(%200EADDDA99ECF46BD%20)&p_nbid=E78P5EAYMTA4NjA1NzI3NC44ODQ4NDY6MTo2OmJvc3Rvbg&
|title=Raytheon Unit Settles Industrial-Spying Allegations | publisher=[[Boston Globe]] | date=[[1999-05-13]] | accessdate=2006-04-05}}</ref> The [[Boston Herald]] reported that AGES alleged that the security firm [[Wackenhut|Wackenhut Corporation]], hired by Raytheon, used video and audio [[surveillance]] to [[espionage|spy]] on a consulting firm hired by AGES to help it prepare its bid. AGES also alleged that stolen confidential pricing documents were turned over to Raytheon. Both Raytheon and AGES had been vying for the contract, which Raytheon had held for decades but which AGES won in 1996. On [[May 12]], [[1999]], [[Reuters]] reported that Raytheon would pay $3 million to AGES Group and purchase $13 million worth of AGES aircraft parts to settle the AGES lawsuit. The settlement was exceptional in that the parties agreed that [[judgment]] would be entered against Raytheon, legally establishing the validity of AGES' allegations.
===Securities litigation===
In October 1999, Raytheon was the subject of a number of securities [[class action]] lawsuits alleging it had issued a series of materially false and misleading statements including overstating the company's 1997 and 1998 revenues, concealing cost overruns and inflating its financial results. The suits were brought in response to a massive drop in value of Raytheon's common stock as traded on the [[New York Stock Exchange]]. On Tuesday, [[October 12]], [[1999]], Raytheon shares were trading at about 45% below the level at which they had been traded on [[October 11]], [[1999]]. The plunge in stock prices was triggered by a ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' report that Raytheon was over cost or behind schedule on more than a dozen fixed-price defense contracts. This crash represented a loss of about $8 billion in market value in a single day. On [[May 13]], [[2004]] Raytheon reported that it had reached a preliminary agreement to pay $410 million in cash and securities to settle a class-action lawsuit alleging it misled investors by not disclosing difficulties on various Pentagon and construction projects five years before.
===Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management===
On [[April 24]], [[2006]] in a statement released by Raytheon, CEO Swanson admitted to [[plagiarism]] in claiming authorship for his booklet, "Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management," after a report by ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Raytheon Chairman & CEO Comments Regarding 'Unwritten Rules'| work=Raytheon News Release | url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=/www/story/04-24-2006/0004346311&EDATE=Apr+24,+2006
|accessdate=2006-05-02}}</ref> On [[May 2]], [[2006]], Raytheon withdrew distribution of the book.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/05/02/raytheon_halts_distribution_of_controversial_booklet_by_ceo/
|title=Raytheon halts distribution of controversial booklet by CEO|author=|publisher=AP/Boston.com|date=[[2006-05-02]]| accessdate=2006-05-02}}</ref> The following day, the company's board of directors announced that "In response to this matter, the Board has decided not to raise Mr. Swanson's salary above its 2005 level, and will reduce the amount of
restricted stock for which he is eligible in the coming year by 20 percent."<ref>{{cite web || title=Statement of Board of Directors of Raytheon Company | work=Raytheon News Release | url= http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=/www/story/05-03-2006/0004353657&EDATE=May+3,+2006
|accessdate=2006-05-03}}</ref>
===NBC News allegation of U.S. Army favoritism===
As of September 2006, an [[NBC News]] report of the Army's award of an anti-[[rocket propelled grenade]] (RPG) system raised questions about favoritism towards Raytheon.<ref>{{cite web | title=MSNBC article | work=Did the Army favor Raytheon in anti-RPG bid? | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14704366/
|accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref> Major General Sorenson, deputy army secretary for acquisition, disputed the NBC report in detail. The top Democrat on the Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee, [[Neil Abercrombie]] of Hawaii as well as panel chair [[Curt Weldon]] of Pennsylvania strongly criticized NBC for what they saw as "shoddy" reporting.<ref> {{cite web | title=U.S. Army defends Raytheon contract amid storm| url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=2475542| accessdate=2006-11-21}}</ref> The panel had also asked the [[General Accounting Office]] to investigate the case.
===Editing of Wikipedia entry===
On August 2007, [[Wikipedia Scanner]] (or [[WikiScanner]]), a web tool (developed by [[Virgil Griffith]], a Caltech graduate student) that is capable of matching the source of changes on Wikipedia with companies' [[IP address]]es, discovered that on [[October 26]], [[2005]], a computer user (identified as [[User talk:199.46.198.230|User:199.46.198.230]]) on Raytheon's network edited the Wikipedia article on the company, deleting all information about the Patriot missile's performance in the Gulf War, a lawsuit from competitor AGES, as well as paragraphs describing a $910,000 fine for illegally obtaining classified military documents and a $4 million penalty for inflating a government contract.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/technology/2007/08/15/wikipedia-editiing-publishing-tech-security-cx_ag_0815wiki.html The Perils of Wiki PR], Andy Greenberg, 08.15.07</ref>
==Environmental Record==
Two lawsuits were filed against a Raytheon Company plant in St. Petersburg, Florida due to concern with health risks, property values, and contamination in April of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/environment/article463739.ece |title= Is Raytheon site poisoning St. Petersburg neighborhood? |date=04/24/08 |accessdate=06 May 2008}}</ref> Raytheon was given until the end of the month to independently test whether or not the groundwater that originated from its area was contaminated. According to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, the groundwater contained carcinogenic contaminants, including trichloroethylene, 1,4-dioxane, and vinyl chloride.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.injuryboard.com/national-news/Raytheon39s-Florida-Neighbors-Sue-Over-Contamination.aspx?googleid=238336 |title= Raytheon's Florida Neighbors Sue Over Water Contamination |date=05/05/08 |accessdate=06 May 2008}}</ref> The DEP also reported that the clouds contained other toxins, such as lead and toluene.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/environment/article463739.ece |title= Is Raytheon site poisoning St. Petersburg neighborhood? |date=04/24/08 |accessdate=06 May 2008}}</ref> According to DEP documentation, Raytheon has tested wells on its site since 1996 but had not delivered a final report; therefore, it was given a deadline on May 31, 2008 to investigate its groundwater.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/environment/article463739.ece |title= Is Raytheon site poisoning St. Petersburg neighborhood? |date=04/24/08 |accessdate=06 May 2008}}</ref>
In another case, Raytheon was ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency to treat groundwater at the Tucson Force Plant in Arizona since Raytheon used and disposed metals, chlorinated solvents, and other substances at the plant since 1951.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/2dd7f669225439b78525735900400c31/71b1922ba7a0e61c8525731700688dd7!OpenDocument
|title= Environmental Protection Agency |date=07/13/07 |accessdate=06 May 2008}}</ref> The EPA further required the installation and operation of an oxidation process system to treat the solvents and make the water safe to drink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/2dd7f669225439b78525735900400c31/71b1922ba7a0e61c8525731700688dd7!OpenDocument
|title= Environmental Protection Agency |date=07/13/07 |accessdate=06 May 2008}}</ref>
==Corporate stewardship==
===Math and science education===
[[Image:MMU.jpg|thumb|right|MathMovesU Raytheon]]
*In November 2005 Raytheon launched 'MathMovesU',<ref>[http://www.mathmovesu.com/ MathsMovesU]</ref> an educational initiative intended to make math and science more interesting and accessible for young people, funded by $1 million in annual grants.<ref>Raytheon (November 11, 2005). [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=/www/story/11-11-2005/0004214181&EDATE=Nov+11,+2005 Raytheon Takes on New Assignment: Helping Kids Make the Grade in Math and Science]. Press release.</ref>
*Raytheon has taken a role in promoting math and science education to develop future engineers. In 2004 the company announced a $850,000 grant to [[Tuskegee University]].<ref>Raytheon (September 14, 2004). [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=148606&TICK=RTNB1&STORY=/www/story/09-14-2004/0002250108&EDATE=Sep+14,+2004 Raytheon Announces $850K Grant to Tuskegee University]. Press release.</ref>
*Raytheon is also a leading sponsor of the FIRST Robotics Program, both on the national and local scale.
*Raytheon also sponsors the mathematics competition [[MathCounts]].
===Philanthropy===
*Raytheon employees contributed $8 million to the [[United Way of America]] in 2000. In addition, there is also a program in which Raytheon will match donations from an employee to any [[non-profit organization]] up to a certain amount.<ref>Raytheon (July 24, 2000). [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/07-24-2000/0001273210 Raytheon and its Employees Contribute $8 Million to the United Way]. Press release.</ref>
*Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems has hosted the national [[Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps|JROTC]] [[drill team]] competition at its [[El Segundo, California]] facility for seven straight years.
*In November 2006, Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems (IDS) was honored by Special Olympics Massachusetts (SOMA) for its continued support of the organization through funding and support of more than 700 volunteers in 2006.<ref>Raytheon (November 1, 2006). [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.plACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=/www/story/11-01-2006/0004464411&EDATE=Nov+1,+2006 Raytheon Honored at Special Olympics Gala]. Press release.</ref>
===Workplace diversity===
*In 2005, Raytheon became the first aerospace and defense giant to add gender identity to its equal employment policy, protecting its [[transgender]] and [[transsexual]] employees.<ref>Raytheon (2005). [http://www.hrc.org/Template.cfm?Section=Press_Room&CONTENTID=31803&TEMPLATE=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm]. Human Rights Campaign.</ref>
*On October 26, 2006, Raytheon was recognized by [[U.S. Secretary of Labor]] [[Elaine Chao]] as a recipient of the 2006 New Freedom Initiative (NFI) Award for the company’s commitment to recruit, train, hire and promote individuals with [[disabilities]].
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==See also==
*[[:Category:Raytheon products|Raytheon products]]
*[[List of United States defense contractors]]
*[[Raytheon 9]]
==External links==
*[http://www.raytheon.com/ Raytheon Company]
*[http://www.raytheon.com/about/ethics/index.html Raytheon Business Ethics and Compliance Home Page]
*[http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?list=type&type=13 Raytheon profile] by [[CorpWatch]]
*[http://www.rps.com/emea/ Raytheon Professional Services EMEA] by Raytheon Professional Services EMEA
{{Aviation lists}}
[[Category:Companies based in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1922]]
[[Category:Defense companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Electronics companies]]
[[Category:Radar]]
[[Category:Raytheon]]
[[de:Raytheon]]
[[es:Raytheon]]
[[fr:Raytheon]]
[[ko:레이시온]]
[[id:Raytheon]]
[[he:ריית'און]]
[[nl:Raytheon]]
[[ja:レイセオン]]
[[no:Raytheon]]
[[pl:Raytheon]]
[[pt:Raytheon]]
[[ro:Raytheon]]
[[ru:Raytheon]]
[[fi:Raytheon]]
[[zh:雷神公司]]