Recreational diving
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2008-07-05T02:08:47Z
Gene Hobbs
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move footnotes out of references
{{Unreferenced|date=January 2008}}
[[Image:keywestdiving.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Divers off Key West, Florida]]
'''Recreational diving''' or '''sport diving''' is a type of [[Underwater diving|diving]] that uses [[Scuba set|SCUBA equipment]] for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment. In some diving circles, the term "recreational diving" is used in contradistinction to "[[technical diving]]", a more demanding aspect of the sport which requires greater levels of training, experience and equipment.<ref <ref group=nb name=tech>The distinction (if a distinction exists) between "recreational diving" and "technical diving" is a source of some debate within the diving community, but most major [[List of diver training organizations|diving training agencies]] recognise and broad distinction (see for example, [[Professional Association of Diving Instructors|PADI]] and [[Diving Science and Technology|DSAT]], and [[SCUBA Diving International|SDI]] and [[Technical Diving International|TDI]]).</ref><ref name=spumstechpolicy>{{cite journal |author=Gorman DF, Richardson D, Hamilton Jr RW, Elliott D |title=SPUMS Policy on technical recreational diving |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal |volume=26 |issue=3 |date=1996 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6302 |accessdate=2008-06-19 }}</ref>
== History ==
Recreational scuba diving grew out of related activities such as [[Snorkeling|snorkel]]ling and [[Spearfishing|underwater hunting]].<ref name=richardson1999>{{cite journal |author=Richardson, D |title=A brief history of recreational diving in the United States |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal |volume=29 |issue=3 |date=1999 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6019 |accessdate=2008-06-19 }}</ref> For a long time, recreational [[underwater]] excursions were limited by the amount of breath that could be held. However, the invention of the [[aqua-lung|aqualung]] in 1943 by [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] and its development over subsequent years led to a revolution in recreational diving.<ref name=richardson1999/> However, for much of the 1950s and early 1960s, recreational scuba diving was a sport limited to those who were able to afford or make their own kit, and prepared to undergo intensive training to use it.
As the sport became more popular, manufacturers became aware of the potential market, and equipment began to appear that was easy to use, affordable and reliable. Continued advances in SCUBA technology, such as [[buoyancy compensator]]s, modern [[diving regulator]]s, [[wet suit|wet]] or [[dry suit]]s, and [[dive computer]]s, increased the safety, comfort and convenience of the gear encouraging more people to train and use it.
Until the early 1950s, navies and other organizations performing [[professional diving]] were the only providers of diver training, but only for their own personnel and only using their own types of equipment. The first scuba diving school was created in France to train the owners of the Jacques Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan designed double hose scuba. The first school to teach the modern single hose scuba was started in 1953, in Melbourne, Australia, at the Melbourne City Baths. RAN Commander Batterham organized the school to assist the inventor of the single hose regulator, Ted Eldred. However, neither of these schools were international in nature.
There were no training courses, in the modern sense, available to civilians who bought the first scuba equipment. Some of the first training started in 1953 [[Captain Trevor Hampton|Trevor Hampton]] created the first British diving school, the [[British Underwater Centre]] and 1954 when [[Los Angeles County]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Los Angeles County Underwater Instructors Association |url=http://www.lascuba.com/ |publisher=Los Angeles County Underwater Instructors Association |title=Los Angeles County Underwater Instructors Association Official Homepage |accessdate=2008-06-19 }}</ref> created an Underwater Instructor Certification Course. Early instruction increased in the form of amateur teaching within a club environment, as exemplified by organizations such as the Scottish Sub-Aqua Club and the [[British Sub Aqua Club]] from 1953, [[Los Angeles County]] from 1954 and the [[YMCA (diving organization)|YMCA]] from 1959.<ref>{{cite web |author=YMCA Scuba |url=http://www.ymca.net/scuba/ |publisher=YMCA Scuba |title=YMCA Scuba Official Homepage |accessdate=2008-06-19 }}</ref>
Professional instruction started in 1959 when the non-profit [[NAUI|National Association of Underwater Instructors]] was formed <ref>{{cite web |author=NAUI |url=http://www.naui.org/ |title=NAUI Official Homepage |publisher=NAUI |accessdate=2008-06-19 }}</ref>, which later effectively was split<ref>{{cite web |author=divinghistory.com |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010415140300/http://www.divinghistory.com/historyofpadi.html |title=History of PADI |publisher=divinghistory.com via Archive.org |accessdate=2008-06-19 }}</ref>, to form the for-profit [[PADI|Professional Association of Diving Instructors]] in 1966.<ref>{{cite web |author=PADI |url=http://www.padi.com/ |title=PADI Official Homepage |publisher=PADI |accessdate=2008-06-19 }}</ref>
NASDS the National Association of Scuba Diving Schools started with their Dive Center based Training programs in 1962 followed by [[SSI|Scuba Schools International]] in 1970<ref>{{cite web |author=Scuba Schools International | title = Scuba Schools International: 35 Years of Experience | url = http://www.divessi.com/history |publisher=Scuba Schools International |accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref>.
PDIC professional diving instructors college was formed in 1965, later changing its name to PDIC professional diving instructors Corporation in 1984, providing training in a retail environment.<ref>{{cite web |author=PDIC |url=http://www.pdic-intl.com/ |title=PDIC Official Homepage |publisher=PDIC |accessdate=2008-06-19 }}</ref>
== Diving today ==
Further developments in technology have reduced the cost of training and diving. Scuba-diving has become a popular leisure activity, and many diving locations have some form of dive shop presence that can offer air fills, equipment and training.
In tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world, there is a large market in 'holiday divers'; people who train and dive while on holiday, but rarely dive close to home.
[[Technical diving]] and use of [[rebreather]]s are increasing, particularly in areas of the world where deeper [[wreck diving]] is the main underwater attraction. Generally, recreational diving depths are limited to a maximum of between 30 and 40 meters (100 and 130 feet), beyond which a variety of safety issues make it unsafe to dive using recreation diving equipment and practices, and specialized training and equipment for [[technical diving]] are needed.
== Standard equipment ==
{{main|Diving equipment}}
* [[Buoyancy compensator|Buoyancy Control Device]] (BCD)
* [[Diving regulator|Regulators]]
* [[Diving mask|Scuba Mask]] and [[Snorkel]];
* [[Swimfin|Scuba Fins]]
* [[Wet suit|Wet]] or [[Dry suit]]
* [[Diving weighting system|Weight belt]]
* [[Diving cylinder|Scuba tank]]s (usually 3,000 psi of clean air for aluminium tanks, or 2,250psi for steel tanks)
== Issues ==
{{weasel section}}
There are several recreational diving issues that are currently topics of discussion within the diving community. They include:
===Training levels===
There is a certain amount of disquiet over the level of training and experience necessary to qualify as a diver. Under most entry-level programs ([[SCUBA Diving International|SDI]],[[PADI]], [[British Sub-Aqua Club|BSAC]], [[NAUI]], [[Scuba Schools International|SSI]], [[PDIC]] and [[CMAS]]) divers can complete a certification with as few as four 'open-water' dives. Such a qualification allows a diver to rent equipment, request air fills, and dive without any higher supervision, provided they do so with a [[Buddy system|buddy]]. Critics claim that five dives is too few to prepare new divers for such a level of responsibility, and that either the total should be raised or the certification qualified. Certification agencies normally answer that they advise their students to dive within the envelope of their experience and training, and to seek to extend both through properly supervised (and frequently revenue-producing) programs, but in the 1980s, several of the Agencies with DEMA did collaborate to author ANSI Standard Z86.3 (1989), ''Minimum Course Content For Safe Scuba Diving'' which now serves to limit their potential liability from lawsuits on training adequacy issues by defining their training as the definition of ''Accepted Industry Practices''.
===Regular vs. leisure===
Some divers see a split beginning to emerge in recreational diving between regular recreational divers, who often dive in their home communities, and leisure divers, characterized as those who dive occasionally, normally when abroad on holiday and in more benign conditions. It is sometimes observed that there is a tension between the two, and that leisure divers are often inexperienced, either under-trained or over-qualified, and sustain only a minimal empathy with the underwater world. The call is usually not that these divers be restrained from diving, but that they be encouraged to dive more regularly in their home communities so as to gain experience and support their local diving scene. However, as recreational diving has a very low accident and death rate, it is a commonly claimed view that current training requirements are adequate.
== Specialties ==
There are many [[diving activities]] which need further training than that provided by the initial courses:
* [[Altitude diving]]
* [[Cave diving]]
* [[Deep diving]]
* [[Drift diving]]
* [[Free-diving]]
* [[Ice diving]]
* Identifying and surveying sea life and freshwater life: see [[marine biology]]
* [[Maritime archeology]] or [[Underwater archeology]]
* [[Night diving]]
* [[Snorkeling]]
* [[Underwater navigation]]
* [[Underwater photography]]
* [[Underwater search and recovery]]
* [[Underwater videography]]
* [[Wreck diving]]
Many [[diver training]] agencies such as [[ACUC]], [[BSAC]], [[CMAS]], [[IANTD]], [[NAUI]], [[PADI]], [[PDIC]], [[SCUBA Diving International|SDI]], [[Scuba Schools International|SSI]] and [[YMCA (diving organization)|YMCA]] offer training in these areas, as well as opportunities to move into professional instruction, [[technical diving]], [[commercial diving]] and others.
== Bodies of water for diving ==
Most bodies of water can be used as dive sites:
* [[Seas]] and [[Oceans]] - these consist of salt water and a huge variety of [[Flora (plants)|flora]] and [[Fauna (animals)|fauna]].
* [[Lakes]] - small lakes are often used for [[diver training]]. Large lakes have many features of seas including wrecks and a variety of marine life. Man-made lakes, such as [[clay pit]]s and [[gravel pit]]s, often have lower visibility.
* [[Caves]] - these are more adventurous and dangerous than normal diving. See [[cave diving]].
* [[Rivers]] - are often shallow, murky and have strong currents.
* [[quarry|Quarries]] - abandoned rock quarries are popular in inland areas for diver training as well as recreational diving. Rock quarries also have reasonable underwater visibility - there is often little mud or sand to create mid-water particles that cause low visibility. As they are not "wild" and usually privately owned, quarries often contain objects intentionally placed for divers to explore, such as sunken boats, automobiles, aircraft, and even structures like grain silos and gravel chutes.
== Dive site features ==
Many types of [[underwater]] feature make an interesting dive site, for example:
[[Image:Coral reef locations.jpg|thumb|370px|[[NASA]] image [http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/coralreef_image.html] showing locations of significant [[coral reef]]s, which are often sought out by divers for their abundant, diverse life forms.]]
*Wildlife at the site. Popular examples are [[coral]], [[sea sponge|sponge]]s, [[fish]], [[sting ray]]s, [[mollusc]]s, [[cetacea]]ns, [[Pinniped|seal]]s, [[shark]]s and [[crustacean]]s.
* The Topography of the site. [[Coral reef]]s, drop offs (underwater [[cliff]]s), rock [[reef]]s, gullies and [[cave]]s can be spectacular. Deep dive sites mean divers must reduce the time they spend because more gas is breathed at depth and [[decompression sickness]] risks increase. Shallow regions can be investigated by [[snorkeling]].
* Historical or cultural items at the site. [[Ship wreck]]s and sunken [[aircraft]], apart from their historical value, form artificial [[habitat (ecology)|habitats]] for marine fauna making them attractive dive sites.
* Underwater [[visibility]] varies widely. Poor visibility is caused by particles in the water, such as [[mud]], [[sand]] and [[sewage]]. Dive sites that are close to sources of these particles, such as human settlements and river estuaries, are more prone to poor visibility. Currents can stir up the particles. Diving close to the sediments on the seabed can result in the particles being kicked up by the divers fins.
* Temperature. Warm water diving is comfortable and convenient. Although cold water is uncomfortable and can cause [[hypothermia]] it can be interesting because different species of underwater life thrive in cold conditions. Cold water means divers tend to prefer Dry suits with inner thermal clothing which offer greater thermal protection although require training and experience to use properly.
* Currents. [[tide|Tidal current]]s can transport [[nutrient]]s to underwater wildlife increasing the variety and density of that life at the site. Currents can also be dangerous to divers as they can result in the diver being swept away from his or her surface support. Tidal currents that meet solid underwater vertical surfaces can cause strong up or down currents that are dangerous because they may cause the diver to lose [[buoyancy]] control risking [[barotrauma]].
==See also==
* [[Diving activities]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
== Footnotes ==
<references group=nb/>
== External links ==
*[http://www.sportdiver.co.uk Sport Diver Magazine] - The official magazine of the PADI Diving Society
*[http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/04/08/travel/08explo.html On the Red Sea, as Hotels Go Up, Divers Head Down] <em>The New York Times</em> (April 8, 2007)
*[http://www.bsactravelclub.co.uk/where/index.html BSAC Where to Dive] - Dive site atlas from the [[British Sub Aqua Club]]
*[http://www.waterworldasia.com Asia Dive Locations] - Dive locations in Asia and dive supply.
*[http://www.divesitedirectory.com Dive Site Directory] - Global dive site location atlas created with contributions from the diving community
*[http://www.scubazine.com ScubaZine Divers Community] - Global GPS based dive site and services location that can be viewed in [[Google Earth]]
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