Rector 66772 225090318 2008-07-11T20:50:33Z Gaius Cornelius 293907 Tidy using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{otheruses}} The word '''rector''' ("ruler," from the Latin ''regere'' and Rector meaning "Teacher" In Latin) has a number of different meanings, but all of them indicate an academic, religious or political administrator. The word "rector" also appears in many modern languages, such as [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Romanian language|Romanian]]. In [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[German language|German]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Indonesian]] and [[Tagalog]], the homophonous spelling is '''Rektor'''; other languages use derived forms, e.g. '''Rettore''' in [[Italian language|Italian]], '''Reitor''' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and '''Rehtori''' in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]. The term and office of a rector are called ''rectorate''. '''Rector''' is also a surname in English speaking countries. ==Academic rectors==<!-- This section is linked from [[Bohemia]] --> The '''Rector''' is the highest academic official of many [[university|universities]] and certain other institutions of higher, sometimes even secondary, education. The title is used widely in universities across [[Europe]], including [[Albania]], [[Benelux|the Benelux]], [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[Latvia]], [[the Republic of Macedonia]], [[Moldova]], [[Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Scandinavia]], [[Scotland]], [[Serbia]], [[Spain]], [[Turkey]] and [[Ukraine]]. It is also very common in [[Latin American]] countries such as [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Mexico]], [[Peru]] and [[Venezuela]], and also in [[Philippines]] and [[Israel]]. At some universities it is phrased in a loftier manner, as ''Rector Magnificus'' or ''Lord Rector''. A notable exception to this terminology was [[England]], where universities were traditionally headed by a "[[chancellor (education)|Chancellor]]", and this designation followed in the Commonwealth, USA and other countries under Anglo-Saxon influence. Scotland follows suit in this practice, with the ancient universities being headed by a Chancellor, with the Lord Rector as an elected representative of students heading the [[university court]]. ===Scotland=== {{main|Ancient university governance in Scotland}} In Scotland, the position of '''Rector''' exists in the four [[Ancient universities of Scotland|ancient universities]] ([[University of St Andrews|St Andrews]], [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]], [[University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]] and [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]) and at [[University of Dundee|Dundee]]. The post (officially ''Lord Rector'', but by normal use ''Rector'' alone) was made an integral part of these universities by the [[Universities (Scotland) Act 1889]]. The nominal head of an ancient university in Scotland is its [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] and the day-to-day functions of the chief executive is vested in the Vice-Chancellor who also holds the title of [[University Principal|Principal]]. The Rector is the third ranked official of university governance and chairs meetings of the [[University Court]], the governing body of the university, and is elected at regular intervals (usually three years to enable every undergraduate completing a degree to vote at least once) by their [[matriculation|matriculated]] student bodies. This role is considered by many students to be integral to their ability to shape the universities' agendas and it is one of the main functions of the Rector to represent the interests of the students. To some extent the office has evolved into more of a figurehead role, with a significant number of celebrities elected as Rectors, such as [[Lorraine Kelly]] at [[Rector of the University of Dundee|Dundee]], [[Clarissa Dickson Wright]] at [[Rector of the University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]], and [[John Cleese]] and [[Frank Muir]] at [[Rector of the University of St Andrews|St. Andrews]], and political figures, such as [[Mordechai Vanunu]] at [[Rector of the University of Glasgow|Glasgow]]. In many cases, particularly with high profile Rectors, attendance at the University Court in person is rare, however the Rector nominates another individual (usually a student) to exercise his functions under the title of Rector's Assessor. [[Gordon Brown]], the current [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], was [[Rector of the University of Edinburgh]] while a student there, but since then most universities have amended their procedures to forbid currently matriculated students from standing for election. The [[head teacher]] of a Scottish [[secondary school]] is in many cases known as its Rector. ===England=== At [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], English universities which are formally headed by ''chancellors'', most [[college]]s are headed by a ''master'' or a ''principal'' as chief academic. At a few colleges, this role is instead played by a ''president'' or a ''warden''; and at two of the Oxford colleges - [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]] and [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]] - the head is called a ''rector.'' At the University of London there is a Chancellor (a formal post) and a Vice-Chancellor (equivalent to Managing Director). All colleges have a chief academic as head, under various titles. At [[University College London]], the head is the ''Provost''; at [[King's College London]] the head is the ''Principal''; at [[Imperial College London]] the head is the ''Rector''; and at the [[London School of Economics]] the ''Director'' is head. At most other universities in England the Chancellor is the formal head whilst the Vice-Chancellor is the chief academic. The Vice-Chancellor of [[Liverpool Hope University]] also takes the role of Rector. ===Iceland=== A ''rektor'' is the headmaster or headmistress of Icelandic Universities and of some [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]s. ===Denmark=== In Danish, ''rektor'' is the title of the head of [[University|universities]], [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]], Schools of Commerce and Construction etc. Generally ''rektor'' may be used for the head of any educational institution at levels above Primary School, in which the head commonly is referred to as 'skoleinspektør' (Headmaster; Inspector of the school). In universities, the second ranked official of governance is known as ''prorektor''. ===Norway=== A rektor is the headmaster of a primary school, secondary school, private school, high school, college or university. ===Sweden=== ''Rektor'' is the title for the highest ranked administrative and educational leader for an academic institution, for example a primary school, secondary school, private school, high school, college or university. The ''rektor'' in state-run colleges and universities are appointed by the government. The vice of a ''rektor'' at a university is called a ''prorektor'' and is appointed by the institution's board. In the older universities of Uppsala and Lund the ''rektor'' is titled ''rector magnificus'', or ''rectrix magnifica'' (feminine). Younger universities have in later years started using the Latin honorary title in formal situations such as honorary speeches or graduation ceremonies. ===The European continent=== The head of German universities is called ''rector magnificus'', as in some Belgian universities (notably the oldest and largest, [[KULeuven]]). In Dutch universities the ''rector magnificus'' is the most publicly prominent member of the board, responsible for the scientific agenda of the university. The rector is however not the chair of the board. The chair has, in practice, the most influence over the ruling of the University. In some countries, including Germany, the position of head teacher in a secondary school is also designated as Rector, however, the position of head teacher in a German [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] school is called ''Studiendirektor'' or ''Oberstudiendirektor.'' In the Netherlands (aside from Dutch-speaking Flanders), Rector and Conrector (assistant head) is used commonly for high school director. The same goes for some Maltese secondary schools. In the Scandinavian countries, the head of universities and gymnasiums (upper secondary schools) is called rektor. In Norway this also applies to primary schools. In Spain, the head or president of a university is also titled ''Rector Magnífico'', and is usually styled, in official ceremonies, with the denomination of "Most Excellent and Illoustrious Sir or Lord (Señor)." For example, the Rector of the [[University of Navarra]] is usually styled under academic protocol as ''Excelentísimo e Ilustrísimo Señor Professor Doctor Don Ángel José Gómez-Montoro, Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de Navarra'' ("The Most Excellent and Most Illustrious Lord Professor Doctor [[Don (honorific)|Don]] Ángel José Gómez-Montoro, ''Rector Magnificus'' of the University of Navarra"). ===Eastern Europe=== Rector is the head of most universities and other higher educational institutions in at least parts of Eastern Europe, such as Ukraine, Russia, Poland and Romania. The rector's deputies are known as prorectors. ===The United States=== Most U.S. colleges use the titles 'president' for the chief executive of the college and 'chair of the board of trustees' for the head of the body that legally "owns" the college. The terms "president" and "chancellor" are used for the chief executive of some universities and university systems, depending on the school's own statutes (some state university systems have both presidents of constituent colleges and a chancellor of the overall system, or vice versa). However, there are several notable exceptions, mostly found in the Commonwealth of Virginia: the [[University of Virginia]], [[Virginia State University]] ([[Petersburg, Virginia]]), [[Virginia Commonwealth University]] ([[Richmond, Virginia]]), [[Washington and Lee University]] ([[Lexington, Virginia]]), the [[College of William and Mary]] ([[Williamsburg, Virginia]]) and [[Virginia Tech]] ([[Blacksburg, Virginia]]) use the term "Rector" to designate the head of the [[Board of Visitors]]; however, William and Mary also has a "Chancellor" who acts in a ceremonial capacity. Several Catholic colleges and universities, particularly those run by religious orders of priests (for instance, the [[Jesuits]]) formerly employed the term "rector" to refer to the school's chief officer. In many cases, the rector was also the head of the community of priests assigned to the school, and so the two posts &ndash; head of the university and local superior of the priests &ndash; were merged in the role of rector (See '''Ecclesiastical rectors''' below). This practice is no longer followed as the details of the governance of most of these schools have changed. ===Canada=== Like most Commonwealth and "Anglo-Saxon"-influenced countries, the term "rector" is uncommon. However, in Quebec's Universities, both francophone (e.g., [[Université de Montréal]]) and anglophone (e.g., [[Concordia University]]), employ the term ("''recteur''" in French) to designate the head of the institution. As well, the historically French-Catholic, and currently bilingual University, [[Saint Paul University]] in [[Ottawa]] Ontario uses the term to denote its head. [[Queen's University]] ([[Kingston, Ontario]]) is the only anglophone post-secondary institution outside [[Quebec]] to use the term "rector". However, the term applies to a member of the ''student body'' elected to work as an equal beside the [[Chancellor]] and [[Principal (university)|Principal]]. Queen's currently has Leora Jackson as its 31st Rector. ===India=== The heads of certain Indian [[Boarding school]]s are called Rectors. The Head or Principal of Catholic Schools in India are also called Rectors. ===Italy=== In [[Italy]] the rector is the head of the university and ''Legale Rappresentante'' of the university he or she is elected by an electoral body composed of all ''Professori ordinari and Associati'' the two highest ranks of the Italian university teacher and a representatives of ''Ricercatori'' (a lowest rank of teachers) and workers of the university. The term of the rettore usually is long 4 or 5 years following the statuto (constitution of the university). The rettore is also named ''Magnifico Rettore'' ===Philippines=== The term ''Rector'' or ''Rector Magnificus'' is used to refer to the highest official in prominent Catholic universities and colleges such as the [[University of Santo Tomas]] and [[San Beda College]]. The rector typically sits as chair of the university board of trustees. He exercises policy-making as well as general academic, managerial, and religious functions over all university academic and non-academic staff. In the [[University of Santo Tomas]], the highest individual academic award conferred on a graduating college student is the ''Rector's Award for Academic Excellence''. Rev. Fr. Anscar J. Chupungco, OSB, a world-renowned liturgist and theologian, served as the twentieth rector-president of [[San Beda College]]. Prior to this, he was former rector-magnificus of the Pontifical Liturgical Institute and the Pontifical Ateneo d' San't Anselmo both in Rome. ===See also=== * [[Chancellor (education)]] * [[Education in Scotland]] * [[Rector of the University of Aberdeen]] * [[Rector of the University of Dundee]] * [[Rector of the University of Glasgow]] * [[Rector of the University of Edinburgh]] * [[Rector of the University of St Andrews]] * [[University of Santo Tomas|Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas]] ==Ecclesiastical rectors== In ancient times bishops as rulers of cities and provinces, especially in the [[Papal States]], were called rectors; also administrators of the patrimony of the Church (e.g. ''rector Siciliæ''). Rector is used by Pope [[Gregory the Great]] in the "Regula Pastoralis" as equivalent to pastor. ===Catholic Church=== In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], a '''rector''' is a person who holds the office of presiding over an ecclesiastical institution. This institution might be a particular building&mdash;like a [[church]] or [[shrine]]&mdash;or it could also be an organization, such as a parish, a mission or quasi-parish, a seminary or house of studies, a [[university]], a hospital, or a community of clerics or religious. The [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon law of the Catholic Church]] explicitly mentions as special cases three offices of rectors: rectors of seminaries (c. 239 & c. 833 #6); rectors of churches that do not belong to a parish, a chapter of canons, or a religious order (c. 556&ndash;553); and rectors of Catholic universities (c. 443 §3 #3 & c. 833 #7). However, these are not the only officials that function as a rector. Since the term rector refers to the function of the particular office, a number of officials are not called rector but nevertheless are rectors. The diocesan bishop, for instance, is himself a rector, since he presides over both an ecclesiastical organization (the [[diocese]]) and an ecclesiastical building (his [[cathedral]]). In many dioceses, the bishop delegates the day-to-day operation of the cathedral to a priest, who is often called a rector but whose specific title is ''plebanus'' or "people's pastor", especially if the cathedral is also a parish. As further example, the pastor of a parish (''parochus'' in Latin) is rector over both his parish and the parish church. Finally, a president of a Catholic university is rector over the university and, if a priest, often the rector of any church that the university may operate (c. 557 §3). In some religious congregations of priests, rector is the title of the local superior of a house or community of the order (for instance, a community of several dozen Jesuit priests might include the pastor and priests assigned to a parish church next door, the faculty of a Jesuit high school across the street, and the priests in an administrative office down the block, but the community as a local installation of Jesuit priests is headed by a rector). '''Rector general''' is the title given to the [[superior general]] of certain religious orders, e.g. the [[Clerics Regular of the Mother of God]], [[Pallottines]]. There are some other uses of this title, for instance for residence hall directors at the [[University of Notre Dame]] which were once (and to some extent still are) run in a seminary-like fashion. This title is used similarly at the [[University of Portland]], another institution of the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]]. The pope has been called '''rector of the world''', in the (now discontinued) conferring of the [[papal tiara]] as part of his formal installation after election. A now obsolete use of the term occurred in the United States prior to the formulation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Canon Law grants a type of tenure to pastors (''parochus'') of parishes, giving them certain rights against arbitrary removal by the bishop of their diocese. In order to preserve their flexibility and authority in assigning priests to parishes, bishops in the United States until that time did not actually appoint priests as pastors, but as "permanent rectors" of their parishes: the "permanent" gave the priest a degree of confidence in the security in his assignment, but the "rector" rather than "pastor" preserved the bishop's absolute authority to reassign clergy. Hence, many older parishes list among their early leaders priests with the postnominal letters "P.R." (as in, a plaque listing all of the pastors of a parish, with "Rev. John Smith, P.R."). This practice was discontinued and today priests are normally assigned as pastors of parishes, and bishops in practice (though there are still questions about the canonical legality of this) reassign them at will. ===Protestant Churches=== In many Protestant congregational churches such as [[Baptist]], [[Christian Church, Disciples of Christ]],[[United Church of Christ]], [[Evangelical Free Churches]], etc, a Rector is a person elected to lead the congregation with pastoral duties affixed to their administrative job. ===Anglican churches===<!-- This section is linked from [[Castleford]] --> In the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] Churches, a '''rector''' is one type of [[parish]] [[priest]]. For historical reasons, some parish priests in the [[Church of England]] are called by this term while others are called [[vicar]]s. Roughly speaking, the distinction was that the rector directly received the [[tithes]] of his parish, while a vicar was paid instead a salary (sometimes by the [[diocese]]). Quite commonly, parishes that had a rector as priest also had [[glebe]] lands attached to the parish. The rector was then responsible for the repair of the [[chancel]] of his church - the part dedicated to the sacred offices, while the rest of the building was the responsibility of the parish. This rectorial responsibility persists, in perpetuity, with the occupiers of the original rectorial land where it has been sold. This is called [[chancel repair liability]], and affects institutional, corporate and private owners of land once owned by around 5,200 churches in England and Wales.[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/Leaflets/ri2251.htm] (See also [[Church of England#Organisation]].) The term has been re-used to designate the priest in charge of a team ministry (See also [[curate]].) In the [[Church of Ireland]], [[Scottish Episcopal Church]] and [[Anglican Church of Canada]], most parish priests are called rectors, not vicars. However, in the some [[dioceses]] of the [[Anglican Church of Canada]] rectors are officially licensed as incumbents to express the diocesan polity of employment of clergy. In the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America]], "rector" is usually used for the priest in charge of a self-sustaining parish while the priest who heads a [[mission (Christian)|mission]]—a congregation supported by the diocese—is generally called a vicar. In schools affiliated with the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] church the title "rector" is sometimes used at secondary schools and boarding schools, where the headmaster is often a priest. ==Rectorates in politics and administration== *'''''Rector provinciae''''' was the Latin generic term for the governor of a [[Roman province]], known since [[Suetonius]], and specifically a legal term (as used in the Codices of the Emperors [[Theodosius I]] and [[Justinian I]]) since Emperor Diocletian's [[Tetrarchy]] (when they came under the administrative authority of the [[Vicarius]] of a diocese and these under a Pretorian prefect), regardless of the specific titles (of different rank, such as Consularis, Corrector provinciae, Praeses and Proconsul) *For the use of the style ''duke and rector of Burgundy'' by the Zähringer dynasty claimants to viceregal powers as Regent in the Arelat kingdom of Burgundy ''within'' the Holy Roman Empire, see [[King of Burgundy#Rectorate of Burgundy]] *Contemporary charters in Latin used a number of additional styles for the Danish king Cnut (Canute the Great, with Norway as his third realm; [[23 April]] [[1016]] - [[12 November]] [[1035]] in Britain) having ''rex Anglorum'' in the core plus various other titles, including ''rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector'' i.e. 'king of the Angli and of all Britain governor and rector' (the last two in the generic sense 'ruler') *The [[Comtat Venaissin]] in southern France was administered by a Rector since it became a papal possession till 1790 (on [[24 May]] its States General -representative assembly- proclaims a constitution, but remains loyal to the pope). *Similar gubernatorial use or as [[Chief magistrate]] in city states in the Adriatic, also in the Italian form ''[[Rettore]]'', includes: **The [[Republic of Ragusa]] (presently Dubrovnik, in Croatian [[Dalmatia]]), was governed by a ''Rettore'' repeatedly: ***1190 - 1194 between the sovereignty of the Norman Kingdom of "Sicily" (Naples) and Venetian sovereignty, annually elected, alongside the title Comes ***1370 - 1808, alongside the title [[Duke]] or its Slavonic equivalent [[Knez]], during periods of sovereignty of the Hungarian crown till 1458, then the Ottoman Sultan (formally 1526 - 1718), since 1684 under the joint 'protection' of Habsburg Austria's and the Ottoman Empire, then from 1798 under Austrian - and from 1806 under French occupation till incorporation in Napoleonic Illyria ***once more Rector 18 - [[29 January]] [[1814]] Simone, conte de Giorgi, the last previous incumbent, during the short-lived restoration of the republic **''Primo Rettore'', [[8 September]] [[1920]] - [[29 December]] [[1920]] Gabriele D'Annunzio (b. 1863 - d. 1938) (formerly Italian Commander) in [[Fiume]] *In a few 'Crown lands' of the Austrian Empire, one seat in the ''[[Landtag]]'' (regional legislature of semi-feudal type) was reserved for the Rector of the capital's university, notably: Graz in [[Steiermark]] (Styria), Innsbruck in [[Tirol]], Wien (Vienna) in [[Nieder-Österreich]] (Lower Austria); in [[Bohemia]], two Rectors seated in the equivalent [[Landesvertretung]] ==Compound titles== To a rector who has resigned is often given the title ''rector emeritus''. One who supplies the place usually occupied by a rector is styled ''pro-rector'' (in parishes, administrator). Deputies of rectors in institutions are known as ''vice-rector''s (in parishes, as curates, assistant - or associate rectors, etc.). In some universities the title vice-rector has, like [[vice-chancellor]] in many Anglo-Saxon cases, been used for the de facto head when the essentially honorary title of rector is reserved for a high externa dignitary- until 1920, there was such a ''vice-recteur'' at the Parisian Sorbonne as the French Minister of Education was its nominal ''Recteur'' ==Sources and references== *{{Catholic}} *[[Pauly-Wissowa]] (in German, on Antiquity) *[http://www.donaumonarchie.com/ Austria-Hungary Empire] in German (use English and French translations with due caution) *[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Croatia.html#Ragusa WorldStatesmen- here Croatia-Ragusa] & [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/United_Kingdom.html UK] [[Category:Anglicanism]] [[Category:Anglican ecclesiastical offices]] [[Category:Anglican priests|*]] [[Category:Canon law (Catholic Church)]] [[Category:Catholic priesthood]] [[Category:Ecclesiastical titles]] [[Category:Education in Scotland| ]] [[Category:Gubernatorial titles]] [[Category:Heads of state]] [[Category:Schools in Scotland| ]] [[Category:Universities in Scotland|*]] [[Category:Rectors of Scottish universities|*]] [[cs:Rektor]] [[da:Rektor]] [[de:Rektor]] [[et:Rektor]] [[es:Rector]] [[eo:Rektoro]] [[fr:Recteur]] [[id:Rektor]] [[it:Rettore]] [[he:רקטור]] [[mk:Ректор]] [[nl:Rector Magnificus]] [[no:Rektor]] [[pl:Rektor]] [[pt:Reitor]] [[ru:Ректор]] [[sl:Rektor]] [[fi:Rehtori]] [[sv:Rektor]] [[tr:Rektör]] [[uk:Ректор]]