Restauration (Switzerland) 3863319 225305133 2008-07-13T00:13:57Z John 764861 date fmt {{History of Switzerland}} {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = ''Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft'' |conventional_long_name = Swiss Confederation |common_name = Restauration | |continent = Europe |region = Alps |country = Europe |era = |status = |status_text = |empire = |government_type = [[Tagsatzung]] | |year_start = 1815 |year_end = 1848 | |event_pre = |date_pre = |event_start = Bundesvertrag |date_start = [[August 7]], [[1815]] |event1 = |date_event1 = |event_end = Swiss Federal Constitution |date_end = [[12 September]] [[1848]] | |p1 = Mediation (Switzerland) |flag_p1 = Flag of Switzerland.svg |s1 = Swiss Confederation |flag_s1 = Flag of Switzerland.svg |image_map = Karte Schweiz 1815.png |image_map_caption = }} [[Image:Bild Zueriputsch1839.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Züriputsch]]: clashes on Zürich Paradeplatz]] The periods of '''Restoration''' and '''Regeneration''' in [[Swiss history]] last from 1814 to 1847. "Restoration" refers to the period of 1814 to 1830, the [[restoration]] of the ''[[Ancien Régime of Switzerland|Ancien Régime]]'' ([[federalism]]), reverting the changes imposed by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] with the [[centralism|centralist]] [[Helvetic Republic]] from 1798 and the partial reversion to the old system with the [[Act of Mediation]] of 1803. "Regeneration" refers to the period of 1830 to 1848, when in the wake of [[July Revolution]] the "restored" ''Ancien Régime'' was countered by the [[liberalism|liberal]] movement. In the Protestant cantons, the rural population enforced liberal cantonal constitutions, partly in armed marches on the cities. This resulted in a conservative backlash in the catholic cantons in the 1830s, raising the conflict to the point of [[Sonderbundskrieg|civil war]] by 1847. ==Restauration== When Napoleon's fall appeared imminent, the Act of Mediation was suspended in late December 1813, and lengthy discussions about future constitutions were initiated in all [[cantons of Switzerland]]. [[Image:Charles pictet de rochemont.jpg|left|thumb| [[Charles Pictet de Rochemont]]]] At the [[Congress of Vienna]] (18 September 1814 to 9 June 1815), Switzerland was represented by a delegation of three conservative politicians, [[Hans von Reinhard]], [[Johann Heinrich Wieland]] and [[Johann von Montenach]], besides a number of unofficial lobbyists attempting to influence the country's re-organisation. The official delegation had the mission of ensuring the recognition of Swiss neutrality, but their efforts were hampered by a complicated web of cantonal rivalries and diverging agendas, which went to discourage the interest of the great European powers in Swiss affairs. On 20 March, the Congress finalized a declaration on the future status of Switzerland, including the recognition of the territory of the 19 cantons of the Act of Mediation (including financial compensation for those cantons which had lost territory to newly formed ones) and the recognition of [[Valais]], [[Neuchatel]] and [[canton of Geneva|Geneva]] as part of Switzerland, while the [[Valtellina]], [[Chiavenna]] and [[Bormio]] were detached from the [[Grisons]] and made part of the [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]]. Recognition of Swiss neutrality was left undecided, and on 20 May, the Swiss Tagsatzung gave in to allied pressure and declared war on France, allowing the passage of allied troops across Swiss territory. Swiss troops under General [[Niklaus Franz von Bachmann]] advanced to the [[Franche-Comté]] without orders from the diet, but were ordered back. The French fort at [[Hüningen]] near Basel was placed under siege by Austrian and Swiss troops and surrendered on 28 August. The Swiss were particularly eager to lay siege to this fortress after its commander General Barbanegre opened fire on the city of Basle. The [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|Treaty of Paris]] of 20 November included a financial compensation for Switzerland besides the acquisition of a small territorial gain, connecting the canton of Geneva (formerly an exclave) to Vaud. Most significantly, the Treaty included the recognition of permanent Swiss neutrality by all European powers. Cantonal constitutions were worked out independently from 1814, in general restoring the late feudal conditions of the 17th and 18th century. The [[Tagsatzung]] was re-organized by the '''Federal Treaty''' (''Bundesvertrag'') of [[7 August]] [[1815]]. ==Regeneration== This "restored" state of affairs meant that the [[Patrician|Patriciate]] and the [[free city|free cities]] regained much of their former power, to the disadvantage of the rural population, resulting in rebellions and violent conflicts such as the [[Züriputsch]] of [[1839]]. Some Republican achievements were preserved, however, such as the abolition of the subject territories, preserving the [[Aargau]] and [[Thurgau]] as independent cantons, and the guarantee of equal political rights of all (male) citizens of a canton. In Basel, the conflict resulted in the split of [[Basel-City]] and [[Basel-Country]] in 1833. Similarly, a canton ''Ausserschwyz'' temporarily seceded from the [[canton of Schwyz]] in 1831, but was re-united with Schwyz in 1833 after the drawing up of an egalitarian constitution. The central demands of the liberals were abolition of [[censorship]], [[separation of church and state]], [[popular sovereignty]] and [[representative democracy]]. In this political conflict, the right-wing [[Conservatism|Conservative Party]] representing the Patriciate was pitted against the "[[free thinking]]" left-wing "Radical Party", the predecessor of the contemporary [[Free Democratic Party of Switzerland]]. The Radicals rose to power during the 1830s, and managed to impose restrictions against the Catholic Church in the [[Aargau]] in [[1841]]. [[Lucerne]] in retaliation re-admitted the [[Jesuits]] as teachers at cantonal schools. Provoked by this (the "Jesuite question") armed Radicals invaded the canton, the ''[[:de:Freischarenzüge|Freischarenzüge]]'' of 1844 and 1845, led by [[Wilhelm Snell]], the later Federal Councillors [[Ulrich Ochsenbein]] and [[Jakob Stämpfli]]. Also participating was [[Gottfried Keller]], but he never participated in combat. The invasion of 1845 ended in a disaster for the ''Freischärler'', 35 of their number being killed. The Radical side again reverted to political means, and the Jesuits were again expelled by decree of the federal [[Tagsatzung]] on [[3 September]], [[1847]] (a decree only repealed in 1973). The Catholic [[Sonderbund]] of [[1845]] was a reaction to the ''Freischarenzüge''. Due to its violation of inter-cantonal treaties, the confederate army was raised. The confederate forces invaded Sonderbund territory in November 1847, initiating the ''[[Sonderbundskrieg]]'', which thanks to the thoughtful campaign by General [[Guillaume-Henri Dufour]] resulted in fewer than a hundred casualties on both sides. After the hostilities ceased, the Catholic side having the disadvantage, [[Switzerland as a federal state|Modern Switzerland]] was formed by the first [[Swiss Federal Constitution|Federal Constitution]]. ==See also== *[[Switzerland in the Napoleonic era]] *[[Revolutions of 1848]] *[[Switzerland as a federal state]] ==External links== {{Wikisourcelang|de|Bundesvertrag von 1815|Federal Treaty of 1815}} [[Category:History of Switzerland]] [[de:Regeneration (Schweizergeschichte)]] [[de:Restauration (Schweiz)]] [[ru:Реставрация в Швейцарии]]