Red Sea
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:''This article is about the body of water. For other meanings see [[Red Sea (disambiguation)]].''
[[Image:Red Sea.png|thumb|256px|Location of the Red Sea]]
The '''Red Sea''' is a [[salt water]] [[inlet]] of the [[Indian Ocean]] between [[Africa]] and [[Asia]]. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the [[Bab el Mandeb]] sound and the [[Gulf of Aden]]. In the north are the [[Sinai Peninsula]], the [[Gulf of Aqaba]], and the [[Gulf of Suez]] (leading to the [[Suez Canal]]). The Red Sea is a [[Global 200]] ecoregion.
Occupying a part of the [[Great Rift Valley]], the Red Sea has a surface area of about 438,000 km² (169,100 square miles ). It is roughly 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point at 355 km (220.6 miles) wide. It has a maximum depth of 2211 m (7254 ft) in the central median trench and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 feet ), but there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and [[coral]]s. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 [[invertebrate]] species and 200 soft and hard corals and is [[the world's northernmost]] tropical sea.
==Name==
[[Image:Elifaz 152PAN.jpg|thumb|centre|800px|[[Eilat]] and the Red Sea with [[Jordan]] on the other side]]
Red Sea is a direct translation of the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''Erythra Thalassa'' ({{polytonic|Ερυθρά Θάλασσα}}), [[Latin]] ''Mare Rubrum'', [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{Unicode|''Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar'' (البحر الأحمر), and [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] ''Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī'' (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ)}}.
The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured [[cyanobacteria]] ''[[Trichodesmium|Trichodesmium erythraeum]]'' near the water's surface.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9106296 |title= Red Sea | accessdate=2008-01-14 | work= Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Some suggest that it refers to the mineral-rich red [[mountain]]s nearby which are called Harei Edom (הרי אדום). ''[[Edom]]'', meaning "ruddy complexion", is also an alternative [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] name for the red-faced biblical character [[Esau]] (brother of [[Jacob]]), and the nation descended from him, the [[Edomites]], which in turn provides yet another possible origin for ''Red Sea''.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Another hypothesis is that the name comes from the [[Himyarite]], a local group whose own name means ''red''.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Yet another theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name ''red'' is referring to the direction south, the same way the [[Black Sea]]'s name may refer to north. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the [[cardinal directions]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. [[Herodotus]] on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.<ref>Schmitt 1996</ref>
A final theory suggests that it was named so because it borders the Egyptian Desert which the [[ancient Egypt]]ians called the ''Dashret'' or "red land"; therefore it would have been the sea of the red land.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
The association of the Red Sea with the [[Bible|Biblical]] account of [[the Exodus]], in particular in the [[Passage of the Red Sea]], goes back to the [[Septuagint]] translation of the book of [[Exodus]] from [[Hebrew]] into [[Koine]], in which Hebrew ''[[Yam Suph]]'' (ים סוף), meaning [[Reed Sea]], is translated as ''Erythra Thalassa'' (Red Sea). ''Yam Suph'' is also the name for the Red Sea in modern Hebrew.
==History==
The earliest known exploration expeditions of the Red Sea were conducted by [[Ancient Egypt]]ians seeking to establish commercial routes to [[Land of Punt|Punt]]. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC and another around 1500 BC. Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fernandez-Armesto |first= Felipe |title= Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |year= 2006 |publisher= W.W. Norton & Company |isbn= 0-393-06259-7 |pages= p. 24}}</ref>
The [[Bible|Biblical]] book of [[Exodus]] tells the story of the [[Israelites|Israelites']] miraculous [[Passage of the Red Sea|crossing of a body of water]] which the Hebrew text calls ''[[Yam Suph]],'' traditionally identified as the Red Sea. The account is part of the Israelites' [[The Exodus|escape from slavery in Egypt]], and is [[Passage of the Red Sea|told in Exodus 13:17--15:21.]] (For another possible translation of ''Yam Suph,'' see [[Reed Sea|Sea of Reeds.]])
In the 6th century BC [[Darius the Great of Persia|Darius I]] of [[Persian Empire|Persia]] sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the [[Nile]] and the northern end of the Red Sea at [[Suez]]. In the late 4th century BC [[Alexander the Great]] sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. [[Agatharchides]] collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]], written sometime around the 1st century AD, contain a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fernandez-Armesto |first= Felipe |title= Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |year= 2006 |publisher= W.W. Norton & Company |isbn= 0-393-06259-7 |pages= pp. 32-33}}</ref> The Periplus also describes how [[Hippalus]] first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India.
The Red Sea was favored for [[Roman trade with India]] starting with the reign of [[Augustus]], when the [[Roman Empire]] gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the [[Aksumite Empire]] around the 3rd century AD.<ref>{{cite book |last= East |first= W. Gordon |title= The Geography behind History |year= 1965 |publisher= W.W. Norton & Company |isbn= 0-393-00419-8 |pages= pp. 174-175}}</ref>
During medieval times the Red Sea was an important part of the [[Spice trade]] route.
In 1798, [[France]] charged General [[Bonaparte]] with invading Egypt and capturing the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer J.B. [[Lepere]], who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the [[Pharaohs]]. Several canals were built in ancient times, but none lasted for long. The [[Suez Canal]] was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts. The posts were gradually dismantled following the [[First World War]]. After the [[Second World War]], the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the [[Six Day War]] culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable.
==Oceanography==
[[Image:Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bathymetric map of the Red Sea]]
The Red Sea lies between arid land, [[desert]] and semi-desert. The main reasons for the better development of reef systems along the Red Sea is because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern, The Red Sea water mass exchanges its water with the [[Arabian Sea]], [[Indian Ocean]] via the [[Gulf of Aden]]. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation and cold water in the north and relatively hot water in the south.
'''Climate:''' The [[climate]] of the Red Sea is the result of two distinct monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of the differential heating between the land surface and sea. Very high surface temperatures coupled with high salinities makes this one of the hottest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about {{convert|26|C|F|0|lk=on}} in the north and {{convert|30|C|F|0|}} in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is {{convert|22|C|F|0|}}. The [[rainfall]] over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low averaging {{convert|0.06|m|in|2|abbr=on}} per year; the rain is mostly in the form of showers of short spells often associated with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust [[storms]]. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in the excess evaporation as high as {{convert|205|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation.
'''Salinity:''' The Red Sea is one of the most saline water bodies in the world, due to the effects of the water circulation pattern, resulting from evaporation and wind stress. Salinity ranges between 3.6 and 3.8%.
'''Tidal range:''' In general tide ranges between {{convert|0.6|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and {{convert|0.9|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between {{convert|0.20|m|ft|2|abbr=on}} and {{convert|0.30|m|ft|2|abbr=on}} away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred meters rather than inundating the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as {{convert|3|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} whereas, north of Jeddah in the Al-kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as {{convert|2|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}. The prevailing north and northeastern winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is {{convert|0.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1-2 m/s (3–6.5 ft/s).
'''Current:''' In the Red Sea detailed current data is lacking, partially because they are weak and variable both spatially and temporally. Temporal and spatial currents variation is as low as {{convert|0.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} and are governed mostly by wind. In summer NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15-20 cm/s (6–8 in/s)., whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the northern end of the Red Sea. Generally the velocity of the tidal current is between 50-60 cm/s (20–23.6 in/s) with a maximum of {{convert|1|m/s|ft|1|abbr=on}}. at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8-29 cm/s (3–11.4 in/s).
'''Wind Regime:''' With the exception of the northern part of the Red Sea, which is dominated by persistent north-west [[winds]], with speeds ranging between {{convert|7|km/h|mph|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|12|km/h|mph|1|abbr=on}}., the rest of the Red Sea and the [[Gulf of Aden]] are subjected to the influence of regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind [[regime]] is characterized by both seasonal and regional variations in [[speed]] and [[Direction (geometry, geography)|direction]] with average speed generally increasing northward.
Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea for transporting the material either as suspension or as bedload. Wind induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in initiating the process of resuspension of bottom sediments and transfer of materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind generated current [[measurement]] is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.
==Geology==
[[Image:Dust red sea.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Dust storm]] over the Red Sea]]
The Red Sea formed by [[Arabia]] splitting from [[Africa]] due to [[plate tectonics]]. This split started in the [[Eocene]] and accelerated during the [[Oligocene]]. The sea is still widening and it is considered that the sea will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of [[John Tuzo Wilson]]).
Sometime during the [[Tertiary]] period the [[Bab el Mandeb]] closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would be:-
*A "race" between the Red Sea widening and [[Perim Island]] [[volcano|erupting]] filling the Bab el Mandeb with [[lava]].
*The lowering of world [[sea level]] during the [[Ice Age]]s due to much water being locked up in the [[ice cap]]s.
Today surface water temperatures remain relatively constant at 21–25 [[Celsius|°C]] (70–77 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]) and temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (656 ft), but the sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.
In terms of salinity, the Red Sea is greater than the world average, approximately 4 percent. This is due to several factors: 1) high rate of evaporation and very little precipitation, 2) a lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea, and 3) limited connection with the Indian Ocean (and its lower water salinity).
A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant, but in 2007, [[Jabal al-Tair island]] erupted violently.
==Living resources==
[[Image:Anthia goldfish.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Red Sea coral and marine fish]]
The Red Sea is a rich and diverse [[ecosystem]]. More than [[Fish of the Red Sea|1100 species of fish]]<ref name="fishbase">FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly</ref> have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else.<ref>Siliotti, A. (2002) ''fishes of the red sea'' Verona, Geodia ISBN 88-87177-42-2</ref> This also includes around 75 species of [[List of deep water fish of the Red Sea|deepwater fish]].<ref name="fishbase"/> The rich diversity is in part due to the {{convert|2000|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} of [[coral reef]] extending along its [[coastline]]; these [[fringing reef]]s are 5000-7000 years old and are largely formed of stony [[acropora]] and [[porites]] corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes [[lagoon]]s along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the [[Blue Hole (Red Sea)]] at [[Dahab]]). These coastal reefs are also visited by [[pelagic]] species of red sea fish, including some of the [[List of red sea sharks|44 species of shark]].
The special [[biodiversity]] of the area is recognised by the [[Egypt]]ian government, who set up the [[Ras Mohammed|Ras Mohammed National Park]] in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local wildlife, which has become a major draw for tourists, in particular for [[Scuba diving|diving]] enthusiasts.
[[Scuba diving|Divers]] and [[snorkeller]]s should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are [[Red Sea species hazardous to humans|hazardous to humans]].<ref name="book2">Lieske, E. and Myers, R.F. (2004) ''Coral reef guide; Red Sea'' London, HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-715986-2</ref>
Other marine habitats include [[sea grass]] beds, [[salt pans]], [[mangrove]]s and [[salt marsh]]es.
==Mineral resources==
In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
*Biogenic constituents:
:Nannofossils, [[foraminifera]], [[pteropod]]s, siliceous fossils
*Volcanogenic constituents:
:[[Tuff]]ites, [[volcanic ash]], [[montmorillonite]], [[cristobalite]], [[zeolite]]s
*Terrigenous constituents:
:[[Quartz]], [[feldspar]]s, rock fragments, [[mica]], heavy minerals, [[clay minerals]]
*Authigenic minerals:
:[[Sulfide mineral]]s, [[aragonite]], Mg-[[calcite]], protodolomite, [[dolomite]], quartz, [[chalcedony]].
*Evaporite minerals:
:[[Magnesite]], [[gypsum]], [[anhydrite]], [[halite]], [[polyhalite]]
*Brine precipitate:
:Fe-montmorillonite, [[goethite]], [[hematite]], [[siderite]], [[rhodochrosite]], [[pyrite]], [[sphalerite]], anhydrite.
==Desalination plants==
{{unreferencedsect|date=June 2008}}
There is extensive demand of desalinated water to meet the requirement of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.
There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals (chlorine and anti-scalants) that may cause bleaching and mortality of corals and diseases to the fish stocks. Although this is only a localized phenomenon, it may intensify with time and have a profound impact on the fishing industry.
The water from the Red Sea is also utilized by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling purposes. Used water drained back into the coastal zones may cause harm to the nearshore environment of the Red Sea.
== Facts and figures at a glance ==
:* Length: ~{{convert|2250|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} - 79% of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets
:* Maximum Width: ~ 306–355 km (190–220 mi)– Massawa (Eritrea)
:* Minimum Width: ~ 26–29 km (16–18 mi)- [[Bab el Mandeb]] Strait (Yemen)
:* Average Width: ~ {{convert|280|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}
:* Average Depth: ~ {{convert|490|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}
:* Maximum Depth: ~{{convert|2211|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}
:* Surface Area: 438-450 x 10² km² (16,900–17,400 sq mi)
:* Volume: 215–251 x 10³ km³ (51,600–60,200 cu mi)
:* Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (under 100 m/330 ft), and about 25% is under {{convert|50|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} deep.
:* About 15% of the Red Sea is over {{convert|1000|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} depth that forms the deep axial trough.
:* Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs
:* Continental slope has an irregular profile (series of steps down to ~{{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=/}})
:* Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough (~ {{convert|1000|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=/}}; some deeps may exceed {{convert|2500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=/}})
==Some of the research cruises in the Red Sea==
Numerous research cruises have been conducted:
:*Arabia Felix (1761-1767)
:*Vitiaz (1886-1889)
:*Valdivia (1898-1894)
:*Pola (1897-98) Southern Red Sea and (1895/96 – Northern Red Sea
:*Ammiraglio Magnaghi (1923/24)
:*Snellius (1929 –1930)
:*Mabahiss (1933-1934 and 1934-1935)
:*Albatross (1948)
:*Manihine (1849 and 1952)
:*Calypso (1955)
:*Atlantis and [[Research Vessel Vema|Vema]] (1958)
:*Xarifa (1961)
:*Meteor (1961)
:*Glomar Challenger (1971)
:*Sonne (1997)
:*Meteor (1999)
==Tourism==
{{unreferencedsect|date=June 2008}}
The sea is known for its spectacular [[Scuba diving|dive]] [[diving locations|sites]] such as [[Ras Mohammed]], [[SS Thistlegorm]] (shipwreck), [[Elphinstone, Egypt|Elphinstone]], [[The Brothers, Egypt|The Brothers]], [[Dolphin Reef]] and [[Rocky Island]] in [[Egypt]] and less known sites in [[Sudan]] such as [[Sanganeb]], [[Abington, Sudan|Abington]], [[Angarosh]] and [[Shaab Rumi]] (see photo above).
The Red Sea became known a sought-after diving destination after the expeditions of [[Hans Hass]] in the 1950s, and later by [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]]. Popular tourist resorts include [[El Gouna]], [[Hurghada]], [[Safaga]], [[Marsa Alam]], on the western shore of the Red Sea, and [[Sharm-El-Sheikh]], [[Dahab]], and [[Taba]] on the [[Egypt|Egyptian]] side of [[Sinaï]], as well as [[Eilat]], in [[Israel]] in an area known as the [[Red Sea Riviera]].
Tourism in the South of Red Sea is presently considered risky because of the presence of pirates originating from uncontrolled zones of [[Eritrea]] and [[Somalia]]. Large vessels such as [[cargo|cargoes]] are sometimes attacked by high-speed boats heavily armed. The situation is even worse in the [[Gulf_of_Aden#Crime_and_terror_in_the_Gulf|Gulf of Aden]] between [[Somalia]] and [[Yemen]].
==Bordering countries==
[[Image:Tihama.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Tihama]] on the Red Sea near Khaukha, [[Yemen]]]]
Bordering countries are:
* Northern shore:
** [[Egypt]]
** [[Israel]]
** [[Jordan]]
* Western shore:
** [[Egypt]]
** [[Sudan]]
** [[Eritrea]]
* Eastern shore:
** [[Saudi Arabia]]
** [[Yemen]]
* Southern shore:
** [[Djibouti]]
** [[Eritrea]]
==Towns and cities==
Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast include:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Aqaba]] (العقبة)
* {{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Hirgigo]] (ሕርጊጎ)
* {{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Asseb]] (ዓሳብ)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Dahab]] (دهب)
* {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Eilat]] (אילת)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[El Gouna]] (الجونة)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Hala'ib]] (حلايب)
{{col-4}}
* {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Al Hudaydah]] (الحديدة)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Hurghada]] (الغردقة)
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] (جدة)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Marsa Alam]] (مرسى علم)
* {{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Massawa]] (ምጽዋ)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Nuweiba]] (نويبع)
{{col-4}}
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Port Safaga]] (ميناء سفاجا)
* {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Port Sudan]] (بورت سودان)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Sharm el Sheikh]] (شرم الشيخ)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Soma Bay]] (سوما باي)
* {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Suakin]] (سواكن)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Suez|El Suweis]] (السويس)
{{col-4}}
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Taba (Egypt)|Taba]] (طابا)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Al-Qusair]] (القصير)
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Yanbu]] (ينبع)
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Dhuba]] (ضبا)
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Umluj]] (أملج)
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Alwajh]] (الوجه)
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Alqunfutha]] (القنفذة)
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Alleeth]] (الليث)
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Arrayes]] (الرايس)
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Rabigh]] (رابغ)
{{col-end}}
==See also==
* [[Benjamin Kahn]]
* {{MV|al-Salam Boccaccio 98}} ferry disaster
* [[Passage of the Red Sea]]
* [[Red Sea dam]]
* [[Red Sea Riviera]]
* [[Robert Moresby]]
==References==
<references/>
*Hamblin, W. Kenneth, and Eric H. Christiansen. ''Earth's Dynamic Systems'', 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-13-745373-6
==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Red Sea}}
* {{wikitravel}}
{{coor title dm|22|00|N|38|00|E|region:EG_type:adm1st}}
[[Category:Red Sea| ]]
[[Category:Gulfs of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Underwater diving sites]]
[[Category:Landforms of Africa]]
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[[Category:Great Rift Valley]]
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[[Category:Marginal seas of the Indian Ocean]]
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