Reference ranges for blood tests
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A '''[[reference range]]''' is a set of values used by a [[health professional]] to interpret a set of [[medical test]] results. The range is usually defined as the set of values 95% of the normal population falls within.
The reference range will vary, depending on the age, sex and race of a population, and even the instruments the [[medical laboratory|laboratory]] uses to perform the tests. Furthermore, by definition, 5% of the normal population will fall outside the reference range.
==Clinical biochemistry==
* Items marked with a ** are part of "CHEM-7"<ref name="MedlineChem7">{{MedlinePlus|003462}}</ref> and CHEM-20
* Items marked with a * are part of "CHEM-20"<ref name="MedlineChem20">{{MedlinePlus|003468}}</ref>, but not CHEM-7
===Electrolytes and Metabolites===
[[Electrolyte]]s and [[Metabolism|Metabolite]]s:
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test''' <ref name=burtisUnless>Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: {{cite book |author=Ashwood, Edward R.; Tietz, Norbert W.; Burtis, Carl A. |title=Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=1994 |edition=2nd edition|pages= |isbn=0-7216-4472-4 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>
|'''Patient type'''
|'''Lower limit''' <ref name=burtisUnless/>
|'''Upper limit'''<ref name=burtisUnless/>
|'''Unit'''
|'''Comments'''
|-
| ** [[Sodium]] (Na) || || 135<ref name=firstaid/>-137<ref name=southwest/> || 145<ref name=southwest/>-147<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/> ||
|-
| ** [[Potassium]] (K) || || 3.5<ref name=firstaid/>-3.6<ref name=southwest/> || 5.0<ref name=southwest/><ref name=firstaid/>-5.1 || mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/> ||
|-
| [[Chloride]] (Cl) || || 95<ref name=firstaid/>-98 || 105<ref name=firstaid/>-107 || mmol/L or mEg/L<ref name=firstaid/> ||
|-
| [[Plasma osmolality|Osmolality]] || || 275<ref name=firstaid/> || 295<ref name=firstaid/> || mOsm/kg ||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Urea]] ||rowspan=2| || 1.2<ref name=firstaid/>-2.5 || 3.0<ref name=firstaid/>-6.4 || mmol/L ||rowspan=2| ** BUN - [[blood urea nitrogen]]
|-
| 7<ref name=firstaid/> || 18<ref name=firstaid/>-21<ref name=southwest/> || mg/dL
|-
|rowspan=2| * [[Uric acid]]<ref name=southwest/> ||rowspan=2| || 0.18<ref name=firstaid/> || 0.48<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L ||
|-
| 3.0<ref name=firstaid/>3.5 || 8.2<ref name=firstaid/>-8.5 || mg/dL ||
|-
|rowspan=4| ** [[Creatinine]] ||rowspan=2| male || 62 || 115 || μmol/L || May be complemented with [[creatinine clearance]]
|-
| 0.7 || 1.3 || mg/dL ||
|-
|rowspan=2| female || 53 || 97 || μmol/L ||
|-
| 0.6 || 1.1 || mg/dL ||
|-
|rowspan=2| ** [[Glucose]] (fasting) ||rowspan=2| || 3.8<ref name=firstaid/>-3.9 || 5.8-6.1<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L || ''See also'' [[glycosylated hemoglobin]]
|-
| 65<ref name=southwest/>-70<ref name=firstaid/> || 105-110<ref name=southwest/><ref name=firstaid/> || mg/dL ||
|-
|rowspan=4| Total [[serum iron]] (TSI) || male || 65<ref name=uimc> {{cite web |author=Slon S |title=Serum Iron |url=http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456 |date= 2006-09-22 |publisher=University of Illinois Medical Center |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref>-76<ref name=southwest/> || 176<ref name=uimc/>-198<ref name=southwest/> ||rowspan=5| µg/dL ||
|-
| female || 26<ref name=southwest/>-50<ref name=uimc/> || 170<ref name=uimc/><ref name=southwest/> ||
|-
| [[newborns]]<ref name=uimc/> || 100 || 250 ||
|-
| [[children]]<ref name=uimc/> || 50 || 120 ||
|-
| [[Total iron-binding capacity]] (TIBC) || || 240<ref name=uimc/>-262<ref name=southwest/> || 450<ref name=uimc/>-474<ref name=southwest/> ||
|-
| [[Transferrin]]<ref name=southwest/> || || 204 || 360 || mg/dL ||
|-
| [[Transferrin saturation]]<ref name=uimc/> || || 20 || 50 || % ||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Ferritin]]<ref name=southwest/> || Male || 18 || 250 ||rowspan=2| ng/mL ||
|-
| Female || 12 || 160 ||
|-
|}
===Acid and base===
{{See|Acid base physiology}}
{{see|Arterial blood gas}}
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
| [[pH]] || 7.34<ref name=southwest/>-7.35<ref name=firstaid/> || 7.44<ref name=southwest/>-7.45<ref name=firstaid/> || ||
|-
| <nowiki>[</nowiki>H<sup>+</sup><nowiki>]</nowiki> || 36<ref name=firstaid/> || 44<ref name=firstaid/> || nmol/L
|-
| [[base excess]] || -3 || +3 || ||
|-
|rowspan=2| P[[oxygen|O<sub>2</sub>]] || 10<ref name=firstaid/> || 13-14<ref name=firstaid/> || kPa ||
|-
| 75<ref name=southwest/><ref name=firstaid/> || 100<ref name=southwest/>-105<ref name=firstaid/> || [[mmHg]]
|-
|rowspan=2| ** P[[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] || 4.4<ref name=firstaid/>4.8 || 5.8-5.9<ref name=firstaid/> || kPa ||
|-
| 33<ref name=firstaid/>-35<ref name=southwest/> || 44<ref name=firstaid/>-45<ref name=southwest/> || mmHg ||
|-
| [[Carbonic acid|Bicarbonate]] (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sub>) || 18 || 23 || mmol/L ||
|-
| [[Standard bicarbonate concentration|Standard bicarbonate]] (SBC<sub>e</sub>) || 21-22<ref name=firstaid/> || 27-28<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/>||
|-
|}
===Liver function===
{{See|Liver function tests}}
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
|* [[Serum total protein|Total Protein]] || 60<ref name=firstaid/>-63<ref name=southwest/> || 78<ref name=firstaid/>-82<ref name=southwest/> || g/L ||
|-
|rowspan=2| * [[Serum albumin|Albumin]] || 35<ref>{{GPnotebook|288686147}}</ref><ref name=firstaid/> || 48-55<ref name=firstaid/> || g/L ||
|-
| 3.5<ref name=southwest/> || 4.8<ref name=southwest/> || U/L ||
|-
| [[Globulins]] || 23<ref name=firstaid/> || 35<ref name=firstaid/> || g/dL ||
|-
|rowspan=2| * Total [[Bilirubin]] || 2<ref name=firstaid/> || 17<ref name=firstaid/> || μmol/L ||
|-
| 0.1<ref name=firstaid/>-0.2<ref name=southwest/> || 1.0<ref name=firstaid/>-1.3<ref name=southwest/> || mg/dL
|-
|rowspan=2| * Direct Bilirubin || 0.0<ref name=firstaid/> || 5<ref name=firstaid/> || μmol/L ||
|-
| 0<ref name=southwest/><ref name=firstaid/> || 0.3<ref name=southwest/><ref name=firstaid/> || md/dL
|-
| * [[Alanine transaminase]] (ALT) || 7<ref name=southwest/>-8 <ref name=firstaid> Last page of {{cite book |author=Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas |title=First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1) |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-07-149868-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} </ref> || 20<ref name=firstaid/>, 40, 56<ref name=southwest/> || U/L || Also called ''serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase'' (SGPT)
|-
| * [[Alkaline phosphatase]] (ALP) || 20<ref name=firstaid/>-38<ref name=southwest/> || 70<ref name=firstaid/>-126<ref name=southwest/> || U/L || p-NPP at 30 degrees C<ref name=firstaid/> <br> Higher in children and pregnant women.
|-
| * [[Gamma glutamyl transferase]] (GGT) || 8<ref name=southwest/> || 50-78<ref name=southwest/> || U/L ||
|-
|}
===Cardiac tests===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
| [[Creatine kinase]] (CK) - male || 24<ref>{{GPnotebook|1436155929}}</ref>-38<ref name=southwest/> || 195 || U/L <br> or ng/mL ||
|-
| Creatine kinase (CK) - female || 24<ref>{{GPnotebook|1436155929}}</ref>-38<ref name=southwest/> || 170 || U/L ||
|-
| [[CK-MB]]<ref name=southwest/> || 0 || 3 || ng/mL ||
|-
| [[Troponin]]<ref name=southwest/> || 0 || 0.4 || ng/mL ||
|-
|}
===Other enzymes and proteins===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
| * [[Aspartate transaminase]] (AST) || 5<ref name=southwest/>-8<ref name=firstaid/> || 20<ref name=firstaid/>-35<ref name=southwest/> || U/L || Also called ''serum glutamic oxatoacetic transaminase'' (SGOT)
|-
| * [[Lactate dehydrogenase]] (LDH) || 85 || 285 || U/L ||
|-
| [[Amylase]] || 25<ref name=firstaid/>-30<ref name=southwest/> || 110<ref name=southwest/>, 120<ref>{{GPnotebook|309002307}}</ref>, 125<ref name=firstaid/> || U/L ||
|-
| [[C-reactive protein]] (CRP) || n/a || 5<ref>{{GPnotebook|946536472}}</ref> || mg/L ||
|-
| [[D-dimer]] || n/a || 500 || ng/mL ||
|-
| [[Lipase]]<ref name=southwest/> || 7 || 60 || U/L ||
|-
|}
===Other ions and trace metals===
{{See|Trace metals}}
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
| Ionised [[calcium]] (Ca) || 1.15 || 1.29 || mmol/L || Some calcium is bound to albumin, thus not measured by certain techniques.
|-
|rowspan=2| * Total calcium (Ca) || 2.1<ref name=firstaid/> || 2.8<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L ||
|-
| 8.4<ref name=firstaid/> || 10.2<ref name=firstaid/> || mg/dL ||
|-
| [[Phosphate]] (HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) || 0.8 || 1.5 <ref name=boron849> {{cite book |author=Walter F., PhD. Boron |title=Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |location= |year= |pages= |isbn=1-4160-2328-3 |oclc= |doi=}} Page 849 </ref> || mM ||
|-
|rowspan=2| Inorganic [[phosphorus]] (serum) || 1.0<ref name=firstaid/> || 1.5<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L ||
|-
| 3.0<ref name=firstaid/> || 4.5<ref name=firstaid/> || mg/dL ||
|-
| [[Copper]] (Cu) || 11<ref>{{GPnotebook|1040580630}}</ref> || 24 || μmol/L ||
|-
| [[Zinc]] (Zn) || 10 || 17 || μmol/L ||
|-
|}
===Lipids===
{{See|Blood lipids}}
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Triglyceride]]s || 0.4 || 2 || mmol/L ||
|-
| 50<ref name=southwest/> || 250<ref name=southwest/> || mg/dL ||
|-
|rowspan=2| * Total [[cholesterol]] || 3.6<ref name=firstaid/> || 5.0<ref name="GPcholesterol">{{GPnotebook|-214630397}}</ref>-6.5<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L ||
|-
| 120<ref name=southwest/>-140<ref name=firstaid/> || 200<ref name=southwest/>-250<ref name=firstaid/> || mg/dL
|-
| [[HDL cholesterol]] (male) || 0.7 || 1.9 || mmol/L ||
|-
| HDL cholesterol (female) || 0.9 || 2.4 || mmol/L ||
|-
| [[LDL cholesterol]] || 2.4 || 3<ref name="GPcholesterol" /> || mmol/L || Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L.
|-
|}
===Tumour markers===
{{See|Tumour markers}}
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Alpha fetoprotein]] (AFP) || n/a || 10 || kU/l ||
|-
| 0 || 44<ref name=southwest/> || ng/mL ||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin]] (AAT) || 20 || 53 || mmol/L ||
|-
| 150 || 350 || mg/dL ||
|-
| Beta [[Human chorionic gonadotrophin]] (bHCG) || n/a || 5<ref name=southwest/> || IU/l || in male and non-pregnant female
|-
| [[CA-125]] (also CA12.5) || n/a || 35 || U/ml ||
|-
| [[CA15.3]] || n/a || 28 || U/ml ||
|-
| [[CA19.9]] || n/a || 40<ref name=southwest/> || U/ml ||
|-
| [[Carcinoembryonic antigen]] (CEA) - non-smokers || n/a || 3 || μg/l ||
|-
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers || n/a || 5 || μg/l ||
|-
| [[Prostate specific antigen]] (PSA) || n/a || 4<ref name=southwest/> || μg/L ||
|-
|}
===Hormones===
{{See|Hormones}}
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
|[[Thyroid stimulating hormone]] (TSH) || 0.3 || 3.0 || mIU/L || Also called: Thyrotropin
|-
|rowspan=2| Free [[thyroxine]] (FT4) || 9 || 24 || pmol/L ||
|-
| 0.8<ref name=southwest/> || 1.5<ref name=southwest/> || ng/dL ||
|-
|rowspan=2| Total thyroxine ||60<ref name=manager/> || 140<ref name=manager/> || nmol/L ||
|-
| 5.5<ref name=southwest/> || 12.3<ref name=southwest/> || ng/mL ||
|-
|rowspan=2| Free [[triiodothyronine]] (FT3) || 2.5 || 5.3 || pmol/L ||
|-
| 0.2<ref name=manager/> || 0.5<ref name=manager/> || ng/dL ||
|-
|rowspan=2| Total [[triiodothyronine]] || 1.1<ref name=manager/> || 2.7<ref name=manager/> || nmol/L || Values in children may be higher <ref name=manager/>
|-
| 60<ref name=southwest/>-75<ref name=manager> [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter6/Ch-6b-2.htm Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays] - Thyroid Disease Manager</ref> || 175<ref name=manager/>-181<ref name=southwest/> || ng/dL<ref name=manager/> ||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone]] (ACTH) || 1.3 || 15 || pmol/L ||
|-
| 20<ref name=southwest/> || 100<ref name=southwest/> || pg/mL ||
|-
| [[Cortisol]] (0830 h) || 250 || 850 || nmol/L || Cortisol levels are higher in the morning than at night.
|-
| Cortisol (1630 h) || 110 || 390 || nmol/L ||
|-
| [[Growth hormone]] (fasting) || 0 || 5<ref name=firstaid/> || ng/mL ||
|-
| [[Growth hormone]] ([[arginine stimulation]]) || 7<ref name=firstaid/> || n/a || ng/mL ||
|-
| [[Prolactin]] (male) || n/a || 450 || mIU/L ||
|-
| Prolactin (female) || n/a || 580 || mIU/L ||
|-
| [[Testosterone]] (male) || 8 || 38 || nmol/L ||
|-
| Testosterone (male prepuberty) || 0.1 || 0.5 || nmol/L ||
|-
| Testosterone (female) || 0.3 || 2.5 || nmol/L ||
|-
|}
==Hematology==
===Red blood cells===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Patient'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
|rowspan=4| [[Haemoglobin]] (Hb) ||rowspan=2| male || 2.1<ref name=firstaid/> || 2.7<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L ||rowspan=2| Higher in [[neonate]]s, lower in children.
|-
| 132<ref name=southwest/>-135<ref name=firstaid/> || 162<ref name=southwest/>-175<ref name=firstaid/> || g/L
|-
|rowspan=2| female || 1.9<ref name=firstaid/> || 2.5<ref name=firstaid/> || mmol/L ||rowspan=2| Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
|-
| 115-120<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> || 152<ref name=southwest/>-160<ref name=firstaid/> || g/L
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Haematocrit]] (Hct) || male || 0.38, 0.4<ref name=southwest/>, 0.41<ref name=firstaid/> || 0.52-0.53<ref name=firstaid/> || ||
|-
| female || 0.36<ref name=firstaid/>-0.37<ref name=southwest/> || 0.46<ref name=southwest/><ref name=firstaid/>-0.47 || ||
|-
| Child || 0.31<ref name=southwest/> || 0.43<ref name=southwest/> || ||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Hemoglobin]] in plasma || || 0.16<ref name=firstaid/> || 0.62<ref name=firstaid/> || μmol/L ||
|-
| || 1 || 4 || mg/dL ||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Mean cell volume]] (MCV) || Male || 82<ref name=southwest/> || 102<ref name=southwest/> || fL ||rowspan=2| Cells are larger in [[neonate]]s, though smaller in other children.
|-
| Female || 78<ref name=southwest/> || 101<ref name=southwest/> || fL
|-
| MCV standard deviation || || 35<ref name=southwest/> || 47<ref name=southwest/> || fL
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Mean cell haemoglobin]] (MCH) ||rowspan=2| || 0.39<ref name=firstaid/> || 0.54<ref name=firstaid/> || fmol/cell
|-
| 25<ref name=firstaid/>-26 || 34-35<ref name=firstaid/> || pg/cell ||
|-
| Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) || || 31<ref name=southwest/> || 35<ref name=southwest/> || g/dL
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Red cell count]] (RBC) || male || 4.3<ref name=southwest/><ref name=firstaid/>-4.5 || 5.9<ref name=firstaid/>-6.2<ref name=southwest/> || x10<sup>12</sup>/L ||
|-
| Female || 3.5<ref name=firstaid/>-3.8<ref name=southwest/> || 5.5<ref name=southwest/><ref name=firstaid/>-5.8 || x10<sup>12</sup>/L ||
|-
| Infant/Child || 3.8<ref name=southwest/> || 5.5<ref name=southwest/> || x10<sup>12</sup>/L
||
|-
|rowspan=4| [[Reticulocyte]]s || || 10 || 100 || x10<sup>9</sup>/L ||
|-
| Adult || 0.5<ref name=southwest/><ref name=firstaid/> || 1.5<ref name=southwest/> <ref name=firstaid/>|| % of RBC ||
|-
| Newborn || 1.1<ref name=southwest/> || 4.5<ref name=southwest/> || % of RBC ||
|-
| Infant || 0.5<ref name=southwest/> || 3.1<ref name=southwest/> || % of RBC ||
|-
| [[Red blood cell distribution width]] (RDW) || || 11.5<ref name=southwest/> || 14.5<ref name=southwest/> || % || Coefficient of variation
|-
|}
===White blood cells===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) || 4.1<ref name=southwest/>-4.5<ref name=firstaid/> || 10.9<ref name=southwest/>-11<ref name=firstaid/> ||
*x10<sup>9</sup>/L
*x10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup> or
*x10<sup>3</sup>/μL
|| Higher in neonates and infants.
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Neutrophil granulocyte]]s || 2 || 7.5 || x10<sup>9</sup>/L ||rowspan=2| Also known as granulocytes (grans), polys, PMNs, or segs.
|-
| 45-54<ref name=firstaid/> || 62<ref name=firstaid/>-74 || % of WBC
|-
| Neutrophilic band forms || 3<ref name=firstaid/> || 5<ref name=firstaid/> || % of WBC ||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Lymphocyte]]s || 1.3 || 4 || x10<sup>9</sup>/L ||rowspan=2|
|-
| 16-25<ref name=firstaid/> || 33<ref name=firstaid/>-45 || % of WBC
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Monocyte]]s || 0.2 || 0.8 || x10<sup>9</sup>/L ||rowspan=2|
|-
| 3<ref name=firstaid/>-4.0 || 7<ref name=firstaid/>-10 || % of WBC
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Mononuclear leukocytes]] || 1.5 || 5 || x10<sup>9</sup>/L ||rowspan=2| Lymphocytes + monocytes. <br> Mean: 35% of WBC.
|-
| 20 || 35 || % of WBC
|-
| [[CD4+ cells]] || 0.4 <ref name=southwest> [http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/PathDemo/nrrt.htm Normal Reference Range Table] from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to PATHOLOGIC BASIS of DISEASE. </ref> || 1.8<ref name=southwest/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L ||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Eosinophil granulocyte]]s || 0.04 || 0.4 || x10<sup>9</sup>/L ||rowspan=2|
|-
| 1<ref name=firstaid/> || 3<ref name=firstaid/>-7 || % of WBC
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Basophil granulocyte]]s || 0.01 || 0.1 || x10<sup>9</sup>/L ||rowspan=2|
|-
| 0.0 || 0.75<ref name=firstaid/>-2 || % of WBC
|-
|}
===Coagulation===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
| [[Platelets|Platelet]] count (Plt)|| 140<ref name=southwest/>-150<ref name=firstaid/> || 400<ref name=firstaid/>-450<ref name=southwest/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L
|-
| [[Prothrombin time]] (PT)|| 11<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=medline003652> {{MedlinePlus|003652}}</ref>-12<ref name=southwest/> || 13.5<ref name=medline003652/>, 14<ref name=southwest/>, 15<ref name=firstaid/> || s || PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised
|-
| [[International normalized ratio|INR]]|| 0.9 || 1.2 || || The INR is a corrected ratio of a patients PT to normal
|-
| [[Activated partial thromboplastin time]] (APTT)|| 18<ref name=southwest/>-29 || 28<ref name=southwest/>-41 || s ||
|-
| [[Thrombin clotting time]] (TCT)|| 11 || 18 || s ||
|-
| [[Fibrinogen]] || 1.7<ref name=southwest/>-1.8 || 4.2<ref name=southwest/> || g/L ||
|-
| [[Bleeding time]] || 2 || 9 || minutes ||
|}
==Immunology==
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Category'''||'''Test'''||'''Patient'''||'''Lower limit'''||'''Upper limit'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
|-
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|[[Acute phase protein]]<br/>markers of [[Inflammation]] ||rowspan=2| [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]]<br/>(ESR) || Male ||rowspan=2| 0 || Age÷2<ref name="pmid6402065"/> ||rowspan=2| mm/hr ||rowspan=2| ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.<ref name="pmid6020854">{{cite journal |author=Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA |title=Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5544 |pages=85–7 |year=1967 |pmid=6020854 |doi= |id={{PMC|6020854}}}}</ref>
|-
| Female || (Age+10)÷2 <ref name="pmid6402065">{{cite journal |author=Miller A, Green M, Robinson D |title=Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate |journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) |volume=286 |issue=6361 |pages=266 |year=1983 |pmid=6402065 |doi= |id={{PMC|6402065}}}}</ref>
|-
| [[C-reactive protein]] (CRP) || || 0 || 6 || mg/L ||
|-
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|[[Autoantibody|Autoantibodies]] || [[Antinuclear antibodies]] (ANA) || || || || ||
|-
| [[Extractable nuclear antigen]] (ENA) || || || || ||
|-
| [[Rheumatoid factor]] (RF) || || 0 || 20-30<ref name=southwest/> || IU/mL || High levels not specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis alone.
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Serology]] ||rowspan=3| [[Antistreptolysin O titre]] <br/>(ASOT) || Preschoolers ||rowspan=3| n/a || 100 ||rowspan=3| units/mL ||rowspan=3|
|-
| School age || 250<ref name=southwest/>
|-
| Adult || 125<ref name=southwest/>
|}
==See also==
* [[Blood test]]
* [[Comprehensive metabolic panel]]
*[[Medical technologist]]
* [[Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
* {{GPnotebook|724893718|biochemical reference values}}
* [http://www.lymphomation.org/CBC-blood-counts.htm Values at lymphomation.org]
* [http://www.amarillomed.com/howto.htm Descriptions at amarillomed.com]
[[Category:Blood tests]]
[[es:Anexo:Rangos de referencia para exámenes de sangre comunes]]
[[he:ערכי נורמה בבדיקת דם]]