Respiratory failure 185887 224785256 2008-07-10T12:06:49Z 221.135.225.51 {{Infobox_Disease | Name = {{PAGENAME}} | Image = | Caption = | DiseasesDB = 6623 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|96||j|95}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|518.81}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2011| MeshID = D012131 | }} '''Respiratory failure''' is a [[medicine|medical]] term for inadequate [[gas exchange]] by the [[respiratory system]]. Respiratory failure can be indicated by observing a drop in blood [[oxygen]] level ([[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxemia]]) and/or a rise in arterial [[carbon dioxide]] ([[hypercapnia]]) which can be written as ([[Partial pressure|Pa]][[Oxygen|O2]] < 60 [[Torr|mmHg]], [[Partial pressure|Pa]][[CO2]] > 45 [[Torr|mmHg]]). Classification into type I or type II relates to the absence or presence of hypercapnia respectively. (Values in kPA being PO2 below 8kPA and PCO2 above 6.7kPa ==Types== ===Type 1=== Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as [[hypoxaemia]] without [[hypercapnia]], indeed the CO<sub>2</sub> level may be normal or low. It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion mismatch; the air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs.Basic defect in type 1 respiratory failure is failure of oxygenation charecterized by: PaO2-low(<60mmhg) PaCO2_normal/low(</=49mm hg) PA-aO2-increasd This type is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation like: * Parenchymal disease(V/Q mismatch) * Diseases of vasculature and shunts. right to left shunt, ARDS,pneumonia,Emphysema. ===Type 2=== Type 2 respiratory failure is defined as the build up of carbon dioxide that has been generated by the body. The underlying causes include: * Reduced breathing effort (in the fatigued patient) * Increased resistance to breathing (such as in [[asthma]]) * A decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange (such as in [[emphysema]]). basicall there is defect in ventillation, charecterised by: Pao2-decreased PaCO2-increased, PA-aO2-normal ==Causes== *Pulmonary dysfunction **[[Asthma]] **[[Emphysema]] **[[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]] **[[Pneumonia]] **[[Pneumothorax]] **[[Hemothorax]] **[[Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome]] ('''ARDS''') is a specific and life-threatening type of respiratory failure. **[[Cystic Fibrosis]] *Cardiac dysfunction **[[Pulmonary edema]] **[[Arrhythmia]] **[[Congestive heart failure]] **Valve pathology *Other **Fatigue due to prolonged [[hyperventilation|tachypnoea]] in [[metabolic acidosis]] **Intoxication with drugs (i.e. [[morphine]], [[benzodiazepine]]s) suppresses respiration. ==Treatment== Emergency treatment follows the principles of [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]. Treatment of the underlying cause is required. [[Mechanical ventilation]] may be required. ==External links== * [http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2011.htm eMedicine Respiratory Failure] {{Respiratory pathology}} * [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insuffisance_respiratoire][[:fr:Insuffisance respiratoire]] [[Category:Emergency medicine]] [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] [[Category:Medical emergencies]] [[Category:Organ failure]] [[Category:Pulmonology]] [[Category:Causes of death]] {{med-stub}} [[es:Insuficiencia respiratoria]] [[de:Ateminsuffizienz]] [[fr:Insuffisance respiratoire]] [[ja:呼吸不全]] [[no:Respirasjonssvikt]] [[pl:Niewydolność oddechowa]]