Regent 141495 224141399 2008-07-07T14:35:36Z 70.161.208.216 /* Other uses */ {{Unreferenced|date=October 2007}} {{otheruses}} A '''regent''', from the [[Latin]] ''regens'' "who reigns", is a person selected to act as [[head of state]] (ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present or debilitated.<ref>The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' defines the term as "A person appointed to administer a State because the Monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated."</ref> Thus, the common use is for an acting [[deputy governor]]. In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons, but may also be elected to rule during the [[interregnum]] when the royal line has died out. This was the case in [[Finland]] and [[Hungary]], where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of [[World War I]]. In [[Iceland]], the regent represented the King of [[Denmark]] as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944. In the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (1569&ndash;1795), kings were [[free election|elective]], which often led to a fairly long [[interregnum]]. In the interim, it was the Polish [[primate (religion)|Roman Catholic Primate]] who served as the regent, termed the "[[interrex]]" ([[Latin]]: ruler "between kings," as in ancient Rome). Currently there are only two ruling Regencies in the world, sovereign [[Liechtenstein]] and the Malaysian constitutive state of [[Terengganu]] (see below). ==Regents in various current monarchies == It should be noted that those who held a regency briefly, for example during [[surgery]], are not necessarily listed, particularly if they performed no official acts; this list is also not complete, presumably not even for all monarchies included. The list includes some figures who acted as regent, even if they did not themselves hold the title of regent. ===Belgium=== * Baron [[Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier]], Regent of [[Belgium]] in 1831 * [[Prince Charles of Belgium]], [[Prince Regent]] of Belgium from 1944 to 1950 ===Japan=== * [[Dowager|Regent Empress Dowager]] [[Jingū of Japan|Jingū]] for her son, the future [[Emperor Ōjin]] * [[Prince Regent]] [[Prince Shōtoku|Shōtoku]] for his aunt, [[Empress Suiko]] * [[Fujiwara Regents]] as [[Sessho and Kampaku|Sesshō or Kampaku]] <!--* [[Hōjō clan|Hōjō Regents]] as [[Shikken]], regents of the [[Kamakura shogunate]] Hojo shikken is deputy to Kamakura shogun, not regent to emperor --> * [[Prince Regent]] [[Hirohito]] (the future Emperor Showa) for his father, [[Emperor Taishō]] <!--* [[Prince Regent]] [[Naruhito]], for his father, Emperor [[Akihito]] never was a regent. only performed emperor's constitutional functions while his father was undergoing cancer treatment. --> ===Jordan=== *Prince [[Nayeff bin Abdullah]] from the 20th July to 5th September 1951, due to the schizophrenia of King [[Talal of Jordan|Talal]], who was in a Swiss mental hospital. **A regency council (Ibrahim Hashim, Suleiman Toukan, Abdul Rahman Rusheidat and chairing Queen-mother [[Zein al Sharaf Talal|Zein al-Sharaf]]) took over after the king's forced abdication and remained in office from 4 June 1952 to 2 May 1953, until the heir King [[Hussein bin Talal|Hussein]] came of age. *Crown Prince [[Hassan bin Talal|Hassan]], from 4th July 1998 to 19th January 1999 while his brother King [[Hussein bin Talal|Hussein]] was undergoing cancer treatments. ===Liechtenstein=== * [[Prince Alois of Liechtenstein|Hereditary Prince Alois]] has been Regent since [[August 15]], [[2004]]. ===Luxembourg=== * [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Duke Adolph of Nassau]] was Regent from [[April 8]] [[1889]] to [[May 3]] [[1889]] and from [[November 4]] [[1890]] to [[November 23]] [[1890]], during the terminal illness of [[William III of the Netherlands|Grand Duke William III]]. * [[Marie Anne, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg|Grand Duchess Marie Anne]] was Regent to her husband, [[Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Grand Duke William IV]], during his terminal illness from [[November 19]] [[1908]] to [[February 25]] [[1912]], and then Regent to her daughter, [[Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg|Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde]], during her minority from [[February 25]] [[1912]] to [[June 18]] [[1912]]. ===Malaysia and its constitutive monarchies=== ====Terengganu==== * [[Tengku Muhammad Ismail]] (eight-years of age) co-reigns with the three-member Regency Advisory Council (''Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja''). His father, [[Mizan Zainal Abidin|Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin]] the Sultan of [[Terengganu]] was elected as 13<sup>th</sup> [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|King of Malaysia]]. The Malaysian constitution does not allow a simultaneous reign as both the King of Malaysia and as Monarch of the King's native state (deemed absent on the State throne). Sultan Mizan was crowned as King on [[13 December]] [[2006]] and the prince as the Regent (''Pemangku Raja'') of Terengganu effective on the same date. ===Monaco=== * [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Prince Albert]] was Regent from [[March 31]], [[2005]] to [[April 6]], [[2005]], when he succeeded his father as [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Albert II of Monaco]] ===Netherlands=== * [[Emma of the Netherlands|Queen Emma]] (1890&ndash;1898), during the minority of her daughter [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] * [[Juliana of the Netherlands]] (1947, 1948), during illness of her mother [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] ===Norway=== * King [[Magnus II of Sweden|Magnus Eriksson]] (1343-1355) after stepping down from the throne in favour of his son [[Haakon VI of Norway|Haakon Magnusson]] * [[Haakon Magnus, Crown Prince of Norway|Crown Prince Haakon]] was Regent from [[November 25]], [[2003]] to [[April 12]], [[2004]] and again on [[March 29]] to [[June 7]], [[2005]] during the illness of his father [[Harald V of Norway|King Harald V]] ===Oman=== * for the minor [[Hami]] [[Sa`id (II) ibn Sultan]] (b. 1790 - succeeded 20 November 1804 - d. 19 Oct 1856) : 20 November 1804 - 31 July 1806 [[Badr ibn Sayf]] (d. 1806) * for [[Sultan]] [[Turki ibn Sa`id]] (b. 1832 - succeeded 30 January 1871 - died 4 Jun 1888) : August - December 1875 [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Said]] - (b. 1850 - d. 1907) ===Qatar=== *H.E. Shaikh [['Abdu'llah bin Jasim Al-Thani]] was proclaimed as regent when his father Sheikh [[Qasim ibn Muhammad Al Thani]] became incapacitated, 13th May 1913; succeeded on his death, 17th July 1913 ===Saudi Arabia=== * 30 March 1964 - 2 November 1964 [[Faysal of Saudi Arabia]] (b. 1906 - d. 1975) -Regent for king [[Sa`ud of Saudi Arabia]] and later his successor * 1 January 1996 - 21 February 1996 formally and [[de facto]] till 1 August 2005 [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] (b. 1924) -Regent for king [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia]] and later his successor ===Spain=== *[[Cardinal Cisneros]], twice regent of Spain in the late 15th and early 16th century for [[Charles I of Spain]]. *[[Mariana of Austria]], regent of Spain for her disabled son [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]] from 1665 to 1677 and again from 1679 to 1696. * [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies]] during the minority of her daughter [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] from 1833 to 1840. *[[Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara]] during the minority of [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] from 1840 to 1843. *[[Maria Christina of Austria]], regent for the [[infante]]s [[Mercedes, Princess of Asturias|Maria de Las Mercedes]] and then [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]] from [[25 November]][[1885]] - [[7 May]][[1902]]. *the [[Caudillo]] general [[Francisco Franco]], became [[de facto]] regent for life in 1947 to 1975, after reinstating the monarchy with a vacant royal throne ultimately filled by [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]]. ===Sweden=== * [[Charles VIII of Sweden|Karl Knutsson (Bonde)]] (1438&ndash;1440), during the interrgnum following the deposition of king [[Eric VII of Denmark|Eric XIII]]; later became king as Charles VIII * [[Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna]] (1448; together with his brother Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna), during the interregnum between the death of [[Christopher of Bavaria]] and the election of Karl Knutsson (Bonde) as king. * [[Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna]] (1448; together with his brother Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna), during the interregnum between the death of [[Christopher of Bavaria]] and the election of Karl Knutsson (Bonde) as king. * [[Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna]] (1457; together with Erik Axelsson Tott), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King [[Charles VIII of Sweden|Charles VIII]], and again (1465&ndash;1466), following his second deposition. * [[Kettil Karlsson Vasa]] (1464), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King [[Christian I of Denmark|Christian I]]; and again (1465), following the second deposition of [[Charles VIII of Sweden|Charles VIII]] * [[Erik Axelsson Tott]] (1457; together with Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna) (1466&ndash;1467), following the end of Jöns Oxenstierna's second regency. * [[Sten Sture the Elder]] (1470&ndash;1497, 1501-1503) the longest serving regent during the [[Kalmar Union]] * [[Svante Nilsson]] (1503&ndash;1512), succeeding Sten Sture the Elder * [[Erik Trolle]] * [[Sten Sture the Younger]] (1512&ndash;1520), succeeding Svante Sture * [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Eriksson Vasa]] was firstly Regent (1521&ndash;1523) after the final dissolution of Kalmar Union, but soon was proclaimed King * Duke [[Charles IX of Sweden|Charles of Södermanland]] (1599&ndash;1604) after ousting his Catholic nephew King [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund]], until he himself claimed the throne. * [[Axel Oxenstierna]] (1632&ndash;1644), during the minority of Queen [[Christina of Sweden|Christina]] * Dowager Queen [[Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp]] (1660&ndash;1672), during the minority of her son King [[Charles XI of Sweden|Charles XI]], and again (1697&ndash;1699), during the minority of her grandson King [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]] * [[Charles XIII of Sweden|Charles, Duke of Södermanland]] (1792&ndash;1796) for his underage nephew [[Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden]], and again (1809) after Gustav IV Adolf was deposed and before Charles himself was proclaimed King Charles XIII * Crown Prince [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Charles John]] (1810&ndash;1818), for his adoptive father King [[Charles XIII of Sweden|Charles XIII]], due to Charles XIII's incapacity ===Thailand (Siam)=== * for the minor [[Chulalongkorn]] (Rama V) (18 October 1868 - 23 October 1910) : 18 October 1868 - 16 November 1873 [[Chao Praya Siri Suriyawongse]] (d. 1882) *for [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII) (26 November 1925 - 2 March 1935; in self-imposed exile from 12 Jan 1934) : 12 January 1934 - 2 March 1935 Prince [[Naritsaranuwatiwong Chitchalerm]] *for [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama VIII) (2 March 1935 - 9 June 1946; in Switzerland to 5 December 1945) : **2 March 1935 - 12 August 1935 Prince [[Oscar Anuvatana]] (president of Council of Regency) **12 August 1935 - 1944 Prince [[Aditya Dibabha]] (president of Council of Regency) **1944 - 9 June 1946 [[Pridi Banomyong]] -Regent *for present king [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] (Rama IX) (9 June 1946 - ) : **16 Jun 1946 - 1946 Prince [[Rangsit, Prince of Jainart]] -Regent (from 1947, president of [[Supreme Council of State]]) **1946 - 5 May 1950 Prince [[Dhanivat Bidyalabh Bridhyakon]] "Prince Dhani" -Regent (president of Supreme Council of State) **22 October 1956 - 7 December 1956 Queen [[Sirikit]] -Regent ===United Kingdom and its constitutive realms=== {{main article|Regency Acts}} * [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] (1811&ndash;1820), [[Prince Regent]] during the incapacity of his father, [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]. ====England==== * [[William Longchamp]] (intermittently 1189&ndash;1199), during the absences of [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] on crusade, in prison, and in France. * [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke]] (1216&ndash;1219) and then [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent]] (1219&ndash;1227), during the minority of King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] * A regency council headed by [[Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster]] (1327-1330) during the minority of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] * [[John, Duke of Bedford]] (1422&ndash;1435) and [[Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester]] (1422&ndash;1437), during the minority of their nephew, [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] * [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York]] (1454&ndash;1455; 1455&ndash;1456), during the incapacity of his cousin, Henry VI * [[Richard III of England|Richard, Duke of Gloucester]] (1483), during the minority of his nephew, [[Edward V of England|Edward V]] * [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset]] (1547&ndash;1550), during the minority of his nephew, [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] * [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]] (1550&ndash;1553), during the minority of Edward VI * After the death of [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] in 1714, a regency under [[Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield|Baron Parker]], The [[Lord Chief Justice]] was set up while [[George I of Great Britain|King George I]] was sent for to take up the crown. ====Scotland==== * A regency council of six Guardians existed (1286&ndash;1290) during the minority of [[Margaret of Scotland (Maid of Norway)|Margaret, Maid of Norway]]. These were; [[William Fraser (Guardian of Scotland)|William Fraser]], [[Bishop of St Andrews]]; [[Donnchadh III of Fife|Donnchadh III, Earl of Fife]] (followed by [[Donnchadh IV of Fife|Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife]]); [[Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan]]; [[Robert Wishart]], [[Bishop of Glasgow]]; [[James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland]]; and [[John II Comyn, Lord of Badenoch]] * [[William Wallace]] (1298), claiming to act as regent on behalf of the deposed King [[John of Scotland|John]] * [[Robert the Bruce]], [[Earl of Carrick]] (1298–1300) * [[John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch]] (1298–1301; 1302–1304) * [[William Lamberton]], [[Bishop of St Andrews]] (1299–1301) * [[Ingram de Umfraville|Sir Ingram de Umfraville]] (1300–1301) * [[John de Soules]] (1301–1304) * [[Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray]] (1329&ndash;1332), during the minority of [[David II of Scotland|David II]] * [[Domhnall II, Earl of Mar|Donald, Earl of Mar]] (1332), also during the minority of [[David II of Scotland|David II]] * [[Sir Archibald Douglas]] (1333), killed shortly afterwards at the [[Battle of Halidon Hill]] * [[Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany|Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Fife]] (1388&ndash;1393), during the incapacity of his father, [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]] and of his brother, [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]] * [[David Stewart, 1st Duke of Rothesay]] (1399&ndash;1401), also during the incapacity of his father, Robert III * [[Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany]] (1401&ndash;1420), also during the incapacity of his brother Robert III, and then during the minority and captivity of his nephew [[James I of Scotland|James I Stuart]] * [[Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany]] (1420&ndash;1424), also during the captivity of his cousin James I * [[Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas]] (1437&ndash;1439), during the minority of [[James II of Scotland|James II Stuart]] * [[William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton]] and [[Alexander Livingston|Sir Alexander Livingston]] (1439-1445), also during the minority of James II * [[William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas]] (1445&ndash;1449), also during the minority of James II * [[Mary of Gueldres]] (1460&ndash;1463), during the minority of her son, [[James III of Scotland|James III Stuart]] * [[James Kennedy (bishop)|James Kennedy]] and [[Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy]] (1463&ndash;1466), also during the minority of James III * [[Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd]] (1466&ndash;1469), also during the minority of James III. * [[Patrick Hepburn]] (1488&ndash;1494), during the minority of [[James IV of Scotland|James IV Stuart]] * [[Margaret Tudor]] (1513&ndash;1514), during the minority of her son, [[James V of Scotland|James V Stuart]] * [[John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany]] (1514&ndash;1524), also during the minority of his cousin, [[James V of Scotland|James V]] * [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus]] and Archbishop [[James Beaton]] (1524&ndash;1528), also during the minority of the former's stepson James V * [[James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran]] (1542&ndash;1554), during the minority of his cousin, [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary Stuart]] * [[Mary of Guise]] (1554&ndash;1560), also during the minority of her daughter [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary Stuart]] * [[James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray]] (1560), during the absence of his half-sister Mary Stuart * James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray (1567&ndash;1570), during the minority of his nephew [[James I of England|James VI Stuart]] *[[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]] (1570&ndash;1571), also during the minority of his grandson James VI *[[John Erskine, 1st Earl of Mar]] (1571&ndash;1572), also during the minority of James VI *[[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton]] (1572&ndash;1581), also during the minority of James VI *[[Charles Edward Stuart|"Bonnie Prince Charlie"]] (1745&ndash;1746), for his exiled father [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James VIII]] ==Regents in various former Monarchies == The same notes apply; inclusion in this list reflects the political reality, regardless of claims to the throne. ===Afghan monarchies=== Before the 1881 unification, there were essentially four rulers' capitals: [[Kabul]], [[Herat]], [[Qandahar]] and [[Peshawar]] (the last now in Pakistan); all their rulers belonged to the [[Abdali]] tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani with [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]. They belong either to the [[Saddozay]] segment of the [[Popalzay]] clan (typically styled [[padshah]], king) or to the [[Mohammadzay]] segment of the [[Barakzay]] clan (typically with the style [[Amir]], in full [[Amir al-Mo´menin]] "Leader of the Faithful"). The Mohammadzay also furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as (Minister-)regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay. ===Brazil=== There were several regencies, all during the reign of Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]]: * a provisional triumviral regency, 7 April - 18 June 1831, comprised [[José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, visconde e marquês de Caravelas]], [[Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro]] and [[Francisco de Lima e Silva]] * another triumviral regency, 18 June 1831 - 12 October 1835, comprised the last-mentioned as well as [[José da Costa Carvalho]] and [[João Bráulio Muniz]] * [[Diogo António Feijó]] -Regent 12 October 1835 - 19 September 1837 * [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil]] was Princess Regent of the [[Empire of Brazil]] three times (1871-1872; 1876-1877; 1887-1888) while her father traveled abroad. During her last regency she signed the abolition of [[slavery]] in [[Brazil]] (known as the "[[Lei Áurea]]", or ''"Golden Law"''), on [[13 May]] 1888, whereby Isabel got the [[sobriquet]] ''Isabel the Redeemer''. For the act of signing the ''Golden Law'', she was awarded the [[Golden Rose]] by [[Pope Leo XIII]]. ===Bulgaria=== * [[Stefan Stambolov]], during the absence of Prince Alexander Battenberg from the Bulgarian throne between 28 August 1886 and 3 September 1886 and the vacancy of the throne between 7 September 1886 and 14 August 1887. * Prince [[Prince Kyril of Bulgaria|Kyril of Preslav]], during the minority of his dead brother ([[Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III]])'s son, [[Simeon II of Bulgaria|Simeon II]] (1943&ndash;1944). ===China=== * See [[Empress dowager]] and [[Grand Empress Dowager]] * [[Dorgon]], the Prince Rui, from 1638 to 1650 during the minority of his nephew Fulin, the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] * [[Sonin]], [[Suksaha]], [[Ebilun]] and [[Oboi]] during the minority of the [[Kangxi Emperor]] from 1662 to their downfall in 1670. * [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] during the minority of the [[Tongzhi Emperor]] and [[de facto]] ruler for almost the entire reign of the [[Guangxu Emperor]] * [[Zaifeng]], the 2nd Prince Chun, between 1908 and 1911 for his son [[Puyi]] ===Egypt=== * [[Hatshepsut of Egypt]] for [[Thutmose III of Egypt]] * [[Mohammed Ali Tewfik]] for [[King Farouk I]] of Egypt * [[Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim]] for King [[Fuad II of Egypt]] ===Ethiopia=== Ras [[Tafari Mekonenn]] during the reign of Empress [[Zewditu]] from 1922 to ascension to throne in 1931 as [[Haile Selassie]] ===Finland=== After the abdication of [[Nicholas II of Russia]], the throne of the [[Grand Duke of Finland]] was vacant and according to the constitution of 1772, a regent was installed by the [[Eduskunta|Finnish Parliament]] during the first two years of Finnish independence, before the country was declared a [[republic]]. * [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]], installed in January 1918, resigned in late 1918. * [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|General C.G.E. Mannerheim]], resigned 1919 with the passing of the new constitution. ===France===<!-- This section is linked from [[August 2]] --> * [[Anne of Kiev]] and [[Baldwin V, Count of Flanders]] (1060&ndash;1067), during the minority of her son and his nephew [[Philip I of France|Philip I]] * [[Abbot Suger|Suger, Abbot of St. Denis]] (1147&ndash;1149), during the absence of [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]] on the [[Second Crusade]] * [[Alix of Champagne]] and [[Guillaume de Champagne, Archbishop of Reims]] (1190&ndash;1191), during the absence of her son [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] on the [[Third Crusade]]. * [[Blanche of Castile]] (1226&ndash;1234), during the minority of her son [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] * [[Blanche of Castile]] (1248&ndash;1252) and [[Alphonse of Toulouse|Alphonse, Count of Poitou and Toulouse]] (1248&ndash;1254), during the absence of her son and his brother [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] on the [[Louis IX of France]]. * [[Mathieu de Vendôme|Mathieu de Vendôme, Abbot of Saint-Denis]] and [[Simon de Clermont, Sieur de Nesle]], during the absence of [[Philip III of France|Philip III]] on the [[Eighth Crusade]] (1270). * [[Philip V of France|Philip the Tall]] (1316), during the interregnum between the death of his brother [[Louis X of France|Louis X]] and the birth of Louis' posthumous son [[John I of France|John I]], and during the minority of the short-lived John I. * [[Philip VI of France|Philip, Count of Valois and Anjou]] (1328), from the death of his cousin [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV]] until the birth of a posthumous daughter to the late king brought about Valois' own accession to the throne. * [[Charles V of France|Charles, the Dauphin]] (1356&ndash;1360), during the Captivity of his father in England * [[Louis I of Naples|Louis I, Duke of Anjou]] (1380&ndash;1382), during the minority of his nephew [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] * [[Jean, Duke of Berry]], [[Philippe II, Duke of Burgundy]], and [[Louis II, Duke of Bourbon]] (1382&ndash;1388), during the minority of their nephew, [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] * [[Louis II, Duke of Bourbon]] and [[John, Duke of Berry]] (1388&ndash;1407), during the insanity of their nephew, Charles VI * [[Isabella of Bavaria]] (1417&ndash;1420) and then [[Henry V of England]], during the insanity of her husband and his father-in-law, Charles VI; they were opposed by * [[Charles VII of France|Charles, the Dauphin]] (1417&ndash;1422), Charles VI's eldest surviving son, who also claimed the regency. * [[John, Duke of Bedford]] (1422&ndash;1435), acting as regent on behalf of his nephew, the young [[Henry VI of England]], whose supporters controlled much of the country in opposition to the legal king [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] * [[Anne of France]] and her husband [[Peter II, Duke of Bourbon|Pierre de Beaujeu]] (1483&ndash;1492), during the minority of her brother, [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] * [[Louise of Savoy]] (1515&ndash;1516), during the absence of her son, [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], in Italy. * [[Louise of Savoy]] (1523&ndash;1526), during the absence at war in Italy, and then the captivity, of her son, [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] * [[Catherine de' Medici]]: **(1552) While her husband [[Henry II of France|Henry II]] left the kingdom for the campaign of [[Metz]]. **(1560&ndash;1563) During the minority of her second son, [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] **(1574) During the absence of her third son, [[Henry III of France|Henry III]], in [[Poland]] * [[Marie de' Medici]] (1610&ndash;1614), during the minority of her son, [[Louis XIII]] * [[Anne of Austria]] (1643&ndash;1651), during the minority of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] * [[Philippe II of Orléans]] (1715&ndash;1723), during the minority of [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]]; often called "the Regent", since he was the last regent of France. **The related era and style are commonly referred to as the ''[[Régence]]'' (analogous to the British [[English Regency|Regency]] period). ** A 136 carat (27.2 g) diamond he acquired in 1717 is known as 'le régent' *[[Louis XVIII of France|Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, Comte de Provence]], while living in exile, self-declared Regent for his nephew [[Louis XVII of France]] after the 1793 guillotining of [[Louis XVI of France|King Louis XVI]], until the young pretender's death in 1795. *[[Empress Eugenie]], three times for her husband, [[Napoleon III]], during his absence. ===Greece=== * [[Archbishop Damaskinos Papandreou]] (1944&ndash;1946) On behalf of king [[George II of Greece]] till his return. * Military Premier [[Georgios Papadopoulos]] (1972) self proclaimed during last reigning king [[Constantine II of Greece]]'s exile after a failed royal counter coup. ===German monarchies=== ====Anhalt==== *[[Prince Aribert of Anhalt|Prince Aribert]] (1918), during the minority of Duke [[Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt|Joachim Ernst]] ====Baden==== *[[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden|Prince Frederick]] (1852&ndash;1856), during the incapacity of his brother, Grand Duke [[Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Baden|Louis II]] ====Bavaria==== *[[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|Prince Luitpold]] (1886&ndash;1912), during the incapacity of his nephews, [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]] and [[Otto of Bavaria|Otto]] *[[Ludwig III of Bavaria|Prince Ludwig]] (1912&ndash;1913), during the incapacity of his cousin, [[Otto of Bavaria|Otto]] ====Brunswick==== * [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George, Prince of Wales]], later King [[George IV of the United Kingdom]] (1815&ndash;1823), during the minority of his cousin, Duke [[Charles II, Duke of Brunswick|Charles II]] *[[Prince Albrecht of Prussia]] (1885&ndash;1906), during the interregnum following the death of Duke [[Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick|Wilhelm]] in 1884, when the throne could not be filled due to the status of the heir, the [[Ernst August of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]], as an enemy of the Reich. *[[Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (1907&ndash;1913), for the same reason ====Hanover==== *[[George IV of the United Kingdom|George, Prince of Wales]] (1813&ndash;1820), due to the insanity of his father, King [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] ====Hesse-Kassel==== *[[Friedrich Wilhelm I, Elector of Hesse|Electoral Prince Frederick William]] (1831&ndash;1847), due to the incapacity of his father, Elector [[William II, Elector of Hesse|William II]] ====Lippe==== *[[Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe]] (1895&ndash;1897), due to the incapacity of his cousin, Prince [[Alexander, Prince of Lippe|Alexander]] *[[Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld]] (1897&ndash;1904), for the same reason *[[Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe|Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld]] (1904&ndash;1905), for the same reason ====Mecklenburg-Schwerin==== *[[Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (1897&ndash;1901), due to the minority of his nephew, Grand Duke [[Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Friedrich Franz IV]] ====Mecklenburg-Strelitz==== *[[Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (1918), due to the near extinction of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz line. ====Prussia==== * [[Wilhelm I of Germany|Prince William]] (1858&ndash;1861), during the incapacity of his brother [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Frederick William IV]] ====Saxe-Coburg and Gotha==== *[[Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]] (1900&ndash;1905), during the minority of his cousin Duke [[Carl Eduard, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Charles Edward]] ====Saxe-Meiningen==== *[[Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe]] (1803&ndash;1821), during the minority of her son, Duke [[Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernard II]] ====Saxe-Weimar==== *[[Anna Amalia of Brunswick]] (1758&ndash;1775), during the minority of her son, Duke [[Carl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Carl August]] ====Waldeck==== *[[Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym]] (1845&ndash;1852), during the minority of her son, Prince [[George Victor, Prince of Waldeck|George Victor]] ===Hungary=== * [[Andrew II of Hungary|prince Andrew]], between 1201&ndash;1205 during the rule of the infant [[Ladislaus III of Hungary|Ladislaus III]] * [[John Hunyadi]], during [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus V]]'s minority * [[Michael Szilágyi]] in 1458, between László V's death and the crowning of [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]] * [[Lodovico Gritti]] (1530&ndash;1534), governor of Eastern Hungary * [[Johann Kaspar Ampringen]] (1673&ndash;1681), when Hungary lost its independence * [[Lajos Kossuth|Louis Kossuth]], under the 1848 [[1848 Hungarian Revolution#Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian Revolution]] * Admiral [[Miklós Horthy|Nicolas Horthy]] (1920&ndash;1944), during the period of the "restored" Hungarian monarchy, when there was no king. ===Iceland=== * [[Sveinn Björnsson]] (1941-1944) ===Indian princely states=== Both before and during the [[British raj]] (colonial rule), most of India was ruled by several hundred native [[princely state|princely house]]s, many of which have known regencies, under the raj subject to British approval ====Travancore==== * [[Maharani]] [''i.e.'', wife of a maharaja] [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]] of [[Travancore]] (1811-1815) * Maharani [[Gowri Parvati Bayi]] (1815-1849) * Maharani [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]] (1924-1931) ===Korea=== * [[Daewon-gun]], Lord Regent for his son King [[Gojong of Joseon]] during the late 19th century. ===Iraq=== In the short-lived Hashemite kingdom, there were three regencies in the reign of the third and last king [[Faisal II of Iraq| Faysal II]] (b. 1935 - d. 1958; also Head of the 'Arab Union', a federation with the Hashemite sister-kingdom Jordan, from 14 February 1958) : *4 April 1939 - 1 April 1941 [['Abd al-Ilah|Abdul Ilah]] (1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 1958) *1 April 1941 - 1 June 1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz (b. 1880 - d. 1955) *1 June 1941 - 2 May 1953 Abdul Ilah (2nd time) ===Italian former principalities=== ====Parma==== * '''Louise of Artois''' (1854&ndash;1859), during the minority of her son [[Robert, Duke of Parma|duke Robert I]]. ====Savoy==== * [[Christine Marie of France]] (1637–1663), during the minority of her son [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy|Charles Emmanuel II]]. * [[Marie Jeanne of Savoy-Nemours]] (1675–1684), during the minority of her son [[Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia|Victor Amadeus II]]. ===Romania=== * [[Prince Nicholas of Romania]], [[Miron Cristea]], [[Gheorghe Buzdugan]] (replaced upon his death by [[Constantin Sărăţeanu]]) (1927&ndash;1930), during the minority of king [[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]] ===Russia=== * for [[Ivan the Terrible]] * [[Natalia Naryshkina]] for her son [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] (1682) * [[Sophia Alekseyevna]] for her brothers [[Ivan V]] and [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] (1682-89) * [[Ernst Johann von Biron]] for the infant [[Ivan VI]] (1740) * [[Anna Leopoldovna]] for her son [[Ivan VI]] (1740-41) == Other uses == In the ancient independent miniature republic of [[San Marino]], a landlocked enclave within central Italy, the two [[Captains Regent]], or ''Capitani Reggenti'', are elected annually as joint heads of state and of government. Occasionally, the term regent refers to positions lower than the ruler of a country. * In the Dutch republic of the United Provinces, the members of the ruling class, not formally hereditary but [[de facto]] patricians, were known collectively as ''[[regenten]]'' (the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] plural for regent) * In the [[Dutch East Indies]], a regent was a native prince allowed to rule de facto colonized 'state' as a [[regentschap]] (see that term). Consequently, in the successor state of [[Indonesia]], the term regent is used in [[English language|English]] to mean a ''[[bupati]]'' (local government official). * Also used in private spheres, for instance, some university managers in [[North America]] are called regents, or the members of certain governing bodies of lofty institutions, such as the national banks, in France and (imitating) Belgium. * Again in Belgium and France, but far lower on the social ladder, (''Régént'' in French; or in Dutch) Regent is the official title of a secondary school teacher of the lower years (equivalent to junior high school), who does not require a college degree but is trained solely for education in a specialized ''écôle normale = normal school''. * A management board for a [[college]] or [[university]]; this is commonly stated as: "[[Board of Regents]]". * In the [[Philippines]], specifically, the [[University of Santo Tomas]], the Father Regent, who must be a Dominican priest and is often also a teacher, serves as the College/Faculty/Institute's Spiritual Head and the "owner" of that college, faculty or institution as the Dominican representative. They also form the Council of Regents that serves as the highest administrative council of the university. ==See also== *[[Regency]] *[[Prince regent]] ==Sources and references== <!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for tutorial on use of notes and references --> {{reflist}} *[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/| WorldStatesmen- see under each present nation] [[Category:Heads of state]] [[Category:Regents| ]] [[Category:Titles]] [[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]] [[Category:Child rulers| ]] [[bs:Regent]] [[bg:Регент]] [[ca:Regent]] [[cs:Regent]] [[da:Regent]] [[de:Regentschaft]] [[et:Regent]] [[es:Regencia (política)]] [[eo:Regento]] [[fr:Régence]] [[id:Gubernur]] [[it:Reggente]] [[he:עוצר (שליט)]] [[lt:Regentas]] [[nl:Regent (bestuurder)]] [[ja:摂政]] [[no:Regent]] [[nn:Regent]] [[pl:Regent]] [[pt:Regência (sistema de governo)]] [[ro:Regenţă]] [[ru:Регент]] [[sl:Regent]] [[sv:Regent]] [[th:ผู้สำเร็จราชการแทนพระองค์]] [[tr:Vali]] [[uk:Регент]] [[zh:攝政王]]