Resource-Based Relative Value Scale
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'''Resource-Based Relative Value Scale''' ('''RBRVS''') is a [[schema]] used to determine how much money medical providers should be paid. It is currently used by [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] in the [[United States]] and by nearly every [[Health maintenance organization]]s (HMOs).
RBRVS assigns [[medical procedure|procedure]]s performed by a [[physician]] or other medical provider a ''[[relative value]]'' which is adjusted by geographic region (so a procedure performed in [[Manhattan]] is ''[[Value (economics)|worth]]'' more than a procedure performed in [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]]). This value is then multiplied by a fixed ''[[Conversion of units|conversion factor]],'' which changes annually, to determine the amount of payment.
For example, in 2005, a generic 99213 [[Current Procedural Terminology]] (CPT) code was worth 1.39 relative value units, or RVUs. Adjusted for [[New Jersey|North Jersey]], it was worth 1.57 RVUs. Using the 2005 Conversion Factor of $37.90, Medicare paid 1.57 * $37.90 for each 99213 performed, or $59.50. Most [[Medical specialist|specialties]] charge 200-400% of Medicare rates for their procedures and collect between 50-80% of those charges, after contractual adjustments and [[write-off]]s.
Although the RBRVS system is mandated by the [[Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services]] (CMS) and the data for it appears in the [[Federal Register]], the [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) maintains that their copyright of the [[Current Procedural Terminology|CPT]] allows them to charge a license fee to anyone who wishes to associate RVU values with CPT codes. The AMA receives approximately $70 million annually from these fees, making them reluctant to allow the free distribution of tools and data that might help physicians calculate their fees accurately and fairly.
==History==
RBRVS was created at [[Harvard University]] in their national RBRVS study from December [[1985]] and published on [[September 29]], [[1988]]. [[William Hsiao]] was the principal investigator who organized a multi-disciplinary team of researchers, which included statisticians, physicians, economists and measurement specialists, to develop the RBRVS.
In 1988 the results were submitted to the Health Care Financing Administration (today CMS) to be used in the American Medicare system. In December of the following year, President [[George H. W. Bush]] signed into law the [[Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989]], switching Medicare to an RBRVS payment schedule. This took effect in [[January 1]], [[1992]]. Starting in [[1991]], the AMA has updated RBRVS continually. As of May [[2003]], over 3500 corrections have been submitted to CMS.
Physicians [[Medical billing (United States)|bill]] their services using [[procedure codes]] developed by a seventeen member committee known as the CPT Editorial Panel. The AMA nominates eleven of the members while the remaining seats are nominated by the [[Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association]], the [[Health Insurance Association of America]], CMS, and the [[American Hospital Association]]. The CPT Committee issues new codes twice each year.
A separate committee, the Relative Value Update Committee (the RUC), determines the Resource Based Relative Value for each new code and revalues all existing codes at least once every five years. The RUC has 29 members, 23 of whom are appointed by major national medical societies. The six remaining seats are held by the Chair (an AMA appointee), an AMA representative, a representative from the CPT Editorial Panel, a representative from the [[American Osteopathic Association]], a representative from the Health Care Professions Advisory Committee and a representative from the Practice Expense Review Committee.
The RBRVS for each CPT code is determined using three separate factors: physician work, practice expense, and [[Medical malpractice|malpractice]] expense. A method to determine the physician work value was the primary contribution made by the Hsiao study. The RUC examines each new code to determine a relative value by comparing the physician work of the new code to the physician work involved in existing codes.
The practice expense, determined by the Practice Expense Review Committee, consists of the direct expenses related to supplies and non-physician labor used in providing the service, and the [[wiktionary:pro rata|pro rata]] cost of the [[Medical equipment|equipment]] used. In addition, there is an amount included for the indirect expenses.
In the development of the RBRVS, the physician work (including the physician's time, mental effort, technical skill, judgment, stress and an amortization of the [[Medical education|physician's education]]), the practice expense and the malpractice expense are factored into the result. The calculation of the fee includes a geographic adjustment. The RBRVS does not include adjustments for outcomes, quality of service, severity, or demand.
== External links ==
* [http://bphc.hrsa.gov/chc/simis/CHC_MISGlossary.asp?returnpage=%3C%25=ReturnPageTemp%25#R RBRVS entry] in glossary of terms on the [http://www.hrsa.gov/ hrsa.gov] website (broken)
* [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/PhysicianFeeSched/ Physician Fee Schedule Calculations] from Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services website (broken)
* [http://www.aardvarkforms.com/AMA-Medicare-RBRVS-The-Physicians-Guide-p-16372.html Medicare RBRVS: The Physicians' Guide] - a print publication giving details on Medicare's use of RBRVS
* {{cite journal | author=Hsiao, W. C. ''et al.'' | title=Results and policy implications of the resource-based relative-value study | journal=New England Journal of Medicine | year=1988 | volume=319 | issue=13 | pages=881–888 | url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/13/881 | pmid=3045557 }} PMID 3045557
* {{cite journal | author=Hsiao, W. C. ''et al.'' | title=Estimating physicians' work for a resource-based relative-value scale | journal=New England Journal of Medicine | year=1988 | volume=319 | issue=13 | pages=835–841 | url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/13/835 | pmid=3412414 }} PMID 3412414
[[Category:Medicare and Medicaid (United States)]]