Renewable energy in the European Union 4159463 219867711 2008-06-17T06:01:18Z Johnfos 3046455 /* General European Union Energy policy */ {{Refimprove|date=September 2007}} [[Image:European-union-renewables-fr.svg|thumb|300px|Proportion of [[renewable energy]] in the EU countries, 2004]] The countries of the [[European Union]] are currently the global leaders in the development and application of [[renewable energy]]. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU's dependence on foreign energy imports, and in meeting targets to combat [[global warming]]. [[Germany]] and the [[Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] are currently the only members of the EU that are on track to achieve the objectives set by the [[Kyoto Protocol]] on climate change. ==General European Union Energy policy== {{main|Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport}} The [[Maastricht Treaty]] set an objective of promoting stable growth while protecting the environment. The [[Amsterdam Treaty]] added the principle of sustainable development to the objectives of the EU. Since [[1997]], the EU has been working towards a renewable energy supply equivalent to 12% of the total EU's energy consumption by [[2010]]. The [[Earth Summit 2002|Johannesburg Summit]] failed to introduce the radical changes targeted for ten years after the [[Rio Summit]]. No specific goals were set for the energy sector, which disappointed many countries. While the EU had proposed an annual increase in the use of renewable energy at a rate of 1.5% worldwide until [[2010]], Johannesburg's action plan did not recommend such a "substantial" increase, with no concrete goals nor dates being set. The EU was unwilling to accept this result, and with other nations formed a group of "pioneer countries" that promised to establish ambitious national or even regional goals to achieve global targets. The Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition (JREC) has a total of more than 80 member countries; the EU members, Brazil, South Africa and New Zealand amongst them. In the European Conference for Renewable Energy in Berlin in [[2004]], the EU defined ambitious goals of its own. The conclusion was that by [[2020]], the EU would seek to obtain 20% of its total energy consumption requirements with renewable energy sources. Up until that point, the EU had only set targets up to 2010, and this proposal was the first to represent the EU's commitment up to 2020. EU leaders reached agreement in principle in March 2007 that '''20 percent''' of the bloc's energy should be produced from renewable fuels and by 2020 as part of its drive to cut emissions of [[carbon dioxide]]. Renewables now account for less than 7 percent of the EU energy mix. In a special report, the European Parliament said that to give the legislation teeth, it should contain binding renewable energy targets for particular sectors -- [[electricity]], [[heating]] and [[transport]] -- rather than just a general goal. The parliament said it would resist any attempt to treat nuclear energy as a substitute for renewables. <ref> [http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44517/story.htm News] and [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2007-0406&language=EN&ring=A6-2007-0287 Official EP resolution of 25 September 2007 on the Road Map for Renewable Energy in Europe]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Renewable energy use: <br> Top 5 EU countries<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jun/06/renewableenergy.alternativeenergy/print World's biggest solar farm at centre of Portugal's ambitious energy plan]</ref> |- ! Country !! 2005 <br> (%) !! Target by <br> 2020 <br> (%) |- | Sweden || 40 || 49 |- | Latvia || 35 || 38 |- | Finland || 29 || 38 |- | Austria || 23 || 34 |- | Portugal || 21 || 31 |} ==Member states== {{Main|:Category:Renewable energy in the European Union}} {{Sectstub|date=May 2008}} ===Germany=== {{main|Renewable energy in Germany}} At the end of 2007 renewable energy in Germany provided 14% of Germany's energy production, with the largest contribution being made by wind power. ===Portugal=== {{main|Renewable energy in Portugal}} In 2001, the Portuguese government launched a new [[energy policy]] instrument – the E4 Programme (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies), consisting of a set of multiple, diversified measures aimed at promoting a consistent, integrated approach to energy supply and demand. By promoting energy efficiency and the use of endogenous (renewable) energy sources, the programme seeks to upgrade the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy and to modernize the country’s social fabric, while simultaneously preserving the environment by reducing gas emissions, especially the CO2 responsible for climatic change.<ref>[http://www.iea-pvps.org/ar02/prt.htm Portugal, PV technology status and prospects - Contribution to the Annual report 2002<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Spain=== {{main|Renewable energy in Spain}} Spain as a whole has the target of generating 30% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources by 2010, with half of that amount coming from wind power. In 2006, 20% of the total electricity demand was already produced with renewable energy sources. Some [[autonomous communities in Spain|regions of Spain]] lead Europe in the use of [[renewable energy]] technology and plan to reach 100% renewable energy generation in few years. [[Castilla y León]] and [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], in particular, are near this goal. In 2006 they fulfilled about 70% of their total electricity demand from renewable energy sources. If [[nuclear power]] is also considered CO2 free (an assertion which is disputed{{Fact|date=November 2007}}), two autonomous communities in Spain have already managed to fulfill their total 2006 electricity demand "free" of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions: [[Extremadura]] and [[Castilla-La Mancha]]<ref name="RenewableSpain2006">[http://www.ree.es/cap07/pdf/infosis/Inf_Sis_Elec_REE_2006.pdf] Red Eléctrica de España Annual Report 2006</ref>. In [[2005]] [[Spain]] became the first country in the world to require the installation of [[photovoltaic]] electricity generation in new buildings, and the second in the world (after [[Israel]]) to require the installation of [[solar hot water]] systems <ref>[http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/download/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf Layout 1<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. ===United Kingdom=== {{main|Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom}} By [[2004]] 4.65% of the UK's primary energy requirements were being generated from renewable energy sources (including hydroelectricity), up from 2.55% in 1990. The [[Energy policy of the United Kingdom|UK Government energy policy]] expects that the total contribution from renewables should rise to 10% by 2010. The [[Scottish Executive]] has a target of generating 17% to 18% of [[Scotland|Scotland's]] electricity from renewables by 2010,<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/1050/0002275.pdf Scotland Gov. News] Dec</ref> rising to 40% by [[2020]].<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2003/03/3412 Scotland Gov. News ] 2003</ref> ==By Renewable Energy Sectors== === Bioenergy === {{Main|Bioenergy in the European Union}} ===Wind power=== {{Main|Wind power in the European Union}} [[Image:WEAs in Neuenkirchen.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Wind farm]] in [[Neuenkirchen]], [[Dithmarschen]] ([[Germany]]).]] The implementation of [[wind power]] is especially widespread in [[Germany]], [[Spain]] and [[Denmark]]. The results of the investigation carried out by '' EUWINet'' (a project financed partly by the [[European Commission]]) indicated that the annual median growth of the European wind power market is 35%, and that EU Members contribute around 75% of the world's wind power. Thanks to the growth that has resulted from the use and development of this energy source, the wind power market has helped to generate more than 25,000 jobs within the EU. The [[energy policy of the United Kingdom]] calls for appreciable expansion of wind energy by the year 2010. === Solar power === {{Main|Solar power in the European Union}} ====Photovoltaic solar power==== [[Image:Berlin pv-system block-103 20050309 p1010367.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Photovoltaic cells in use on top of a building in Berlin.]] The need for the strategic development of [[photovoltaic]] systems in the EU has led to the creation of '''[[PV-NET]]''', a network that gathers representatives from all the sectors of the research and development community concerned with the photovoltaic solar energy industry (see [[solar cell]]). The network promotes communication between speakers through the organisation of specialised conferences, workshops and congresses. This interaction has led to the editing of a waybill, finished in [[2003]] with the aim of providing a solid basis for EU leaders and European citizens to base their decisions and policy making and in order to help reach the objective set by the European Commission to multiply the use of photovoltaic systems by thirty times by 2010. In [[2002]], the world production of photovoltaic modules surpassed 550 MW, of which more than the 50% was produced in the EU. At the end of 2004, 79% of all European capacity was in Germany, where 794 MWp had been installed. The [[European Commission]] anticipates that Germany may have installed around 4,500 MWp by 2010. [http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/sectors/photovoltaic_en.htm]. [[Portugal]] has the largest solar power station in the world[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5056012.stm], which was completed in January [[2007]]. The complex, called [[Serpa solar power plant]], covers an area of 60-hectare. The 11-megawatt solar power plant will produce enough electricity for 8,000 homes and save more than 30,000 tons a year in [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. Near from there, [[Moura photovoltaic power station]] is under construction, which will be even bigger with an installed capacity of 62MWp. The first phase of construction should be finished in 2008, while the project completion is scheduled for 2010. ====Solar heating==== {{main|Solar heating}} Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide space or [[water heating]]. Worldwide the use was 88 GW<sub>thermal</sub> (2005). Growth potential is enormous. At present the EU is second after [[China]] in the installations. If all EU countries used solar thermal as enthusiastically as the [[Austria]]ns, the EU’s installed capacity would already be 91 GWth (130 million m<sup>2</sup> today, far beyond the target of 100 million m<sup>2</sup> by 2010, set by the [[White Paper]] in 1997. In 2005 solar heating in the EU was equivalent to more than 686.000 tons of oil. [[European Solar Thermal Industry Federation|ESTIF]]’s minimum target is to produce solar heating equivalent to 5.600.000 tons of oil (2020). A more ambitious, but feasible, target is 73 millions tons of oil per year (2020) – a lorry row spanning 1,5 times around the globe!.<ref>[http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/downloads/STAP/Solar_Thermal_Action_Plan_2007_A4.pdf Solar Thermal Action Plan for Europe ESTIF, 1/2007]</ref> ===Wave power=== [[Portugal]] now has the world's first commercial wave farm, the ''Aguçadora Wave Park'' near [[Póvoa de Varzim]], established in [[2006]]. The farm will initially use three [[Pelamis Wave Energy Converter|Pelamis P-750]] machines generating 2.25 MW. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4805076.stm][http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4563077.stm] Initial costs are put at 8.5 million [[euro]]. Subject to successful operation, a further 70 million euro is likely to be invested before [[2009]] on a further 28 machines to generate 525 MW.[http://jn.sapo.pt/2006/05/12/economia_e_trabalho/primeiro_parque_mundial_ondas_povoa_.html] Funding for a wave farm in [[Scotland]] was announced on February 20, [[2007]] by the [[Scottish Executive]], at a cost of over 4 million [[pound sterling|pounds]], as part of a £13 million funding packages for [[Renewable energy in Scotland#Wave power|marine power in Scotland]]. The farm will be the world's largest with a capacity of 3MW generated by four Pelamis machines.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6377423.stm BBC NEWS | UK | Scotland | Orkney to get 'biggest' wave farm<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. ===Hydrogen fuel=== [[Image:Mazda RX 8 titan front left.jpg|thumb|300px|A Mazda RX-8 powered by Hydrogen fuel.]] The European Commission is currently sponsoring a practical programme of vehicle trials for battery powered vehicles. The most ambitious projects are the [[Euro|€]]1 million '''CUTE''' (''[[Clean Urban Transport for Europe]]'') scheme and the '''ECTOS''' (''[[Ecological City Transport System]]''). The tests are taking place in the cities of [[Amsterdam]], [[Barcelona]], [[Hamburg]], [[London]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Madrid]], [[Porto]], [[Reykjavík]], [[Stockholm]] and [[Stuttgart]]. It consists of putting into service public buses, called '''[[Citaro]]''', manufactured by [[DaimlerChrysler]]. ==Statistics== ===Wind power=== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="9" align="center" style="background-color: #cfb;" | EU Wind Energy (MW) <ref>[http://www.gwec.net/fileadmin/documents/Publications/gwec-2006_final_01.pdf Global Wind 2006 Report] Global Wind Energy Council GWEG</ref><ref>[http://www.ewea.org European Wind Energy Association EWEA]</ref><ref>[http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/mailing/windmap-08g.pdf Wind power installed in Europe by end of 2007 (cumulative)] [[EWEA]] 5.2.2008</ref> |- ! style="background-color: #cfb;" | No ! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Country ! style="background-color: #cfb;" | 2007 ! style="background-color: #cfb;" | 2006 ! style="background-color: #cfb;" | 2005 ! style="background-color: #cfb;" | 2004 ! style="background-color: #cfb;" | 2003 ! style="background-color: #cfb;" | 2002 ! style="background-color: #cfb;" | 2001 |---- | align="right" | 1 || align="left" | [[Wind power in Germany|Germany]] || align="right" | 22,247 || align="right" | 20,622 || align="right" | 18,415 || align="right" | 16,629 || align="right" | 14,609 || align="right" | 11,994 || align="right" | 8,754 |---- | align="right" | 2 || align="left" | [[Wind power in Spain|Spain]] || align="right" | 15,145 || align="right" | 11,615 || align="right" | 10,028 || align="right" | 8,263 || align="right" | 6,203 || align="right" | 4,825 || align="right" | 3,337 |---- | align="right" | 3 || align="left" | [[Wind power in Denmark|Denmark]] || align="right" | 3,125 || align="right" | 3,140 || align="right" | 3,136 || align="right" | 3,117 || align="right" | 3,110 || align="right" | 2,880 || align="right" | 2,489 |---- | align="right" | 4 || align="left" | Italy || align="right" | 2,726 || align="right" | 2,123 || align="right" | 1,718 || align="right" | 1,255 || align="right" | 913 || align="right" | 797 || align="right" | 690 |---- | align="right" | 5 || align="left" | [[Wind power in France|France]] || align="right" | 2,454 || align="right" | 1 567 || align="right" | 757 || align="right" | 386 || align="right" | 239 || align="right" | 145 || align="right" | 93 |---- | align="right" | 6 || align="left" | [[Wind power in the United Kingdom|UK]] || align="right" | 2,389 || align="right" | 1,963 || align="right" | 1,353 || align="right" | 888 || align="right" | 648 || align="right" | 552 || align="right" | 474 |---- | align="right" | 7 || align="left" | Portugal || align="right" | 2,150 || align="right" | 1,716 || align="right" | 1,022 || align="right" | 522 || align="right" | 299 || align="right" | 194 || align="right" | 131 |- | align="right" | 8 || align="left" | Netherlands || align="right" | 1,746 || align="right" | 1,560 || align="right" | 1,219 || align="right" | 1,078|| align="right" | 912 || align="right" | 688 || align="right" | 486 |---- | align="right" | 9 || align="left" | Austria || align="right" | 982 || align="right" | 965 || align="right" | 819 || align="right" | 606 || align="right" | 415 || align="right" | 139 || align="right" | 94 |---- | align="right" | 10 || align="left" | Greece || align="right" | 871|| align="right" | 746 || align="right" | 573 || align="right" | 465 || align="right" | 375 || align="right" | 276 || align="right" | 272 |---- ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color: #cfb;" | Top ten || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | 46,017 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | 39,040 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | 33,209 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | 27,723 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | 22,490 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | 16,820 |---- ! align="right" | No || align="center" | Country || align="right" | 2007 || align="center" | 2006 || align="center" | 2005 || align="center" | 2004 || align="center" | 2003 || align="center" | 2002 || align="center" | 2001 |----- | align="right" | 11 || align="left" | Ireland || align="right" | 805 || align="right" | 745 || align="right" | 496 || align="right" | 339 || align="right" | 191 || align="right" | 137 || align="right" | 124 |----- | align="right" | 12 || align="left" | [[Wind power in Sweden|Sweden]] || align="right" | 788 || align="right" | 572 || align="right" | 510 || align="right" | 442 || align="right" | 399|| align="right" | 345 || align="right" | 293 |----- | align="right" | 13 || align="left" | Belgium || align="right" | 287 || align="right" | 193 || align="right" | 167 || align="right" | 95 || align="right" | 68 || align="right" | 35 || align="right" | 32 |----- | align="right" | 14 || align="left" | Poland || align="right" | 276 || align="right" | 152 || align="right" | 83 || align="right" | 63 || align="right" | 30 || align="right" | 5 || align="right" | 18 |----- | align="right" | 18 || align="left" | Czech Republic || align="right" | 116 || align="right" | 50 || align="right" | 28 || align="right" | 17 || align="right" | 9 || |----- | align="right" | 15 || align="left" | [[Wind power in Finland|Finland]] || align="right" | 110 || align="right" | 86 || align="right" | 82 || align="right" | 82 || align="right" | 52 || align="right" | 43 || align="right" | 39 |----- | align="right" | 16 || align="left" | Hungary || align="right" | 65 || align="right" | 61 || align="right" | 18 || align="right" | 6 || align="right" | 3 || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 1 |----- | align="right" | 17 || align="left" | Lithuania || align="right" | 50 || align="right" | 56 || align="right" | 6 || align="right" | 7 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 |----- | align="right" | 19 || align="left" | Luxembourg || align="right" | 35 || align="right" | 35 || align="right" | 35 || align="right" | 35 || align="right" | 22 || align="right" | 17 || align="right" | 15 |----- | align="right" | 20 || align="left" | Bulgaria || align="right" | 70 || align="right" | 36 || align="right" | 10 || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 |----- | align="right" | 21 || align="left" | [[Wind power in Estonia|Estonia]] || align="right" | 58 || align="right" | 32 || align="right" | 32 || align="right" | 6 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 0 |----- | align="right" | 22 || align="left" | Latvia || align="right" | 27 || align="right" | 27 || align="right" | 27 || align="right" | 26 || align="right" | 26 || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 1 |----- | align="right" | 24 || align="left" | Romania || align="right" | 8 || align="right" | 3 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 |----- | align="right" | 23 || align="left" | Slovakia || align="right" | 5 || align="right" | 5 || align="right" | 5 || align="right" | 5 || align="right" | 3 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 |----- | align="right" | 25 || align="left" | Slovenia || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 |----- | align="right" | 26 || align="left" | Cyprus || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 |----- | align="right" | 27 || align="left" | Malta|| align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0|| align="right" | 0 |----- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #cfb;"| EU27 (MW) || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;"| 56,535 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;"| 48,069 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;"| 40,541 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;"| 34,334 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;"| 28,528 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;"| 23,076 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;"| 17,343 |----- | colspan="2" align="right" | Total offshore || align="right" | 1,088 || align="right" | 878 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | |----- | colspan="9" align="right" | |----- | align="right" | 28 || align="right" | [[Norway]] || align="right" | 333 || align="right" | 314 || align="right" | 267 || align="right" | 160 || align="right" | 101 || align="right" | || |----- | align="right" | 30 || align="right" | Turkey || align="right" | 146 || align="right" | 51 || align="right" | 20 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || |----- | align="right" | 29 || align="right" | Ukraine || align="right" | 89 || align="right" | 86 || align="right" | 77 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || |----- | align="right" | 31 || align="right" | [[Switzerland]] || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || |----- ! colspan="2" align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | Europe (MW) || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | 57,136 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | 48,563 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | 40,898 || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | || align="right" style="background-color: #cfb;" | |} ===Photovoltaics=== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" align=center style="background-color: pink;" | PV in Europe(MW<sub>p</sub>)<ref name="BaroPhoto2007">[http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/erec/baro178.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 - EurObserv’ER] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, s. 49-70, 4/2007</ref> |----- ! style="background-color: pink;" | No ! style="background-color: pink;" | Country ! style="background-color: pink;" | 2006 ! style="background-color: pink;" | 2005 |----- | align=left | 1 || align=left | [[Germany]] || align="right" | 3 063 || align="right" | 1 910 |----- | align=left | 2 || align=left | [[Spain]] || align="right" | 118.1 || align="right" | 57.6 |----- | align=left | 3 || align=left | [[Italy]] || align="right" | 57.9 || align="right" | 46.3 |----- | align=left | 4 || align=left | Netherlands || align="right" | 51.2 || align="right" | 50.8 |----- | align=left | 5 || align=left | France || align="right" | 32.7 || align="right" | 26.3 |----- | align=left | 6 || align=left | Austria || align="right" | 29.0 || align="right" | 24.0 |----- | align=left | 7 || align=left | Luxembourg || align="right" | 23.6 || align="right" | 23.6 |----- | align=left | 8 || align=left | UK || align="right" | 13.6 || align="right" | 10.9 |----- | align=left | 9 || align=left | Greece || align="right" | 6.7 || align="right" | 5.4 |----- | align=left | 10 || align=left | [[Sweden]] || align="right" | 4.9 || align="right" | 4.2 |----- | align=left | 11 || align=left | Belgium || align="right" | 4.2 || align="right" | 2.1 |----- | align=left | 12 || align=left | [[Finland]] || align="right" | 4.1 || align="right" | 4.0 |----- | align=left | 13 || align=left | Portugal || align="right" | 3.5 || align="right" | 3.0 |----- | align=left | 14 || align=left | [[Denmark]] || align="right" | 2.9 || align="right" | 2.7 |----- | align=left | 15 || align=left | Cyprus || align="right" | 1.0 || align="right" | 0.5 |----- | align=left | 16 || align=left | Czech Rep. || align="right" | 0.8 || align="right" | 0.5 |----- | align=left | 17 || align=left | Poland || align="right" | 0.4 || align="right" | 0.3 |----- | align=left | 18 || align=left | Slovenia || align="right" | 0.4 || align="right" | 0.2 |----- | align=left | 19 || align=left | Ireland || align="right" | 0.3 || align="right" | 0.3 |----- | align=left | 20 || align=left | Hungary || align="right" | 0.2 || align="right" | 0.2 |----- | align=left | 21 || align=left | Slovakia|| align="right" | 0.1 || align="right" | 0.1 |----- | align=left | 22 || align=left | Malta || align="right" | 0.1 || align="right" | 0.1 |----- | align=left | 23 || align=left | Lithuania || align="right" | 0.1 || align="right" | 0.1 |----- ! style="background-color: pink;" colspan=2 align=left | EU27 GW<sub>p</sub> | style="background-color: pink;" align="right" | '''3.42''' || style="background-color: pink;" align="right" | ''' 2.17''' |} ===Solar heating=== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" align=center style=" style="background: #FFDEAD" | [[Solar heating]] in Europe* (kW<sub>th</sub>)<ref name="SunHeat2006">[http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/downloads/Solar_Thermal_Markets_in_Europe_2006.pdf Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2006] European Solar Thermal Industry Federation ESTIF, June 2007</ref> |- ! style="background: #FFDEAD" | Land ! style="background: #FFDEAD" | Total <br>kW<sub>th</sub> ! style="background: #FFDEAD" | 2006 ! style="background: #FFDEAD" | 2005 ! style="background: #FFDEAD" | 2004 |----- | align=left | [[Germany]] || align="right" | 5 637 800 || align="right" | 1 050 000 || align="right" | 665 000 || align="right" | 525 000 |----- | align=left | [[Greece]] || align="right" | 2 301 040 || align="right" | 168 000 || align="right" | 154 350 || align="right" | 150 500 |----- | align=left | [[Austria]] || align="right" | 1 828 139 || align="right" | 204 868 || align="right" | 163 429 || align="right" | 127 816 |----- | align=left | Italy || align="right" | 598 661 || align="right" | 130 200 || align="right" | 88 941 || align="right" | 68 417 |----- | align=left | Spain || align="right" | 491 516 || align="right" | 122 500 || align="right" | 74 760 || align="right" | 63 000 |----- | align=left | France || align="right" | 430 920 || align="right" | 154 000 || align="right" | 85 050 || align="right" | 36 400 |----- | align=left | Cyprus || align="right" | 392 140 || align="right" | 42 000 || align="right" | 35 000 || align="right" | 21 000 |----- | align=left | Switzerland || align="right" | 310 484 || align="right" | 36 304 || align="right" | 27 392 || align="right" | 21 812 |----- | align=left | [[Denmark]] || align="right" | 253 596 || align="right" | 17 710 || align="right" | 14 875 || align="right" | 14 000 |----- | align=left | Netherlands || align="right" | 222 909 || align="right" | 10 280 || align="right" | 14 174 || align="right" | 18 410 |----- | align=left | UK || align="right" | 175 644 || align="right" | 37 800 || align="right" | 19 600 || align="right" | 17 500 |----- | align=left | [[Sweden]] || align="right" | 165 850 || align="right" | 19 977 || align="right" | 15 835 || align="right" | 14 041 |----- | align=left | Portugal || align="right" | 126 665 || align="right" | 14 000 || align="right" | 11 200 || align="right" | 7 000 |----- | align=left | Poland || align="right" | 117 264 || align="right" | 28 980 || align="right" | 19 390 || align="right" | 20 230 |----- | align=left | Slovenia || align="right" | 76 510 || align="right" | 4 830 || align="right" | 3 360 || align="right" | 1 260 |----- | align=left | Czech Republic || align="right" | 74 711 || align="right" | 15 421 || align="right" | 10 885 || align="right" | 8 575 |----- | align=left | Belgium || align="right" | 72 883 || align="right" | 24 945 || align="right" | 14 164 || align="right" | 10 290 |----- | align=left | Slovakia || align="right" | 50 925 || align="right" | 5 950 || align="right" | 5 250 || align="right" | 3 850 |----- | align=left | Romania || align="right" | 48 370 || align="right" | 280 || align="right" | 280 || align="right" | 280 |----- | align=left | Bulgaria || align="right" | 17 570 || align="right" | 1 540 || align="right" | 1 400 || align="right" | 1 260 |----- | align=left | Malta || align="right" | 16 702 || align="right" | 3 150 || align="right" | 2 800 || align="right" | 2 951 |----- | align=left | [[Finland]] || align="right" | 11 545 || align="right" | 2 380 || align="right" | 1 668 || align="right" | 1 141 |----- | align=left | Luxembourg || align="right" | 11 130 || align="right" | 1 750 || align="right" | 1 330 || align="right" | 1 190 |----- | align=left | Ireland || align="right" | 11 053 || align="right" | 3 500 || align="right" | 2 450 || align="right" | 1 400 |----- | align=left | Hungary || align="right" | 4 375 || align="right" | 700 || align="right" | 700 || align="right" |1 050 |----- | align=left | Latvia || align="right" | 2 695 || align="right" | 840 || align="right" | 700 || align="right" | 350 |----- | align=left | Lithuania || align="right" | 1 925 || align="right" | 420 || align="right" | 350 || align="right" | 350 |----- | align=left | Estonia || align="right" | 784 || align="right" | 210 || align="right" | 175 || align="right" | 175 |- ! align=left style="background: #FFDEAD" | EU27+CH <br> GW<sub><sub>th</sub></sub> | align="right" style="background: #FFDEAD" | '''13.45''' || align="right" style="background: #FFDEAD" | ''' 2.10''' || align="right" style="background: #FFDEAD" | ''' 1.43''' || align="right" style="background: #FFDEAD" | '''1.14''' |- | colspan=9 align=left | <small>* = The relation between collector area and capacity: m<sup>2</sup> = 0.7 kW<sub>thermal</sub></small> |} ===Biofuels=== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="8" align="left" background-color:#lightyellow;| [[Biofuels]]<ref name="BaroBiofuels2007">[http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/erec/baro179_b.asp Biofuels barometer 2007 - EurObserv’ER] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 179, s. 63-75, 5/2007</ref> |- ! style="background-color:#ddf;" colspan=2 align="left" | ! style="background-color:#ddf;" colspan=3 align="left" | Consumption 2006 (GWh) ! style="background-color: # cfb;" colspan=3 align= "left" | Consumption 2005 (GWh) |- ! style="background-color: light yellow;" | No ! style="background-color: light yellow;" | Country ! style="background-color:#ddf;" | Total ! style="background-color:#ddf;" | [[Biodiesel]] ! style="background-color:#ddf;" | [[Bioethanol]] ! style=" background-color:# cfb;" | Total ! style=" background-color:# cfb;" | Biodiesel ! style=" background-color:# cfb;" | Bioethanol |----- | align="right" | 1 || align="left" | Germany* || align="right" | 38 887 || align="right" | 28 005 || align="right" | 3 573 || align="right" | 21 703 || align="right" | 18 003 || align="right" | 1 682 |----- | align="right"| 2 || align="left" | France || align="right" | 7 932 || align="right" | 6 185 || align="right" | 1 747|| align="right" | 4 874 || align="right" | 4 003 || align="right" | 871 |----- | align="right"| 3 || align="left" | Austria || align="right" | 3 201 || align="right" | 3 201 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 920 || align="right" | 920 || align="right" | 0 |----- | align="right" | 4 || align="left" | Sweden* || align="right" | 2 716 || align="right" | 597 || align="right" | 1 895|| align="right" | 1 938 || align="right" | 97 || align="right" | 1 681 |----- | align="right" | 5 || align="left" | Spain || align="right" | 2 064 || align="right" | 732 || align="right" | 1 332 || align="right" | 1 583 || align="right" | 270 || align="right" | 1 314 |----- | align="right" | 6 || align="left" | Italy || align="right" | 2 059|| align="right" | 2 059 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 2 059 || align="right" | 2 000 || align="right" | 59 |----- | align="right" | 7 || align="left" | UK || align="right" | 2 055 || align="right" | 1 494 || align="right" | 561 || align="right" | 793 || align="right" | 292 || align="right" | 502 |----- | align="right" | 8 || align="left" | Poland || align="right" | 1 102 || align="right" | 491 || align="right" | 611 || align="right" | 481 || align="right" | 152 || align="right" | 329 |----- | align="right" | 9 || align="left" | Greece || align="right" | 809 || align="right" | 809 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 32 || align="right" | 32 || align="right" | 0 |----- | align="right" | 10 || align="left" | Portugal || align="right" | 678 || align="right" | 678 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 0 |----- | align="right" | 19 || align="left" | Finland || align="right" | 9 || align="right" | nd || align="right" | 9 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 0 |----- ! align="right" | 27 || align=left | EU | align="right" style="background-color:#ddf;" | '''62 526''' || align="right" style="background-color:#ddf;" | '''44 766''' || align="right" style="background-color:#ddf;" | '''10 210''' || align="right" style=" background-color:# cfb;" | '''34 796''' || align="right" style=" background-color:# cfb;" | '''26 110''' || align="right" style=" background-color:# cfb;" | '''6 481''' |----- | colspan=9 align=left | <small>*Total includes vegetable oils in Germany: 7309 GWh (2006) and 2018 GWh (2005) and biogas in Sweden: 225 GWh (2006) and 160 GWh (2005)</small> |} ==See also== {{commons|Renewable energy in the European Union}} {{portal|Energy}} {{portalpar|European Union|Flag of Europe.svg|65}} *[[:Category:Renewable energy by country]] *[[List of renewable energy topics by country]] *[[Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change]] *[[Energy policy of the European Union]] *[[Eugene Green Energy Standard]] *[[Global warming]] *[[Economy of the European Union]] *[[Environment in the European Union]] *[[Kyoto protocol]] *[[Renewable energy commercialization]] *[[Renewable energy development]] *[[Transport in the European Union]] *[[Wind power in the European Union]] ==External links== * [http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/index_en.htm Renewable energy] ([[European Commission]]). * [http://www.managenergy.net ManagEnergy], for [[energy efficiency]] and [[renewable energy|renewable energies]] at the local and regional level. *[http://www.insula.org/berlinconference.htm New European Renewables Target: "20% by 2020"] *[http://www.reegle.info Reegle: Information Gateway For Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency] *[http://www.erec-renewables.org/documents/Berlin_2004/conclusions/Berlin_Conclusions_final.pdf Berlin Summit conclusions] *[http://www.unregisterednews.com/content/view/78/51/ EU Renewable Energy Target Analysis] *[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/index_en.htm European Commission: New and Renewable Energies] *[http://eeru.open.ac.uk/natta/renewonline/rol60/10.htm 34% from renewables in the EU by 2020?] *[http://www.carbonfree.co.uk/cf/news/wk19-07-0004.htm Wind Power Seen As Key Part Of Europe’s 20% Renewable Energy Target] ===In the media=== *[[September 11]], [[1999]], ''[[The Guardian]]:'' [http://www.guardian.co.uk/renewable/Story/0,,201987,00.html Renewable energy across Europe] *[[March 23]] [[2007]], ''[[The BBC]]:'' [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6476273.stm EU environmental achievements] by Commissioner Dimas. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Renewable energy by country}} [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy development]] [[Category:European Union and the environment]] [[Category:Alternative energy economics]] [[es:Energías renovables en la Unión Europea]] [[it:Energia rinnovabile nell'Unione europea]]