Recording studio 234751 226175717 2008-07-17T04:26:28Z 99.231.144.98 /* Digital audio workstations */ {{Unreferenced|date=March 2007}} {{vagueintro|July 2007}} A '''recording studio''' is a facility for [[Sound recording and reproduction|sound recording]]. Ideally, the space is specially designed by an [[acoustics|acoustician]] to achieve the desired acoustic properties (sound diffusion, low level of reflections, adequate reverberation time for the size of the ambient, etc.). Different types of studios record bands and artists, [[voice over|voiceovers]] and music for television shows, movies, cartoons, and commercials, and/or even record a full orchestra. The typical recording studio consists of a room called the "studio", where instrumentalists and vocalists perform; and the "control room", which houses the equipment for recording, routing and manipulating the sound. Often, there will be smaller rooms called "isolation booths" present to accommodate loud instruments such as drums or electric guitar, to keep these sounds from being audible to the [[microphone]]s that are capturing the sounds from other instruments or vocalists. [[Image:Recording-studio control-room.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A control room with a [[mixing console]], [[Studio monitor|monitor speakers]], and [[Digital Audio Workstation|computer-based "DAW"]].]] [[Image:Studiovocalist.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A vocalist inside the "studio", or "live room" area of a recording studio.]] [[Image:Control-room2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Watching a trumpet player from the control room, during a recording.]] ==Design and equipment== Recording studios generally consist of three rooms: the studio itself, where the sound for the recording is created (often referred to as the "live room"), the control room, where the sound from the studio is recorded and manipulated, and the machine room, where noisier equipment that may interfere with the recording process is kept. Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of room [[acoustics]] to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with precision and accuracy. This will consist of both room treatment (through the use of [[Absorption (acoustics)|absorption]] and [[Sound diffuser|diffusion]] materials on the surfaces of the room, and also consideration of the physical dimensions of the room itself in order to make the room respond to sound in a desired way) and [[soundproofing]] (to provide sonic isolation between the rooms). A recording studio may also include additional rooms, such as a vocal booth - a small room designed for voice recording, as well as one or more extra control rooms. Equipment found in a recording studio commonly includes: * [[Mixing console]] * [[Multitrack recording|Multitrack recorder]] * [[Microphones]] * [[Reference monitors]], which are [[loudspeakers]] with a flat [[frequency response]] Equipment may also include: * [[Digital Audio Workstation]] * [[Music workstation]] * Outboard Effects, such as [[audio level compression|compressors]], [[reverberation|reverbs]], or [[equalization|equalizers]] ==Digital audio workstations== General purpose computers have rapidly assumed a large role in the recording process, being able to replace the [[mixing console]]s, [[multitrack recording|recorders]], [[synthesizer]]s, [[sampler (musical instrument)|samplers]] and sound effects devices. A computer thus outfitted is called a [[Digital Audio Workstation]], or DAW. Popular audio-recording software includes [[Digidesign]] [[Pro Tools]], [[Cubase]] and [[Nuendo]] also by [[Steinberg]], [[MOTU]] [[Digital Performer]], [[Ableton Live]], [[Cakewalk (company)|Cakewalk]] SONAR, [[ACID Pro]] and Apple [[Logic Pro]]. And [[ardour]] on Linux. Current software applications are more reliant on the audio recording hardware than the computer they are running on, therefore typical high-end computer hardware is less of a priority. While Apple [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] is common for studio work, there is a breadth of software available for [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Linux]]. A sizeable portion of both commercial and home studios can be seen running PC-based [[Multitrack Recording|multitrack]] audio software. If no [[mixing console]] is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, this is referred to as ''mixing in the box''. There are also dedicated machines which integrate a recorder, [[preamp]]s, effects, and a mixing console; these devices are frequently referred to as DAW's, generally in advertising. ==Project studios== A small, personal recording studio is sometimes called a project studio or ''home studio''. Such studios often cater to specific needs of an individual artist, or are used as a non-commercial hobby. The first modern project studios came into being during the late 1980s, with the advent of affordable [[Multitrack Recording|multitrack]] recorders, [[synthesizers]] and [[microphone]]s. The phenomenon has flourished with falling prices of [[MIDI]] equipment and accessories, as well as inexpensive [[hard disk recorder|digital hard-disk recording]] products. Recording drums and electric guitar in a home studio is challenging, because they are usually the loudest instruments. Conventional drums require soundproofing in this scenario, unlike electronic or sampled drums. Getting an authentic electric guitar amp sound including power-tube distortion requires a power attenuator (either power-soak or power-supply based) or an isolation box or booth. A convenient compromise is amp simulation, whether a modelling amp, preamp/processor, or software-based guitar amp simulator. Sometimes, musicians replace loud, inconvenient instruments such as drums, with keyboards, which today often provide highly realistic [[Sample-based synthesis|sampling]]. ==Isolation booth== An ''isolation booth'' is a standard small room in a recording studio, which is both soundproofed to keep out external sounds and keep in the internal sounds and like all the other recording rooms in sound industry it is designed for having a lesser amount of deffused reflections from walls to make a good sounding room. A drummer, vocalist, or guitar speaker cabinet, along with microphones, is acoustically isolated in the room. A professional recording studio has a ''control room'', a large ''live room'', and one or more small ''isolation booths''. All rooms are soundproofed such as with double-layer walls with dead space and insulation in-between the two walls, forming a room-within-a-room. There are variations of the same concept, including a portable standalone isolation booth, a compact guitar speaker isolation cabinet, or a larger guitar speaker cabinet isolation box. A ''gobo panel'' achieves the same idea to a much more moderate extent; for example, a drum kit that is too loud in the live room or on stage can have [[acrylic glass]] see-through gobo panels placed around it to deflect the sound and keep it from bleeding into the other microphones, allowing more independent control of each instrument channel at the mixing board. All rooms in a recording studio may have a reconfigurable combination of reflective and non-reflective surfaces, to control the amount of reverberation. == History == === 1890s to 1930s === In the era of acoustical recordings (prior to the introduction of microphones, electrical recording and amplification) the earliest recording studios were very basic facilities, being essentially soundproof rooms that isolated the performers from outside noise. During this era it was not uncommon for recordings to be made in any available location, such as a local ballroom, using portable acoustic recording equipment. In this period, master recordings were made by a direct-to-disc cutting process -- performers were typically grouped around a large acoustic horn (an enlarged version of the familiar [[phonograph]] horn) and the acoustic energy from the voices and/or instruments was channeled through the horn's diaphragm to a mechanical cutting lathe located in the next room, which inscribed the signal as a modulated groove directly onto the surface of the master cylinder or disc. Following the invention and commercial introduction of the [[microphone]], the electronic [[amplifier]], the [[mixing desk]] and the [[loudspeaker]], the recording industry gradually converted to electric recording and this technology had replaced mechanical acoustic recording methods in 1925 for major labels like [[RCA Victor]] and [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], and by 1933 acoustic recording was completely disused. ===1940s to 1970s=== [[Image:DM Recording Studio.jpg|thumb|left|Siemens Sound Studio ca. 1956.]] Electrical recording was common by the early 1930s, and mastering lathes were now electrically powered, but master recordings still had to be cut direct-to-disc. In line with the prevailing musical trends, studios in this period were primarily designed for the live recording of symphony orchestras and other large instrumental ensembles. Engineers soon found that large, reverberant spaces like concert halls created a vibrant acoustic signature that greatly enhanced the sound of the recording, and in this period large, acoustically "live" halls were favored, than the acoustically "dead" booths and studio rooms that became common after the 1960s. Because of the limits of the recording technology, studios of the mid-20th century were designed around the concept of grouping musicians and singers, rather than separating them, and placing the performers and the microphones strategically to capture the complex acoustic and harmonic interplay that emerged during the performance. Modern [[sound stage]]s still sometimes use this approach for large [[film score|film scoring]] projects today. Because of their superb acoustics, many of the larger studios were converted churches. Examples include [[George Martin]]'s [[AIR Studios]] in London, the famed Columbia Records 30th Street Studio in New York City (a converted Armenian church, with a ceiling over 100 feet high), and the equally famous [[Decca Records]] Pythian Temple studio in New York (where artists like [[Louis Jordan]], [[Bill Haley]] and [[Buddy Holly]] were recorded) which was also a large converted church that featured a high, domed ceiling in the center of the hall. Electric recording studios in the mid-20th century often lacked isolation booths, baffles, and sometimes even speakers, and it was not until the 1960s, with the introduction of the high-fidelity [[headphones]] that it became common practice for performers to use headsets to monitor their performance during recording and listen to playbacks. It was difficult to isolate all the performers -- a major reason that this practice was not used was simply because recordings were usually made as live ensemble 'takes' and all the performers needed to be able to see each other and the ensemble leader while playing. The recording engineers who trained in this period learned to take advantage of the complex acoustic effects that could be created though "leakage" between different microphones and groups of instruments, and these technicians became extremely skilled at capturing the unique acoustic properties of their studios and the musicians in performance. Facilities like the Columbia Records 30th Street Studio in New York and [[EMI]]'s [[Abbey Road Studio]] in London were renowned for their 'trademark' sound -- which was (and still is) easily identifiable by audio professionals -- and for the skill of their staff engineers. The use of different kinds of [[microphone]]s and their placement around the studio was a crucial part of the recording process, and particular brands of microphone were used by engineers for their specific audio characteristics. The smooth-toned ribbon microphones developed by the [[RCA]] company in the 1930s were crucial to the 'crooning' style perfected by [[Bing Crosby]], and the famous [[Georg Neumann|Neumann]] U47 [[condenser microphone]] was one of the most widely used from the 1950s. This model is still widely regarded by audio professionals as one of the best microphones of its type ever made. Learning the correct placement of microphones was a major part of the training of young engineers, and many became extremely skilled in this craft. Well into the 1960s, in the classical field it was not uncommon for engineers to make high-quality orchestral recordings using only one or two microphones suspended above the orchestra. In the 1960s, engineers began experimenting with placing microphones much closer to instruments than had previously been the norm. The distinctive rasping tone of the horn sections on the [[Beatles]] recordings "[[Good Morning Good Morning]]" and "[[Lady Madonna]]" were achieved by having the saxophone players position their instruments so that microphones were virtually inside the mouth of the horn. The unique sonic characteristics of the major studios imparted a special character to many of the most famous popular recordings of the 1950s and 1960s, and the recording companies jealously guarded these facilities. According to sound historian David Simons, after Columbia took over the 30th Street Studios in the late 1940s, [[A&R]] manager [[Mitch Miller]] issued a standing order that the drapes and other fittings left by the previous occupants were not to be touched, and the cleaners had specific orders never to mop the bare wooden floor for fear it might alter the acoustic properties of the hall. There were several other features of studios in this period that contributed to their unique "sonic signatures". As well as the inherent sound of the large recording rooms, many of the best studios incorporated specially-designed [[echo chamber]]s, purpose-built rooms which were often built beneath the main studio. These were typically long, low rectangular spaces constructed from hard, sound-reflective materials like concrete, fitted with a loudspeaker at one end and one or more microphones at the other. During a recording session, a signal from one or more of the microphones in the studio could be routed to the loudspeaker in the echo chamber; the sound from the speaker reverberated through the chamber and the enhanced signal was picked up by the microphone at the other end. This echo-enhanced signal -- which was often used to 'sweeten' the sound of vocals -- could then be blended in with the primary signal from the microphone in the studio and mixed into the track as the master recording was being made. Special equipment was another notable feature of the "classic" recording studio. The biggest studios were owned and operated by large media companies like RCA, Columbia and EMI, who typically had their own electronics research and development divisions that designed and built custom-made recording equipment and mixing consoles for their studios. Likewise, the smaller independent studios were often owned by skilled electronics engineers who designed and built their own desks and other equipment. A good example of this is the famous [[Gold Star Studios]] in Los Angeles, the site of many famous American pop recordings of the 1960s. Co-owner David S. Gold built the studio's main mixing desk and many additional pieces of equipment and he also designed the studio's unique trapezoidal echo chambers. During the 1950s and 1960s the sound of pop recordings was further defined by the introduction of proprietary sound processing devices such as equalizers and compressors, which were manufactured by specialist electronics companies. One of the best known of these was the famous Pultec equalizer, which was used by almost all the major commercial studios of the time. With the introduction of [[multi-track recording]], it became possible to record instruments and singers separately and at different times on different tracks on tape, although it was not until the 1970s that the large recording companies began to adopt this practice widely, and throughout the Sixties many "pop" classics were still recorded live in a single take. After the Sixties the emphasis shifted to isolation and sound-proofing, with treatments like echo and reverberation added separately during the mixing process, rather than being blended in during the recording. One regrettable outcome of this trend, which coincided with rising inner-city property values, was that many of the largest studios were either demolished or redeveloped for other uses. In the 1960s, recordings were [[analog recording]]s made using ¼-inch or ½-inch two-track [[magnetic tape]]. By the early 1970s, the technology progressed to using various types of multi-track tape. The most common of which is the 2-inch analog tape, capable of containing up to 24 individual tracks. Generally after an audio mix is set up on a 24-track tape machine, the signal is played back and sent to a different machine which records the combined signals (called printing) to a ½-inch 2-track stereo tape, called a master. Prior to digital recording, the total number of available tracks onto which one could record was measured in multiples of 24, based on the number of 24-track tape machines being used. Presently, most recording studios now use [[digital recording]] equipment which only limits the number of available tracks based on the capacity of the [[mixing console]] or computer hardware interface. Analog tape machines are still well sought after as some purists label digitally recorded audio as sounding too harsh, and the scarcity and age of analog tape machines greatly increases their value, as does the fact that many audio engineers still insist on recording only to analog tape. This harshness is widely attributed by them to the fact that digital recording will sample a sound wave many times per second allowing an illusion of solid sound waves to be created, where in contrast, analog tape captures a sound wave in its entirety. However, others simply argue that the lack of high frequency noise and the higher fidelity of the digital medium make the recorded higher frequencies more prominent, which results in such perceived harshness in contrast to analog recording. Still others point to problems of early digital recordings caused by the inexperience of sound engineers with the new medium as the cause for critics to the digital systems. Finally, another possibly relevant effect derives from the fact that, since CD-quality audio uses a [[sampling rate]] of 44.1 kHz, no frequencies above the [[Nyquist frequency]] of 22050 Hz are acceptable for recording, otherwise [[aliasing]] occurs. Because of that, very steep [[low-pass filters]] are used on frequencies above 20 kHz (the theoretical limit for human hearing) that introduce slight distortions into the audible-range signal. This is one of the several reasons for the push on high-end equipment towards higher sampling rates, such as 48 kHz (used in [[video production]]), 88.2 kHz, 96 kHz and even 192 kHz. ==See also== * [[Audio engineering]] * [[Isolation cabinet (guitar)]] * [[Re-amp]] * [[Room acoustics]] * [[Sound recording and reproduction|Sound recording]] * [[Soundproofing]] * [[Sound baffle]] ==External links== *[http://www.recording-history.org/ The History of Sound Recording Technology] [[Category:Recording studios]] [[Category:Sound production technology]] [[Category:Sound recording]] [[Category:Audio engineering]] [[Category:Noise reduction]] [[de:Tonstudio]] [[fa:استودیو]] [[fr:Studio d'enregistrement]] [[it:Studio di registrazione]] [[he:אולפן הקלטות]] [[hu:Hangstúdió]] [[nl:Geluidsstudio]] [[ja:録音スタジオ]] [[no:Musikkstudio]] [[simple:Recording studio]] [[fi:Äänitysstudio]] [[sv:Musikstudio]]