Red 25825 224439977 2008-07-08T21:12:06Z Dicklyon 869314 /* In science */ put back in new subsection {{sprotect2}} {{otheruses1|the color}} {{infobox color|title= '''Red''' |pic=Image:Color icon red.svg |hex=FF0000|textcolor=white| wavelength=~625-740<ref>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/specol.html#c1 Color<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>| frequency=~480-405| symbolism=[[aggression]], [[stop]], [[courage]], [[guilt]], [[energy]], [[Passion (emotion)|passion]], [[anger]], [[fire]], [[socialism]], [[sacrifice]], [[sin]], [[violence]], [[negative]], and [[warning]]| r=255|g=0|b=0|rgbspace=[[sRGB color space|sRGB]]| h=0° or 360|s=100|v=100| source=[[Visible spectrum]]<ref>Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D. N. Svoronos. ''CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts.'' CRC Press, 2005.</ref><br />[[Web colors#HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]<ref name="css3-color">[http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4 W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords]</ref> <!--c=0|m=100|y=100|k=0| h=0|s=100|v=100|--> }} '''Red''' is any of a number of similar [[color]]s evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of [[light]] discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly [[1 E-7 m|625–740]] [[Nanometer|nm]]. Longer wavelengths than this are called [[infrared]], or ''below red'' and cannot be seen by the [[naked eye|naked human eye]]. Red is used as one of the additive [[primary color]]s of light, complementary to [[cyan]], in [[RGB]] color systems. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors of [[RYB color space]] but not [[CMYK color space]]. In human [[color psychology]], red is associated with [[heat]], [[energy]] and [[blood]], and emotions that stir the blood, including [[anger]], [[passion (emotion)|passion]], and [[love]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Symbols and Artifacts: Views of the Corporate Landscape | author = Pasquale Gagliardi | publisher = Aldine Transaction | year = 1992 | isbn = 0202304280 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=N3TmThAd_PkC&pg=PA173&ots=mZ7Y-_fACH&dq=red+anger+blood+energy+passion+love&sig=nKF3ftCi6mDnsdn1YCPgmUHWm_k#PPA173,M1 }}</ref> ==Etymology and definitions== The word ''red'' comes from the [[Old English]] ''rēad''.<ref>{{cite book | title = Origins: An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English | isbn = 0415050774 | author = Eric Partridge | publisher = Routledge | year = 1966 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xA9dxrhfa5kC&pg=PA555&dq=red+read+rauthaz&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=YvmfR_3qCoqqswOjkp2yCg&sig=S8ASNhN9nYv1Q6EcrdN2ja3W5kA }}</ref> Further back, the word can be traced to the [[Proto-Germanic]] ''rauthaz'' and the [[Proto-Indo European]] root ''reudh-''. This is the only color word which has been traced to an Indo-European root.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=red&searchmode=none | title = Online Etymology Dictionary: Red | first = Douglas |last = Harper | date = 2007-12-09 |year = 2001 }}</ref> In the English language, the word ''red'' is associated with the color of blood, certain flowers (''i.e.'' [[roses]]), and ripe fruits (''i.e.'' apples, cherries). [[Fire]] is also strongly connected, as is the sun and the sky at sunset. Healthy people are often said to have a redness touch to their skin color (as opposed to be appearing pale). After the rise of [[socialism]] in the mid-19th century, red was to describe revolutionary movements. The word is also obviously associated with anything of the color occupying the lower end of the visible light spectrum, such as red hair or red soil. ''Red Indians'' is a British term for [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], American terms for this ethnic group include ''redskin'', ''redhead'' and ''red man'', though they are not the preferred terms.<ref name = oed>Oxford English Dictionary</ref> ==In science== {{Refimprovesection|date=November 2007}} [[Image:Remebrance poppy ww2 section of Aust war memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Artificial red [[poppies]]]] ===Colorimetry, color science, vision, and photography=== Red is any of a number of similar [[color]]s evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of [[light]] discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly [[1 E-7 m|630–700]] [[Nanometer|nm]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An Introduction with 400 Problems | author = Craig F. Bohren | publisher = Wiley-VCH | year = 2006 | isbn = 3527405038 | url = http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3527405038&id=1oDOWr_yueIC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&ots=Jrfi5sPBhk&dq=indigo+spectra+blue+violet+date:1990-2007&sig=Rm2xP5mIgyGJ1a1pbfAt65QSf0I#PPA214,M1 }}</ref> Longer wavelengths than this are called [[infrared]], or ''below red'' and cannot be seen by human eyes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html | title = What Wavelength Goes With a Color? | work = Atmospheric Science Data Center}}</ref> Red light is used to preserve [[adaptation|night vision]] in low-light or [[night]]-time situations, as the [[rod cell]]s in the human [[eye]] aren't sensitive to red.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worlds/stargazer.html#Sensitize%20Your%20Eyes|title= Be a Stargazer|accessdate=2007-09-25 |format= |work= Sensitize Your Eyes}}</ref> Red is used as one of the additive [[primary color]]s of light, complementary to [[cyan]], in [[RGB]] color systems. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors of [[RYB color space]] but not [[CMYK color space]].<ref>[http://www.eduref.org/Virtual/Lessons/Science/Physics/PHS0207.html Primary Colors: Additive and Subtractive - An Educator's Reference Desk Lesson Plan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> One common use of red as an additive primary color is in the [[RGB color model]]. Because "red" is not by itself standardized, color mixtures based on red are not exact specifications of color either. In order to produce exact colors the color red needs to be defined in terms of an [[absolute color space]] such as [[sRGB]]. As used in computer monitors and television screens, red is very variable, but some systems may apply color correction (so that a standardized "red" is produced that is not in fact full intensity of only the red colorant). A red [[filter (photography)|filter]] used in [[black and white]] [[photography]] increases contrast in most scenes. For example, combined with a polarizer, it can turn the sky black. Films simulating the effects of infrared film (such as [[Ilford]]'s SFX 200) do so by being much more sensitive to red than to other colors. Red illumination was (and sometimes still is) used as a "[[safelight]]" while working in a [[darkroom]], as it does not expose most photographic paper and some films. Though many more modern darkrooms use an [[amber (color)|amber]] safelight, red illumination is closely associated with the darkroom in the public mind. ===In nature=== [[Image:Betelgeuse star (Hubble).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Betelgeuse]], one of the class M stars]] In astronomy, [[star]]s of [[stellar class]] M (the stars with the coolest temperature) are classified as ''red stars''. [[Mars]] is called the ''Red Planet'' because of the reddish color imparted to its surface by the abundant [[iron oxide]] present there. Astronomical objects which are moving away from the observer exhibit a [[redshift|red shift]]. [[Jupiter]]'s surface displays a [[Great Red Spot]], a football-shaped area south of the planet's [[equator]]. Astronomers believe the spot to be some kind of storm. [[Image:Agarplate redbloodcells edit.jpg|thumb|left|Red blood cells on [[agar plate]]s]] Oxygenated [[blood]] is red due to the presence of oxygenated [[hemoglobin]]. Red light is the first to be absorbed by sea water, so that many fish and marine invertebrates that appear bright red are [[black]] in their native habitat. When used about animal coloration red usually refers to a brownish, reddish-brown or ginger color. In this sense it is used to describe coat colors of reddish-brown [[cattle]] and [[dogs]], and in the names of various animal [[species]] or [[breeds]] such as [[red fox]], [[red squirrel]], [[red deer]], [[European Robin|Robin Redbreast]], [[Red Grouse]], [[Red Knot]], [[Redstart]], [[Redwing]], [[Irish Setter|Red Setter]], [[Devon ruby red cattle|Red Devon cattle]] etc. The usage for animal color appears similar to that for [[red ochre]], [[red hair]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Red Indian]]. Interestingly red appears to be rarely used in names of animals which are a brighter blood-red or scarlet color ([[Southern Carmine Bee-eater|Carmine Bee-eater]], [[Scarlet Tanager]]). When used for flowers, red often refers to purplish ([[red deadnettle]], [[red clover]], [[Cephalanthera rubra|red helleborine]]) or pink ([[red campion]], [[red valerian]]) colors. ===In technology=== Red lasers, used in early [[compact disc]] technologies, are being replaced by blue lasers, as red's long wavelength causes the laser's recordings to take up more space on the disc than blue lasers.<ref>[http://www.usbyte.com/common/dvd_7.htm DVD<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Symbolism == ===Sin, guilt, passion and anger=== [[Image:Red Light District.jpg|thumb|right|Red-light district in Amsterdam]] Red is frequently used as a symbol of guilt, sin and anger, often as connected with blood or sex.<ref>Oehler, Gustav Friedrich and George Edward Day''Theology of the Old Testament''. pg. 320</ref> A biblical example is found in Isaiah: "Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be white as snow."<ref>KJV Isaiah 1:18</ref> Also, ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'' an 1850 American novel by [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], features a woman in a [[Puritan]] [[New England]] community who is punished for [[adultery]] with [[ostracism]], her sin represented by a red letter 'A' sewn into her clothes.<ref>Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: Pocket, 2004. ISBN 0743487567 pg. 136</ref> This all comes from a general Hebrew view inherited by Christianity which associates red with the blood of murder, as well as with guilt in general.<ref>Atwater, Edward. Sacred Tabernacle of the Hebrews. City: Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2004. ISBN 141797818X pg. 223</ref> Another popular example of this is in the phrase "caught ''red-handed''", meaning either caught in an act of crime or caught with the blood of murder still on one's hands.<ref name = oed/> At one point, red was associated with [[prostitutes]], or now, with brothels ([[red-light districts]]).<ref>Haarmann, Harald. Language in Its Cultural Embedding. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990. ISBN 0899255833 pg. 13</ref><ref>Delaney, Carol. Investigating Culture. Cambridge: Blackwell Pub, 2004. ISBN 0631222375 pg. 324</ref> Statistics have shown that red cars are more likely to be involved in accidents.<ref>Kopacz, Jeanne. Color in Three-Dimensional Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. ISBN 0071411704 pg. 76</ref> Red may also represent the [[Seven Deadly Sins|deadly sin]] wrath. [[Satan]] is usually depicted as colored red and/or wearing a red costume in both iconography and popular culture.<ref name=christian>Steffler, Alva. Symbols of the Christian Faith. City: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002. ISBN 0802846769 pg. 132</ref> The color red is associated with lust, passion, love, and beauty as well. The association with love and beauty is possibly related to the use of red roses as a love symbol.<ref>Sebeok, Thomas and Marcel Danesi. The Forms of Meaning: Modeling Systems Theory and Semiotic Analysis. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. ISBN 3110167514 pgs. 150-152</ref> Both the Greeks and the Hebrews considered red a symbol of love, as well as sacrifice.<ref>Dreyfuss, Henry. Symbol Sourcebook. New York: Wiley, 1984. ISBN 0471288721 pg. 239</ref> ===Courage and sacrifice=== Red is also used as a symbol of courage and sacrifice, as in blood spilt in sacrifice or courage in the face of lethal danger.<ref name = feisner>Feisner, Edith. Colour. City: King Laurence Publis, 2006. ISBN 1856694410 pg. 127</ref> Examples of this are found in the flags of many nations including the [[United States]], as well as in the novel ''[[The Red Badge of Courage]]'', in which a soldier in the [[American Civil War]] discovers the meaning of courage.<ref>Hoffman, Danlel. The Poetry of Stephen Crane. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. ISBN 0231086628 pg. 150</ref> Besides the association with guilt previously mentioned, in [[Christianity]], red represents the color of Christian [[martyrs]] who suffered death for their faith. It is sometimes used for [[Holy Thursday]] and during [[Eastertide]]. In [[Roman Catholic]] tradition it is used for all feast days of Christian martyrs as well as [[Palm Sunday]] in anticipation of the death of Jesus.<ref name=christian/> Along the same lines, red is associated in [[Roman mythology]] with the god of war, [[Mars (god)|Mars]].<ref name = feisner/> A Roman general receiving a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Triumphus.html | title = Triumphus | first = William | last = Ramsay | accessdate = 2007-12-09 | year = 1875 }}</ref> The phrase "red-blooded" describes someone who is audacious, robust, or virile.<ref name = oed/> In English [[heraldry]], red (called [[gules]]) denoted ardent affection or love, while crimson (blood-color) stood for boldness, enthusiasm, or impetuosity.<ref>The American Girls Handy Book, p. 369-370</ref> [[Psychic]]s who claim to be able to observe the [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] with their [[third eye]] report that someone with a red aura is typically someone who is in an [[wikt:occupation|occupation]] requiring vibrant [[health]] and vigorous physical exertion, such as a [[professional]] [[List of sportspersons|sportsperson]], a [[personal trainer]], or a [[manual labor]]er.<ref> [[Swami Panchadasi]] ''The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms'' Des Plaines, Illinois, USA:1912--Yogi Publications Society Page 31</ref> ===Warning=== [[Image:Stop sign MUTCD.svg|thumb|[[Stop sign]] used in various countries. The shape and color red is used nearly universally today.]] [[Image:Sunset with funnel clouds.jpg|thumb|''[[Weather lore#Red sky at night|Red sky at night]], sailor's delight.'']] Red catches people's attention, and is often used either in a negative way to indicate danger and emergency, or in a positive way in advertising to gain more viewers, or in nature, as a ripe fruit announces its readiness with its red color.<ref>Judd, Charles Hubbard. Psychology: General Introduction. Pgs. 131-132</ref> Several studies have indicated that red carries the strongest reaction of all the colors, with the level of reaction decreasing gradually with orange, yellow, and white, respectively.<ref>(Editor), S. Contemporary Ergonomics 1996. Boca Raton: CRC, 1996. ISBN 0748405496 pgs. 148-150</ref> Because of this, scientists have repeatedly recommended red for warning signals, labels, and signs. Because of these recommendations, red has seen widespread use as a danger signal, in stop signs, to warn people of extreme heat or flammability, and even to signal warnings in sports such as soccer (see: [[penalty card]]).<ref>Karwowski, Waldemar. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Second Edition - 3 Volume Set. Boca Raton: CRC, 2006. ISBN 041530430X pg. 1518</ref> It may also represent [[fire]] and so may symbolize the presence of God. It is the [[Liturgy|liturgical]] color for [[Pentecost]].<ref name=christian/> ===In other traditions=== In [[China]], red is the symbol of [[fire (classical element)|fire]] and the [[south]] (both south in general and Southern China specifically). It carries a largely positive connotation, being associated with courage, loyalty, honor, success, fortune, fertility, happiness, passion, and summer.<ref>Li Sujun (李素军), [http://www.hercity.com/enews/news/200708/0015_1242519177.html China Red (中国红)]. (In Chinese.)</ref><ref>Sherida Davis-Bryan, [http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/joe/bryan1.html A Call to Arms: A Comparison of the Semiotics of the Peking Revolutionary Opera and 9/11 Media Images]</ref><ref name = graphics>Cullen, Cheryl. Global Graphics. Gloucester: Rockport Publishers, 2000. ISBN 1564962938 pg. 147</ref> In Chinese cultural traditions, red is associated with weddings (where brides traditionally wear red dresses) and red paper is also frequently used to wrap gifts of money or other things. Special red packets called [[hong bao]] are specifically used during the [[Chinese New Year]] to give monetary gifts. On the more negative end, obituaries are traditionally written in red ink, and to write someone's name in red signals either cutting them out of your life, or that they have died.<ref name = graphics/> Red is also associated with both the feminine [[yin]] and the masculine [[yang]], depending on the source.<ref name = graphics/><ref>Hodge, Bob and Kam Louie. The Politics of Chinese Language and Culture. New York: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0415172667 pg. 132</ref> In [[Japan]], red is a traditional color for a heroic figure.<ref name=cvg.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=17957 |title=PS2 News: CVG goes straight to hell with Devil May Cry director - ComputerAndVideoGames.com: |accessdate=2007-10-14 |format= |work= }}</ref> In the [[Indian Sub-continent]], red is the traditional color of bridal dresses, and is frequently represented in the media as a symbolic color for married women. The color is associated with sexuality in marriage relationships through its connection to heat and fertility.<ref>Lamb, Sarah. White Saris and Sweet Mangoes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. ISBN 0520220013 pg. 188</ref> It is also the color of wealth, beauty, and the goddess [[Lakshmi]].<ref name = feisner/> In Central [[Africa]], [[Ndembu]] warriors rub themselves with red during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black, but not as good as white.<ref>Banton, Michael. Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0415330211 pg. 57</ref> In other parts of Africa, however, red is a color of mourning, representing death.<ref>Bradley, Carolyn. Western World Costume. New York: Dover Publications, 2001. ISBN 048641986X pg. 8</ref> Because of the connection red bears with death in many parts of Africa, the [[Red Cross]] has changed its colors to [[green]] and white in parts of the continent.<ref>Austin, Erica and Bruce Pinkleton. Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Programs. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006. ISBN 0805853812 pg. 301</ref> In various nations, red, along with green, is considered a [[Christmas]] color. ==Nationality and politics== ===Flags=== [[Image:Redflags.svg|thumb|500px|'''Countries with red flags:'''. {{col-begin}}{{col-break}} {{Legend|#000080|based on the [[w:Union Flag|Union Flag]].}} {{Legend|#800000|blood shed for independence from Spain.}} {{Legend|#12c649|[[w:Nordic Cross|Nordic Cross]].}} {{Legend|#fc8e8e|[[w:Pan-Slavic colours|Pan-Slavic colors]].}} {{col-break}} {{Legend|#008000|[[w:Pan-Arab colors|Pan-Arab colors]].}} {{Legend|#000000|[[w:Pan-African colours|Pan-African colors]].}} {{Legend|#ff6600|[[w:Communism|Communism]].}} {{Legend|#ff0000|other reasons.}} {{col-end}} <br/>''Note: The red in [[w:Flag of South Africa|South Africa's flag]] can be attributed to the Union Flag as well as Pan-African colors.'' <br/>''Note: The [[w:Flag of Georgia (country)|flag of Georgia]] contains [[w:St George's Cross|St. George's Cross]], but not because of the Union Flag.'' <br/>''Note: The [[Flag of Rwanda]] no longer uses red as of [[2001]] due to its association with the [[Rwandan Genocide]].'']] Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags throughout the world. On these flags it carries the same meanings which it does anywhere else: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country, the sun and the hope and warmth it brings, and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries which once belonged to the former British Empire. The [[Union Flag|British flag]] bears the colors red, white and blue. red is represented by two crosses, the [[St. George's Cross]] and the diagonal cross of [[St. Patrick's Flag]].<ref>ISBN 0868406996 pg. 10</ref> The [[Flag of the United States|United States flag]] bears the colors of Britain,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www1.va.gov/opa/feature/celebrate/Flag.asp| title=The United States Flag - Public and Intergovernmental Affairs| work=United States Department of Veterans Affairs| accessdate=December 7| accessyear=2006}}</ref> and other countries' flags, such as those of [[Flag of Australia|Australia]] and [[Flag of Fiji|Fiji]], carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country.<ref>ISBN 0868406996 pgs. 13-20</ref> Former colonies of Spain, such as [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]], also feature red, one of the colors of the Spanish flag, on their own banners. Red, along with blue and white is also one of the [[Pan-Slavic colors]] adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially, these were the colors of the Russian flag, but as the Slavic movement grew, other slavic nations began adopting them, such as the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Yugoslavia]]. In addition to this, red, white, and black are the colors of [[Pan-Arabism]], and are used by many Arab countries.<ref name = flags>[http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/flags/colors.shtml Colors as Symbols in Flags: EnchantedLearning.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Red is one of the four colors (along with gold, green, and black) of [[Pan-Africanism]]. Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including [[South Africa]], [[Ghana]], [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Togo]], [[Guinea]], [[Benin]], and [[Zimbabwe]]. The [[Pan-African colours|Pan-African colors]] are borrowed from the [[Flag of Ethiopia|Ethiopian flag]], one of the oldest independent African countries.<ref>Murrell, Nathaniel et.al. Chanting down Babylon. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998. ISBN 1566395844 pg. 135</ref><ref name = flags/> Rwanda, notably, removed red from [[Flag of Rwanda|its flag]] after the [[Rwandan Genocide]], because Pan-Africanism was so strongly associated with the event and because of red's association with blood.<ref>[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/rw-ad01.html#var Rwandan: Adoption of the new flag<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Political movements=== [[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|thumb|The [[red flag]] of the former [[Soviet Union]].]] Even before Europe's [[Revolutions of 1848]], "Socialist" red was used as a color of European [[Revolution]]aries, often in the form of the [[red flag]]. It was also used by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]]'s ''camicie rosse'' ("[[redshirts (military history)|redshirts]]") in the Italian [[Risorgimento]], and taken up by [[Left-wing politics|Leftist]] and generally [[revolutionary]] groups, while the [[white]] of legitimist [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] partisans became associated with pre-[[World War I]] [[conservatism|conservative]]s. This relates to the term "Blood of the workers", representing the suffering of the [[proletariat]]. For instance the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War in Russia]] and the [[Civil War in Finland]] were fought between the "[[Red Army]]" and various "[[White Armies]]". The [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] are the oldest professional baseball team, dating back to 1869. The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the [[Atlanta Braves]], but its name survives as the origin for both the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and [[Boston Red Sox]]. During the 1950s when red was so strongly associated with [[communism]], the modern Cincinnati team was known as the "Redlegs" and the term was even used on baseball cards. After the red scare faded, the team was known as the Reds again.<ref>ISBN 0415925991 pg. XIII</ref> The identification of [[Communism]] with "Socialist" red (with the [[red flag]] being the primary color of the flag of the [[Soviet Union]]) and the [[red star]] being a Communist [[emblem]] led to such [[Cold War]] phrases as "the Red Menace" and "[[People's Republic of China|Red China]]" (distinguished from [[Republic of China|Nationalist China]], "Free China," or ''Taiwan''). China's ''de-facto'' anthem under [[Mao Zedong]] was ''[[The East is Red]].'' [[Mao Zedong]] was sometimes referred to as a "red sun". The color was also associated with political vehicles such as the [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] in China and the [[Red Guards (Russia)|Red Guard]]s during the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] as well as with left wing paramilitary terrorist groups such as the [[Red Army Faction]] in [[Germany]] and the [[Japanese Red Army]]. Red remains associated with parties on the left of the political spectrum. However, in the [[United States]], a [[Red states and blue states|red state]] is one whose population predominantly supports the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. Red and black are colors associated with [[anarchism]], and, specifically, [[anarcho-syndicalism]]. ==Pigments== <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Alizarin]] * [[Brazilin]] * [[Carmine]] * [[Crimson]] * [[Indian red]] * [[Mercury oxide]] * [[Red lead]] * [[Red ochre]] * [[Scarlet (color)|Scarlet]] * [[Vermilion]] </div> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==See also== * [[List of colors]] {{EMSpectrum}} {{web colors}} {{Shades of red|*}} ==External links== {{sisterlinks|red}} *[http://www.sensationalcolor.com/content/view/1062/144/ All About The Color Red] [[Category:Optical spectrum]] [[af:Rooi (kleur)]] [[ar:أحمر]] [[an:Royo]] [[arc:ܣܘܡܩܐ]] [[ast:Bermeyu]] [[gn:Pytã]] [[ay:Chupika]] [[az:Qırmızı]] [[zh-min-nan:Âng-sek]] [[bs:Crvena]] [[bg:Червен цвят]] [[ca:Roig]] [[ce:ЦIен]] [[cs:Červená]] [[cy:Coch]] [[da:Rød]] [[de:Rot]] [[et:Punane]] [[el:Κόκκινο]] [[es:Rojo]] [[eo:Ruĝa]] [[eu:Gorri]] [[fa:سرخ]] [[fr:Rouge]] [[gl:Vermello]] [[ko:빨강]] [[hak:Fùng-set]] [[hr:Crvena]] [[id:Merah]] [[is:Rauður]] [[it:Rosso]] [[he:אדום]] [[hi:लाल]] [[jv:Abang]] [[ht:Wouj]] [[ku:Sor]] [[la:Ruber]] [[lb:Rout]] [[lt:Raudona]] [[ln:Ngóla (motáné)]] [[jbo:xunre]] [[hu:Vörös]] [[mt:Aħmar]] [[mr:निळा]] [[ms:Merah]] [[nah:Chīchīltic]] [[nl:Rood (kleur)]] [[ja:赤]] [[no:Rød]] [[nn:Raud]] [[nrm:Rouoge]] [[pl:Barwa czerwona]] [[pt:Vermelho]] [[ro:Roşu]] [[qu:Puka]] [[ru:Красный цвет]] [[sc:Arrùbiu]] [[scn:Russu]] [[simple:Red]] [[sk:Červená]] [[sl:Rdeča]] [[sr:Црвена боја]] [[su:Beureum]] [[fi:Punainen]] [[sv:Röd]] [[ta:சிவப்பு]] [[th:สีแดง]] [[vi:Đỏ]] [[tg:Сурх]] [[tr:Kırmızı]] [[bug:Celak]] [[uk:Червоний колір]] [[ur:سرخ]] [[yi:רויט]] [[zh-yue:紅]] [[bat-smg:Rauduona]] [[zh:红色]]