Reptile 25409 225034624 2008-07-11T15:54:53Z NawlinWiki 301395 Changed protection level for "[[Reptile]]": no reason to move this page w/o discussion [edit=autoconfirmed:move=sysop] {{sprotect2}} {{redirect|Reptilia||Reptile (disambiguation)}} {{Taxobox | fossil_range = [[Carboniferous]] - Recent | name = Reptiles | image = Tuatara.jpg | image_width = 251px | image_caption = A [[Tuatara]], ''Sphenodon punctatus'' | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]] | classis = '''Sauropsida'''[[Paraphyletic|*]] | classis_authority = [[Edwin Stephen Goodrich|Goodrich]], 1916 | subdivision_ranks = [[Class (biology)|Subclasses]] | subdivision = * [[Anapsida]] * [[Diapsida]] | synonyms = * Reptilia <small>[[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768</small> }} '''Reptiles''' are air-breathing, [[cold-blooded]] [[vertebrate]]s that have skin covered in [[scale (zoology)|scales]] as opposed to hair or feathers. They are [[tetrapod]]s (having or having descended from vertebrates with four limbs) and [[amniote]]s, whose [[embryo]]s are surrounded by an amniotic [[Biological membrane|membrane]]. Modern reptiles inhabit every [[continent]] with the exception of [[Antarctica]], and are represented by four living '''[[order (biology)|orders]]''': * '''[[Crocodilia]]''' ([[crocodile]]s, [[Gharial|gavial]]s, [[caiman]]s and [[alligator]]s): 23 species * '''[[Sphenodontia]]''' ([[tuatara]] from [[New Zealand]]): 2 species * '''[[Squamata]]''' ([[lizard]]s, [[snake]]s and [[amphisbaenia|amphisbaenids]] ("worm-lizards")): approximately 7,900 species * '''[[Testudines]]''' ([[turtle]]s and [[tortoise]]s): approximately 300 species The majority of reptile species are [[egg (biology)|oviparous]] (egg-laying) although certain species of squamates are capable of giving live birth. This is achieved, either through [[ovoviviparity]] (egg retention), or [[viviparous|viviparity]] (offspring born without use of [[calcium|calcified]] eggs). Many of the viviparous species feed their [[fetus]]es through various forms of [[placenta]] analogous to those of mammals with some providing initial care for their [[hatch]]lings. Extant reptiles range in size from the newly-discovered [[Jaragua Sphaero]], at 1.6 cm (0.6 in), to the [[Saltwater Crocodile]], at up to at least 7 m (23 ft). ==Classification== ===History of classification=== [[Image:Paraphyletic.svg|thumb||right|334px|Reptiles are a [[paraphyletic]] group. The group can be made [[monophyletic]] by including the birds (Aves).]] From the classical standpoint, reptiles included all the [[amniote]]s except [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s. Thus reptiles were defined as the set of [[animal]]s that includes [[crocodile]]s, [[alligator]]s, [[tuatara]], [[lizard]]s, [[snake]]s, [[amphisbaenia]]ns and [[turtle]]s, grouped together as the class '''Reptilia''' (Latin ''repere'', "to creep"). This is still the usual definition of the term. However, in recent years, many taxonomists have begun to insist that taxa should be [[monophyly|monophyletic]], that is, groups should include all descendants of a particular form. The reptiles as defined above would be [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]], since they exclude both birds and mammals, although these also developed from the original reptile. Colin Tudge writes: {{cquote|Mammals are a [[cladistics|clade]], and therefore the cladists are happy to acknowledge the traditional taxon [[Mammal]]ia; and birds, too, are a clade, universally ascribed to the formal taxon [[bird|Aves]]. Mammalia and Aves are, in fact, subclades within the grand clade of the Amniota. But the traditional class reptilia is not a clade. It is just a section of the clade Amniota: the section that is left after the Mammalia and Aves have been hived off. It cannot be defined by synamorphies, as is the proper way. It is instead defined by a combination of the features it has and the features it lacks: reptiles are the amniotes that lack fur or feathers. At best, the cladists suggest, we could say that the traditional Reptila are 'non-avian, non-mammalian amniotes'.<ref name="tudge">{{RefTudgeVariety}}</ref> }} {{cquote|By the same token, the traditional class Amphibia becomes Amphibia*, because some ancient amphibian or other gave rise to all the amniotes; and the phylum Crustacea becomes Crustacea*, because it may have given rise to the insects and myriapods (centipedes and millipedes). If we believe, as some (but not all) zoologists do, that myriapods gave rise to insects, then they should be called Myriapoda*....by this convention Reptilia without an asterisk is synonymous with Amniota, and includes birds and mammals, whereas Reptilia* means non-avian, non-mammalian amniotes.<ref name="tudge"/>}} The terms "Sauropsida" ("Lizard Faces") and "[[Theropsida]]" ("Beast Faces") were coined in 1916 by [[Edwin Stephen Goodrich|E.S. Goodrich]] to distinguish between lizards, birds, and their relatives on one hand (Sauropsida) and [[mammal]]s and their extinct relatives (Theropsida) on the other. Goodrich supported this division by the nature of the hearts and blood vessels in each group, and other features such as the structure of the forebrain. According to Goodrich, both lineages evolved from an earlier stem group, the Protosauria ("First Lizards") which included some [[Paleozoic]] [[amphibian]]s as well as early reptiles.<ref name="goodrich1916">{{cite journal|last=Goodrich|first=E.S.|title=On the classification of the Reptilia|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London|volume= 89B|pages=261–276|year=1916}}</ref> In 1956 [[David Meredith Seares Watson|D.M.S. Watson]] observed that the first two groups diverged very early in reptilian history, and so he divided Goodrich's Protosauria among them. He also reinterpreted the Sauropsida and Theropsida to exclude birds and mammals respectively. Thus his Sauropsida included [[Procolophonia]], [[Eosuchia]], [[Millerettidae|Millerosauria]], [[Turtle|Chelonia]] (turtles), [[Squamata]] (lizards and snakes), [[Rhynchocephalia]], [[Crocodilia]], "[[thecodont]]s" ([[paraphyletic]] [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[Archosaur]]ia), non-[[avian]] [[dinosaur]]s, [[pterosaur]]s, [[ichthyosaur]]s, and [[Sauropterygia|sauropyterygians]].<ref name="watson1956">{{cite journal|last=Watson|first=D.M.S.|coauthors=|year=1957|title=On Millerosaurus and the early history of the sauropsid reptiles|url=|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences|issn=|volume=240|issue=673|pages=325–400|doi=}}</ref> This classification supplemented, but was never as popular as, the classification of the reptiles (according to [[Alfred Sherwood Romer|Romer]]'s classic ''[[Vertebrate Paleontology (Romer)|Vertebrate Paleontology]]''<ref name="romer1933">{{cite book|last=Romer|first=A.S.|coauthors=|authorlink=|title=Vertebrate Paleontology|edition=|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=|year=1933|isbn=|series=}}, 3rd ed., 1966.</ref>) into four subclasses according to the positioning of ''[[temporal fenestrae]]'', openings in the sides of the skull behind the eyes. Those divisions were: *''[[Anapsida]]'' - no fenestrae *''[[Synapsida]]'' - one low fenestra (no longer considered true reptiles) *''[[Euryapsida]]'' - one high fenestra (now included within Diapsida) *''[[Diapsida]]'' - two fenestrae All of the above but Synapsida fall under Sauropsida. ===Taxonomy=== Classification to order level, after Benton, 2004.<ref name="benton2004">{{cite book|last=Benton|first=Michael J.|authorlink=Michael J. Benton|title=Vertebrate Paleontology|edition=3rd ed.|publisher=Blackwell Science Ltd.|location=Oxford|year=2004|isbn=0632056371|series=}}</ref> * '''Series [[Amniota]]''' ** '''Class [[Synapsida]]''' *** Order [[Pelycosauria]][[Paraphyletic|*]] *** Order [[Therapsida]] **** '''Class [[Mammalia]]''' ** '''Class [[Sauropsida]]''' *** '''Subclass [[Anapsida]]''' **** Order [[Testudines]] (turtles) *** '''Subclass [[Diapsida]]''' **** Order [[Araeoscelidia]] **** Order [[Younginiformes]] **** '''Infraclass [[Ichthyosauria]]''' **** '''Infraclass [[Lepidosauromorpha]]''' ***** Superorder [[Sauropterygia]] ****** Order [[Placodontia]] ****** Order [[Nothosauroidea]] ****** Order [[Plesiosauria]] ***** Superorder [[Lepidosauria]] ****** Order [[Sphenodontida]] (tuatara) ****** Order [[Squamata]] (lizards & snakes) **** '''Infraclass [[Archosauromorpha]]''' ***** Order [[Prolacertiformes]] ***** Division [[Archosauria]] ****** Subdivision [[Crurotarsi]] ******* Superorder [[Crocodylomorpha]] ******** Order [[Crocodylia]] ****** Subdivision [[Avemetatarsalia]] ******* Infradivision [[Ornithodira]] ******** Order [[Pterosauria]] ******** Superorder [[Dinosauria]] ********* Order [[Saurischia]] ********** '''Class [[Aves]]''' ********* Order [[Ornithischia]] ===Phylogeny=== The [[cladogram]] presented here illustrates the "family tree" of reptiles, and follows a simplified version of the relationships found by Laurin and Gauthier (1996), presented as part of the [[Tree of Life Web Project]].<ref name="tol">Laurin, M. and Gauthier, J.A. (1996). "Amniota. Mammals, reptiles (turtles, lizards, Sphenodon, crocodiles, birds) and their extinct relatives." Version 01 January 1996. ''http://tolweb.org/Amniota/14990/1996.01.01 in'' The Tree of Life Web Project, ''http://tolweb.org/''</ref> {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80% |label1='''Amniota''' |1={{clade |1='''[[Synapsida]]''' |label2='''Reptilia''' |2={{clade |label1=<font color="white">unnamed</font> |1={{clade |label1=[[Anapsida]] |1={{clade |1=[[Mesosauridae]] |label2=<font color="white">unnamed</font> |2={{clade |1=[[Millerettidae]] |label2=<font color="white">unnamed</font> |2={{clade |1=[[Lanthanosuchidae]] |label2=<font color="white">unnamed</font> |2={{clade |1=[[Nyctiphruretia]] |label2=<font color="white">unnamed</font> |2={{clade |1=[[Pareiasauria]] |2=[[Procolophonoidea]] }} |3=?[[Testudines]] (turtles, tortoises and terrapins) }} }} }} }} |label2=[[Romeriida]] |2={{clade |1=[[Captorhinidae]] |label2=<font color="white">unnamed</font> |2={{clade |1=[[Protorothyrididae]][[Paraphyletic|*]] |label2=[[Diapsida]] |2={{clade |1=[[Araeoscelidia]] |label2= <font color="white">unnamed</font> |2={{clade |1=[[Younginiformes]] |label2=[[Sauria]] |2={{clade |1=?[[Ichthyosauria]] |2=?[[Sauropterygia]] |3=[[Lepidosauromorpha]] (lizards, snakes, tuatara, and their extinct relatives) |4=[[Archosauromorpha]] (crocodiles, birds, and their extinct relatives) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Evolution== [[Image:HylonomusZICA.png|thumb|right|200px|The early reptile ''[[Hylonomus]]'']] ''[[Hylonomus]]'' is the oldest-known reptile, and was about 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm) long. ''[[Westlothiana]]'' has been suggested as the oldest reptile, but is for the moment considered to be more related to amphibians than [[amniote]]s. ''[[Petrolacosaurus]]'' and ''[[Mesosaurus]]'' are other examples. The earliest reptiles were found in the swamp forests of the [[Carboniferous]], but were largely overshadowed by bigger [[labyrinthodont]] amphibians such as ''[[Proterogynrius]]''. It was only after the small ice age at the end of the Carboniferous that the reptiles grew to big sizes, producing species such as ''[[Edaphosaurus]]'' and ''[[Dimetrodon]]''. The first true "reptiles" (Sauropsids) are categorized as [[Anapsid]]s, having a solid skull with holes only for nose, eyes, spinal cord, etc. Turtles are believed by some to be surviving Anapsids, as they also share this skull structure; but this point has become contentious lately, with some arguing that turtles reverted to this primitive state in order to improve their armor. Both sides have strong evidence, and the conflict has yet to be resolved. Shortly after the first reptiles, two branches split off, one leading to the Anapsids, which did not develop holes in their skulls. The other group, [[Diapsid]]a, possessed a pair of holes in their skulls behind the eyes, along with a second pair located higher on the skull. The Diapsida split yet again into two lineages, the [[lepidosaur]]s (which contain modern snakes, lizards and tuataras, as well as, debatably, the extinct sea reptiles of the Mesozoic) and the [[archosaurs]] (today represented by only [[crocodilia]]ns and [[bird]]s ''under [[dinosaur]]s'', but also containing [[pterosaur]]s and non-avian dinosaurs). The earliest, solid-skulled [[amniote]]s also gave rise to a separate line, the [[Synapsid]]a. [[Synapsid]]s developed a pair of holes in their skulls behind the eyes (similar to the diapsids), which were used to both lighten the skull and increase the space for jaw muscles. The synapsids eventually evolved into [[mammal]]s, and are often referred to as mammal-like reptiles, though they are not true members of Sauropsida. (A preferable term is "stem-mammals".) <!--... ''please elaborate (including diagrams)''--> ==Systems== ===Circulatory=== [[Image:wiki varano.jpg|thumb|right|Thermographic image of a [[monitor lizard]].]] Most reptiles have a three-chamber [[heart]] consisting of two [[Atrium (heart)|atria]], one variably-partitioned [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]], and two aorta that go the the [[systemic circulation]]. The degree of mixing of [[oxygen]]ated and deoxygenated blood in the three-chamber heart is variable depending on the species and physiological state. Under different conditions, deoxygenated blood can be shunted back to the body or oxygenated blood can be shunted back to the lungs. This variation in blood flow has been hypothesized to allow more effective thermoregulation and longer diving times for aquatic species, but has not been shown to be a [[Fitness (biology)|fitness]] advantage. <ref> {{cite journal |last=Hicks |first=James |year=2002 |title=The Physiological and Evolutionary Significance of Cardiovascular Shunting Patterns in Reptiles |journal=News in Physiological Sciences |volume=17 |pages=241–245}}</ref> There are some interesting exceptions to the general physiology. For instance, [[crocodilia]]ns have an anatomically four-chambered heart, but also have two systemic aorta and are therefore capable only of bypassing their [[pulmonary circulation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Axelsson |first=Michael |Coauthors=Craig E. Franklin |year=1997 |title=From anatomy to angioscopy: 164 years of crocodilian cardiovascular research, recent advances, and speculations. |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A |volume=188 |issue=1 |pages=51-62}}</ref> Also, some snake and lizard species (e.g., monitor lizards and pythons) have three-chamber hearts that become functional four-chamber hearts during contraction. This is made possible by a muscular ridge that subdivides the ventricle during [[cardiac cycle|ventricular diastole]] and completely divides it during [[Systole|ventricular systole]]. Because of this ridge, some of these [[Squamata|squamates]] are capable of producing ventricular pressure differentials that are equivalent to those seen in mammalian and avian hearts. <ref>{{cite journal | quotes=no | last=Wang | first=Tobias | coauthors=Altimiras, Jordi; Klein, Wilfried; Axelsson, Michael | title=Ventricular haemodynamics in Python molurus: separation of pulmonary and systemic pressures | journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology | year=2003 | volume=206 | pages=4242–4245 | doi=10.1242/jeb.00681 | pmid=14581594}}</ref> ===Respiratory=== All reptiles breathe using lungs. Aquatic [[turtles]] have developed more permeable skin, and some species have modified their cloaca to increase the area for gas exchange (Orenstein, 2001). Even with these adaptations, breathing is never fully accomplished without [[lung]]s. Lung ventilation is accomplished differently in each main reptile group. In [[Squamata|squamates]] the lungs are ventilated almost exclusively by the axial musculature. This is also the same musculature that is used during locomotion. Because of this constraint, most squamates are forced to hold their breath during intense runs. Some, however, have found a way around it. Varanids, and a few other lizard species, employ [[buccal pumping]] as a complement to their normal "axial breathing." This allows the animals to completely fill their lungs during intense locomotion, and thus remain aerobically active for a long time. Tegu lizards are known to possess a proto-[[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]], which separates the pulmonary cavity from the visceral cavity. While not actually capable of movement, it does allow for greater lung inflation, by taking the weight of the viscera off the lungs (Klein et al, 2003). [[Crocodilia]]ns actually have a muscular diaphragm that is analogous to the mammalian diaphragm. The difference is that the muscles for the crocodilian diaphragm pull the pubis (part of the pelvis, which is movable in crocodilians) back, which brings the liver down, thus freeing space for the lungs to expand. This type of diaphragmatic setup has been referred to as the "hepatic piston." How [[Turtle|turtles and tortoises]] breathe has been the subject of much study. To date, only a few species have been studied thoroughly enough to get an idea of how turtles do it. The results indicate that turtles & tortoises have found a variety of solutions to this problem. The problem is that most turtle shells are rigid and do not allow for the type of expansion and contraction that other amniotes use to ventilate their lungs. Some turtles such as the Indian flapshell (''Lissemys punctata'') have a sheet of muscle that envelopes the lungs. When it contracts, the turtle can exhale. When at rest, the turtle can retract the limbs into the body cavity and force air out of the lungs. When the turtle protracts its limbs, the pressure inside the lungs is reduced, and the turtle can suck air in. Turtle lungs are attached to the inside of the top of the shell (carapace), with the bottom of the lungs attached (via connective tissue) to the rest of the viscera. By using a series of special muscles (roughly equivalent to a [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]]), turtles are capable of pushing their viscera up and down, resulting in effective respiration, since many of these muscles have attachment points in conjunction with their forelimbs (indeed, many of the muscles expand into the limb pockets during contraction). Breathing during locomotion has been studied in three species, and they show different patterns. Adult female green sea turtles do not breathe as they crutch along their nesting beaches. They hold their breath during terrestrial locomotion and breathe in bouts as they rest. North American box turtles breathe continuously during locomotion, and the ventilation cycle is not coordinated with the limb movements (Landberg et al., 2003). They are probably using their abdominal muscles to breathe during locomotion. The last species to have been studied is red-eared sliders, which also breathe during locomotion, but they had smaller breaths during locomotion than during small pauses between locomotor bouts, indicating that there may be mechanical interference between the limb movements and the breathing apparatus. Box turtles have also been observed to breathe while completely sealed up inside their shells (ibid). Most reptiles lack a [[secondary palate]], meaning that they must hold their breath while swallowing. Crocodilians have evolved a bony secondary palate that allows them to continue breathing while remaining submerged (and protect their brains from getting kicked in by struggling prey). Skinks (family Scincidae) also have evolved a bony secondary palate, to varying degrees. Snakes took a different approach and extended their trachea instead. Their tracheal extension sticks out like a fleshy straw, and allows these animals to swallow large prey without suffering from asphyxiation. ===Excretory=== [[Excretion]] is performed mainly by two small [[kidney]]s. In diapsids [[uric acid]] is the main [[nitrogen]]ous waste product; turtles, like [[mammals]], mainly excrete [[urea]]. Unlike the kidneys of mammals and birds, reptile kidneys are unable to produce liquid urine more concentrated than their body fluid. This is because they lack a specialized structure present in the [[nephrons]] of birds and mammals, called a [[Loop of Henle]]. Because of this, many reptiles use the [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]] to aid in the [[reabsorption]] of water. Some are also able to take up water stored in the [[Urinary bladder|bladder]]. Excess salts are also excreted by nasal and lingual salt-glands in some reptiles. ===Nervous=== The reptilian nervous system contains the same basic part of the [[amphibian]] brain, but the reptile [[cerebrum]] and [[cerebellum]] are slightly larger. Most typical sense organs are well developed with certain exceptions most notably the snakes lack of external ears (middle and inner ears are present). All reptilians have advanced visual depth perception compared to other animals.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} There are twelve pairs of [[cranial nerves]].[http://www.curator.org/legacyvmnh/weboflife/kingdom/p_chordata/ClassReptilia/reptiles.htm] ===Reproductive=== Most reptiles reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction. All reproductive activity occurs with the [[cloaca]], the single exit/entrance at the base of the tail where waste is also eliminated. Tuataras lack copulatory organs, so the male and female simply press their cloacas together as the male excretes sperm.<ref>Lutz, Dick (2005), Tuatara: A Living Fossil, Salem, Oregon: DIMI PRESS, ISBN 0-931625-43-2</ref> Most reptiles, however, have copulatory organs, which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside the body. In turtles and crocodilians, the male has a single median [[penis]], while squamates including snakes and lizards possess a pair of [[hemipenes]]. Most reptiles lay amniotic eggs covered with leathery or calcareous shells. An [[amniotic sac|amnion, chorion]] and [[allantois]] are present during [[embryo]]nic life. There are no [[larva]]l stages of development. [[Viviparity]] and [[ovoviviparity]] have only evolved in Squamates, and a substantial fraction of the species utilize this mode of reprduction, including all boas and most vipers. The degree of [[viviparity]] varies: some species simply retain the eggs until just before hatching, others provide maternal nourishment to supplement the yolk, while still others lack any yolk and provide all nutrients via a placenta. Asexual reproduction has been identified in [[squamata|squamate]]s in six families of lizards and one snake. In some species of squamates, a population of females are able to produce a unisexual diploid clone of the mother. This asexual reproduction called [[parthenogenesis]] occurs in several species of [[gecko]], and is particularly widespread in the [[teiidae|teiids]] (especially ''Aspidocelis'') and [[lacertidae|lacertids]] (''[[Lacerta]]''). In captivity ''[[Komodo dragons]]'' (varanidae) have reproduced by parthenogenesis. Parthenogenetic species are also suspected to occur among [[chameleon]]s, [[agamidae|agamids]], [[night lizard|xantusiids]], and [[typhlopidae|typhlopids]] . ==References== {{reflist}} *{{cite book|last=Colbert|first=Edwin H.|coauthors=|authorlink=Edwin H. Colbert|title=Evolution of the Vertebrates|edition=2nd ed.|publisher=John Wiley and Sons Inc.|location=New York|year=1969|isbn=0471164666|series=}} *{{cite journal | quotes=no | last=Klein | first=Wilfied | coauthors=Abe, Augusto; Andrade, Denis; Perry, Steven | title=Structure of the posthepatic septum and its influence on visceral topology in the tegu lizard, Tupinambis merianae (Teidae: Reptilia) | journal=Journal of Morphology | volume=258 | issue=2 | year=2003 | pages=151–157 | doi=10.1002/jmor.10136}} *{{cite journal | quotes=no | last=Landberg | first=Tobias | coauthors=Mailhot, Jeffrey; Brainerd, Elizabeth| title=Lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion in a terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina | journal=Journal of Experimental Biology | volume=206 | issue=19 | year=2003 | pages=3391–3404| doi=10.1242/jeb.00553| pmid=12939371}} * Laurin, Michel and Gauthier, Jacques A.: [http://tolweb.org/Diapsida/14866/2000.06.22 Diapsida. Lizards, ''Sphenodon'', crocodylians, birds, and their extinct relatives], Version 22 June 2000; part of [http://tolweb.org The Tree of Life Web Project] *{{cite book | last=Orenstein | first=Ronald | title=Turtles, Tortoises & Terrapins: Survivors in Armor | publisher=Firefly Books | year=2001 | isbn=1-55209-605-X}} *{{cite book | last=Pianka | first=Eric | coauthors=Vitt, Laurie | title=Lizards Windows to the Evolution of Diversity | publisher=University of California Press | year=2003 | isbn=0-520-23401-4 | pages=116-118}} *{{cite book | last=Pough | first=Harvey | coauthors=Janis, Christine; Heiser, John | title=Vertebrate Life| publisher= Pearson Prentice Hall | year=2005 | isbn=0-13-145310-6 }} ==See also== *[[List of reptiles]] *[[List of regional reptiles lists]] *[[Amniote]] *[[Anapsida]] *[[Synapsida]] *[[Diapsida]] ==External links== {{Sisterlinks|Reptile}} {{Wikispecies|Reptilia}} {{Wikibookspar|Dichotomous Key|Reptilia}} *[http://www.reptile-database.org The Reptile Database] *[http://www.whozoo.org/herps/herpphylogeny.html Reptile Phylogeny] *[http://www.reptilesweb.com World Reptile Amphibian Information Center] {{Chordata}} {{Reptiles}} [[Category:Reptiles| ]] [[Category:Obsolete taxonomic groups]] [[af:Reptiel]] [[ar:زواحف]] [[az:Sürünənlər]] [[bn:সরীসৃপ]] [[zh-min-nan:Pâ-thiông]] [[bs:Reptili]] [[bg:Влечуги]] [[ca:Rèptil]] [[cs:Plazi]] [[cy:Ymlusgiad]] [[da:Krybdyr]] [[de:Reptilien]] [[et:Roomajad]] [[el:Ερπετό]] [[es:Sauropsida]] [[eo:Reptilioj]] [[eu:Narrasti]] [[fa:خزندگان]] [[fo:Skriðdýr]] [[fr:Reptiles]] [[gd:Snàigean]] [[gl:Réptil]] [[ko:파충류]] [[hi:सरीसृप]] [[hsb:Łažaki]] [[hr:Gmazovi]] [[io:Reptero]] [[id:Reptil]] [[is:Skriðdýr]] [[it:Reptilia]] [[he:זוחלים]] [[jv:Reptil]] [[ka:ქვეწარმავლები]] [[la:Reptilia]] [[lv:Rāpuļi]] [[lb:Reptiller]] [[lt:Ropliai]] [[li:Reptiele]] [[hu:Hüllők]] [[mk:Влекачи]] [[ml:ഉരഗം]] [[ms:Reptilia]] [[nl:Reptielen]] [[ja:爬虫類]] [[no:Krypdyr]] [[nn:Krypdyr]] [[oc:Reptilia]] [[nds:Reptilien]] [[pl:Gady]] [[pt:Répteis]] [[ro:Reptilă]] [[rm:Reptil]] [[qu:Suchuq]] [[ru:Пресмыкающиеся]] [[scn:Reptilia]] [[simple:Reptile]] [[sk:Plazy]] [[sl:Plazilci]] [[sr:Гмизавци]] [[su:Réptil]] [[fi:Matelijat]] [[sv:Kräldjur]] [[ta:ஊர்வன]] [[te:సరీసృపాలు]] [[th:สัตว์เลื้อยคลาน]] [[vi:Động vật bò sát]] [[tg:Рептилия]] [[to:Monumanu ngaolo pe totolo]] [[tr:Sürüngenler]] [[uk:Плазуни]] [[zh-yue:爬蟲類]] [[zea:Reptielen]] [[bat-smg:Ruoplē]] [[zh:爬行动物]]