Respiratory failure
185887
224785256
2008-07-10T12:06:49Z
221.135.225.51
{{Infobox_Disease |
Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
Image = |
Caption = |
DiseasesDB = 6623 |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|96||j|95}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|518.81}} |
ICDO = |
OMIM = |
MedlinePlus = |
eMedicineSubj = med |
eMedicineTopic = 2011|
MeshID = D012131 |
}}
'''Respiratory failure''' is a [[medicine|medical]] term for inadequate [[gas exchange]] by the [[respiratory system]]. Respiratory failure can be indicated by observing a drop in blood [[oxygen]] level ([[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxemia]]) and/or a rise in arterial [[carbon dioxide]] ([[hypercapnia]]) which can be written as ([[Partial pressure|Pa]][[Oxygen|O2]] < 60 [[Torr|mmHg]], [[Partial pressure|Pa]][[CO2]] > 45 [[Torr|mmHg]]).
Classification into type I or type II relates to the absence or presence of hypercapnia respectively. (Values in kPA being PO2 below 8kPA and PCO2 above 6.7kPa
==Types==
===Type 1===
Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as [[hypoxaemia]] without [[hypercapnia]], indeed the CO<sub>2</sub> level may be normal or low. It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion mismatch; the air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs.Basic defect in type 1 respiratory failure is failure of oxygenation charecterized by: PaO2-low(<60mmhg)
PaCO2_normal/low(</=49mm hg) PA-aO2-increasd
This type is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation like:
* Parenchymal disease(V/Q mismatch)
* Diseases of vasculature and shunts.
right to left shunt, ARDS,pneumonia,Emphysema.
===Type 2===
Type 2 respiratory failure is defined as the build up of carbon dioxide that has been generated by the body. The underlying causes include:
* Reduced breathing effort (in the fatigued patient)
* Increased resistance to breathing (such as in [[asthma]])
* A decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange (such as in [[emphysema]]).
basicall there is defect in ventillation, charecterised by: Pao2-decreased PaCO2-increased, PA-aO2-normal
==Causes==
*Pulmonary dysfunction
**[[Asthma]]
**[[Emphysema]]
**[[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]]
**[[Pneumonia]]
**[[Pneumothorax]]
**[[Hemothorax]]
**[[Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome]] ('''ARDS''') is a specific and life-threatening type of respiratory failure.
**[[Cystic Fibrosis]]
*Cardiac dysfunction
**[[Pulmonary edema]]
**[[Arrhythmia]]
**[[Congestive heart failure]]
**Valve pathology
*Other
**Fatigue due to prolonged [[hyperventilation|tachypnoea]] in [[metabolic acidosis]]
**Intoxication with drugs (i.e. [[morphine]], [[benzodiazepine]]s) suppresses respiration.
==Treatment==
Emergency treatment follows the principles of [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]. Treatment of the underlying cause is required. [[Mechanical ventilation]] may be required.
==External links==
* [http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2011.htm eMedicine Respiratory Failure]
{{Respiratory pathology}}
* [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insuffisance_respiratoire][[:fr:Insuffisance respiratoire]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Organ failure]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Causes of death]]
{{med-stub}}
[[es:Insuficiencia respiratoria]]
[[de:Ateminsuffizienz]]
[[fr:Insuffisance respiratoire]]
[[ja:呼吸不全]]
[[no:Respirasjonssvikt]]
[[pl:Niewydolność oddechowa]]