Republic of North Peru
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{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|native_name=''República Nor-Peruana''
|conventional_long_name=Republic of North Peru
|nation=Peru-Bolivian Confederation
|common_name=Peru
|article=the
|subdivision=Republic
|
|year_start=1836
|date_start=August 11
|year_end=1839
|date_end=August 25
|p1=Peru
|flag_p1=Flag_of_Peru_(1825_-_1950).svg
|s1=Peru
|flag_s1=Flag_of_Peru_(1825_-_1950).svg
|
|image_flag=Flag_of_Peru_(1825_-_1950).svg
|flag_article=Flag of Peru
|image_coat=Escudo_de_la_República_Peruana_(1825-1950).svg
|symbol_type_article=Coat of arms of Peru
|image_map=LocationNorthPeru.png
|image_map_caption = North Peru within the Confederation
|capital = Lima
}}
The '''Republic of North Peru''' was one of the three constituent Republics of the short-lived [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]] of 1836-39.
North Peru was formed from the division of the Republic of [[Peru]] into the Republic of North Peru and the [[Republic of South Peru]]. These two Republics were founded in 1836 to be (with the Republic of Bolivia) constituent Republics of the [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]].
The Confederation came to an end three years later after being defeated by [[Chile]] in the [[War of the Confederation]]. In August 1839, [[Agustín Gamarra]] declared the Confederation dissolved; as a result South Peru and North Peru reverted to being a unified Republic of Peru.
==Background==
The Peru-Bolivian Confederation was a plan that attempted to reunite the ''Alto Peru'' ("Upper Peru", now Bolivia) and ''Bajo Peru'' ("Lower Peru", now simply Peru) into a single political and economic entity. Marshal [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]] promoted an ambitious project to reunite this two territories on the basis of a confederacy. This integration was based not only on historical, cultural and ethnic reasons, but also on sound economic motives. The union was trying to restore the ancient commercial routes and promote a policy of open markets.
As [[President of Bolivia]], Santa Cruz instigated several failed plots to achieve a political union with [[Peru]], taking advantage of that country's chronic political unrest. His best opportunity came in [[1835]] when the [[List of Presidents of Peru|Peruvian President]] General [[Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada|Luis Orbegoso]] requested his assistance to fight the rebel armies of Generals [[Agustín Gamarra]] and [[Felipe Santiago Salaverry]]. Santa Cruz defeated Peruvian [[caudillo]] [[Agustín Gamarra|Gamarra]] at the [[Battle of Yanacocha]] on [[August 13]], [[1835]] and Salaverry at the [[Battle of Socabaya]] on [[February 7]], [[1836]].
With Bolivian help, General Orbegoso quickly regained his leadership throughout the country and had Salaverry [[summary execution|summarily executed]]. In retribution to the support he received from Santa Cruz, he acceeded to the formation of the new [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]]. Santa Cruz assumed the Supreme Protectorship of the confederation and Orbegoso maintained only the presidency of the newly created Republic of North Peru.
==Creation==
At the instigation of Santa Cruz, a [[deliberative assembly|Congress]] of the Peruvian northern [[department (subnational entity)|departments]] ([[Amazonas Region|Amazonas]], [[Junín Region|Junín]], [[La Libertad region|La Libertad]] and [[Lima Region|Lima]]) gathered at Huaura founded the Republic of North Peru on [[August 11]], [[1836]]. Then, together with [[South Peru]], they recognized Santa Cruz as [[Protector (title)|Supreme Protector]] with extensive powers that enabled him to create the '''Peru-Bolivian Confederation''' on [[October 28]], [[1836]]. Santa Cruz then summoned to the city of [[Tacna]] representatives of both [[legislature]]s together with those of the [[National Congress of Bolivia|Bolivian Congress]] assembled at Tapacarí to establish a [[Constitution]] for the new [[State]]. Under his direction, they signed a pact on [[May 1]], [[1837]] which named him [[Protector (title)|Supreme Protector]] for a ten-year period.
==Structure of the Republic==
There was, from [[1837]] until the dissolution, a ''Provisional President'' and a Congress, both with limited powers and under the control of Marshal [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]] who was styled the ''Supreme Protector''.
* '''First President''': General [[Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada|Luis Orbegoso]] ([[August 21]], [[1837]] - [[July 30]], [[1838]].) He declared secession of the Republic of North Peru from the Peru-Bolivian Confederation on [[July 30]], [[1838]] but continued as Provisional President until [[September 1]], [[1838]]
* '''Second President''': General [[José de la Riva Agüero]] ([[August 1]], [[1838]] - [[January 24]], [[1839]])
==Development and dissolution==
Invested with considerable powers, Santa Cruz endeavoured to establish in [[Peru]] the same type of [[authoritarianism|authoritarian order]] he had imposed in [[Bolivia]]. He issued a [[Civil Code]], a [[Penal Code]], a [[Trade]] [[Regulation]], a [[Customs (tax)|Customs]] [[Regulation]] and reorganized [[tax]] collection procedures allowing an increase in [[state]] [[revenue]]s while restraining expenditures.
However, the Confederation generated resistances among several groups in both countries, which resented the dilution of [[nation|national identities]], and also among neighbouring countries. An important number of Peruvian politicians opposed to the idea of the Confederation fled to [[Chile]] where they received support and this led to the [[War of the Confederation]]. Chile declared war on [[December 28]], [[1836]] and Argentina followed suit on [[May 9]], [[1837]]. The Chilean military expedition against Santa Cruz, led by [[Admiral]] [[Manuel Blanco Encalada]] failed and had to submit to the signature of the [[Treaty of Paucarpata]], on [[November 17]], [[1837]]. The Chilean government then organized a second expedition, which defeated the [[Protector (title)|Supreme Protector]] at the [[Battle of Yungay]] on [[January 20]], [[1839]] and forced the dissolution of the Confederation. On [[August 25]], [[1839]] General [[Agustín Gamarra]] after assuming as president of Peru, officially declared the dissolution of the Confederation and of the merging of the Northern and Southern Peruvian Republics into one to be called again [[Peru]], and separated from [[Bolivia]].
== See also ==
*[[History of Bolivia]]
*[[History of Chile]]
*[[History of Peru]]
*[[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]]
*[[War of the Confederation]]
== External links ==
*[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xi_pb-n.html History of the Flag]
[[Category:Former countries in South America|Peru, North]]
[[Category:Short-lived states|Peru, North]]
[[Category:History of Bolivia|Peru, North]]
[[Category:History of Peru|Peru, North]]
[[Category:War of the Confederation|Peru, North]]
[[es:Estado Nor-Peruano]]