Rice
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2008-07-16T22:04:27Z
Chrislk02
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/74.33.224.136|74.33.224.136]] to last version by El C (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{Mergefrom|Parboiled rice|date=September 2007}}
{{Otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Rice
| image = Koeh-232.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Oryza sativa''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Poales]]
| familia = [[Poaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Oryza]]''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
*''Oryza glaberrima''
*''Oryza sativa''
}}[[Image:Brun ris.jpg|250 px|right|thumb|Brown [[basmati rice]]]]
[[Image:Unpolished-rice.jpg|250 px|right|thumb|Unpolished rice with bran.]]
{{nutritionalvalue
| name=Rice, white, long-grain, regular,<br> raw, unenriched
| opt1n=Water
| opt1v=11.62 g
| kJ=1527
| protein=7.13 g
| fat=0.66 g
| carbs=79.95 g
| vitB6_mg=0.164
| fiber=1.3 g
| sugars=0.12 g
| iron_mg=0.80
| opt1n=[[Manganese]] 1.088 mg
| opt1v=
| calcium_mg=28
| magnesium_mg=25
| phosphorus_mg=115
| potassium_mg=115
| zinc_mg=1.09
| pantothenic_mg=1.014
| vitB6_mg=0.164
| folate_ug=8
| thiamin_mg=0.070
| riboflavin_mg=0.049
| niacin_mg=1.6
| right=1
| source_usda=1 }}
'''Rice''' is a [[cereal]] foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide.
Domesticated rice comprises two [[species]] of [[food crop]]s in the [[Poaceae]] ("true grass") family, '''''Oryza sativa''''' and '''''Oryza glaberrima'''''. These [[plants]] are native to tropical and subtropical southern [[Asia]] and southeastern [[Africa]].<ref>Crawford, G.W. and C. Shen. 1998. The Origins of Rice Agriculture: Recent Progress in East Asia. ''Antiquity'' 72:858–866.</ref>
The name '''[[wild rice]]''' is usually used for species of the different but related genus ''[[Zizania]]'', both wild and domesticated, although the term may be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of ''Oryza''.
Rice is grown as a [[monocarpic]] [[annual plant]], although in tropical areas it can survive as a [[perennial]] and can produce a [[ratoon]] crop and survive for up to 20 years.<ref>[http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/riceIPM/IPM_Information/PestEcologyBasics/CropGrowthAndPestDamage/RicePlantHowItGrows/The_Rice_plant_and_How_it_Grows.htm International Rice Research Institute ''The Rice Plant and How it Grows''] Retrieved January 29, 2008</ref> Rice can grow to 1–1.8 m tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and [[soil]] fertility. The grass has long, slender [[leaf|leaves]] 50–100 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad. The small [[Anemophily|wind-pollinated]] [[flower]]s are produced in a branched arching to pendulous [[inflorescence]] 30–50 cm long. The edible [[seed]] is a [[grain]] (caryopsis) 5–12 mm long and 2–3 mm thick.
Rice is a [[staple food|staple]] for a large part of the world's [[human population]], especially in tropical [[Latin America]], and [[East Asia|East]], [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], making it the second-most consumed [[cereal grain]].<ref name="prodstat">{{cite web
| url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx
| title=ProdSTAT | work=FAOSTAT
| accessdate=2006-12-26}}</ref> Rice provides more than one fifth of the [[calorie]]s consumed worldwide by humans.<ref>Smith, Bruce D. ''The Emergence of Agriculture''. Scientific American Library, A Division of HPHLP, New York, 1998.</ref> In early [[2008]], some governments and retailers began [[rationing]] supplies of the grain due to fears of a global [[rice shortage]].<ref>[http://news.sbs.com.au/worldnewsaustralia/global_rice_shortage_sparks_panic_545601 Global rice shortage sparks panic - SBS World News Australia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2008/04/080411_rice_seq_wt_sl.shtml BBC World Service - News - Global rice shortage<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Rice [[cultivation]] is well-suited to countries and regions with low [[labor (economics)|labor]] costs and high [[rainfall]], as it is very labor-intensive to cultivate and requires plenty of water for [[cultivation]]. On the other hand, mechanized cultivation is extremely [[petroleum|oil]]-intensive, more than other food products with the exception of [[beef]] and [[dairy]] products. Rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain. Although its species are native to [[South Asia]] and certain parts of [[Africa]], centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures.
The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields with or after setting the young seedlings. This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling, but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. While with rice growing and cultivation the flooding is not mandatory, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil.
==Etymology==
According to the ''[[Encarta|Microsoft Encarta Dictionary]]'' (2004) and the ''Chambers Dictionary of Etymology'' (1988), the word ''rice'' has an [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] origin. It came to [[English language|English]] from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''óryza'', via [[Latin]] ''oriza'', [[Italian language|Italian]] ''riso'' and finally [[Old French]] ''ris'' (the same as present day [[French language|French]] ''riz'').
<br>It has been speculated that the Indo-Iranian ''vrihi'' itself is borrowed from a Dravidian vari (< PDr. *warinci)<ref>Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) ''The Dravidian Languages'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-77111-0 at p. 5.</ref> or even a Munda language term for rice, or the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name ''arisi'' (அரிசி) from which the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''ar-ruzz'', from which the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word ''arroz'' originated.
== Preparation as food ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Polished rice]] -->
<div id="white_rice"></div>
[[Image:RICE POLISHING BY FOOT POWER.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Old fashioned way of rice polishing in [[Japan]].]]
The seeds of the rice plant are first milled using a [[rice huller]] to remove the [[chaff]] (the outer husks of the grain). At this point in the process, the product is called [[brown rice]]. The milling may be continued, removing the '[[bran]]' (i.e. the rest of the husk and the [[cereal germ|germ]]), thereby creating [[white rice]]. [[White rice]], which keeps longer and is preferred by most, lacks some important nutrients; in a limited diet which does not supplement the rice, brown rice helps to prevent the deficiency disease [[beriberi]].
[[White rice]] may be also buffed with glucose or [[talc]] powder (often called ''polished rice,'' though this term may also refer to white rice in general), [[parboiled rice|parboiled]], or processed into [[flour]]. White rice may also be enriched by adding nutrients, especially those lost during the milling process. While the cheapest method of enriching involves adding a powdered blend of nutrients that will easily wash off (in the United States, rice which has been so treated requires a label warning against rinsing), more sophisticated methods apply nutrients directly to the grain, coating the grain with a water insoluble substance which is resistant to washing. [[Image:Rice-fields-Indonesia-(Java).jpg|thumb|250px|Terraced rice paddy on a hill slope]]
Despite the hypothetical health risks of [[talc]] (such as stomach cancer),<ref>[http://www.preventcancer.com/consumers/cosmetics/talc.htm Risks of Talcum Powder]</ref> talc-coated rice remains the norm in some countries due to its attractive shiny appearance, but it has been banned in some and is no longer widely used in others such as the United States. Even where [[talc]] is not used, glucose, starch, or other coatings may be used to improve the appearance of the grains; for this reason, many rice lovers still recommend washing all rice in order to create a better-tasting rice with a better consistency, despite the recommendation of suppliers. Much of the rice produced today is water polished.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
[[Rice bran]], called ''nuka'' in [[Japan]], is a valuable commodity in Asia and is used for many daily needs. It is a moist, oily inner layer which is heated to produce an oil. It is also used as a pickling bed in making [[Nukazuke|rice bran pickles]] and [[Takuan]].
Raw rice may be ground into [[flour]] for many uses, including making many kinds of [[beverage]]s such as [[amazake]], [[horchata]], [[rice milk]], and [[sake]]. Rice flour does not contain [[gluten]] and is suitable for people on a [[gluten-free diet]]. Rice may also be made into various types of [[noodle]]s. Raw wild or brown rice may also be consumed by raw-foodist or fruitarians if soaked and sprouted (usually 1 week to 30 days).
Processed rice seeds must be boiled or steamed before eating. Cooked rice may be further fried in [[cooking oil|oil]] or [[butter]], or beaten in a tub to make [[mochi]].
Rice is a good source of protein and a staple food in many parts of the world, but it is not a [[complete protein]]: it does not contain all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts for good health, and should be combined with other sources of protein, such as nuts, seeds, beans or meat.<ref name="Protein content">{{cite web | url= http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6M-44XK5WK-3&_user=918210&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000047944&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=918210&md5=65f76ac6c52c83d057a73ee21f915f0e#sec7 | title=Estimating the amino acid composition in milled rice by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy | author=Jianguo G. Wu |coauthors=Chunhai Shia and Xiaoming Zhanga | date=2003 | accessdate=2008-01-08 | publisher=Field Crops Research}}</ref>
Rice, like other [[cereal]] [[caryopsis|grains]], can be [[Puffed rice|puffed (or popped)]]. This process takes advantage of the grains' [[water]] content and typically involves heating grains in a special chamber. Further puffing is sometimes accomplished by processing pre-puffed pellets in a low-[[pressure]] chamber. The [[ideal gas law]] means that either lowering the local pressure or raising the water [[temperature]] results in an increase in [[volume]] prior to water [[evaporation]], resulting in a puffy [[Texture (food)|texture]]. Bulk raw rice density is about 0.9 g/cm³. It decreases more than tenfold when puffed.
==Cooking==
{{selfref|See [[wikibooks:Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Wikibooks' Rice Recipes]] for information on food preparation using rice.}}
There are many varieties of rice; for many purposes the main distinction is between long- and short-grain rice. The grains of long-grain rice tend to remain intact after cooking; short-grain rice becomes more sticky. Short-grain rice is used for sweet dishes, and for [[risotto]] and many Spanish dishes.
[[Image:Rice p1160004.jpg|thumb|Uncooked pre-steamed long rice]]
Rice is cooked by [[boiling]] or [[steaming]], and absorbs water during cooking. It can be cooked in just as much water as it absorbs (the absorption method), or in a large quantity of water which is drained before serving (the rapid-boil method). Electric [[rice cooker]]s, popular in Asia and Latin America, simplify the process of cooking rice. Rice is often heated in oil before boiling, or oil is added to the water; this is thought to make the cooked rice less sticky.
In [[Arab cuisine]] rice is an ingredient of many soups and dishes with fish, poultry and meat. It is also used to stuff vegetables or is wrapped in grape leaves. When combined with milk, sugar and honey, it is used to make desserts. In some regions, such as [[Tabaristan]], bread is made using rice flour. Medieval Islamic texts spoke of medical uses for the plant.<ref>Watson, p. 15</ref>
Also extremely popular are combination cooking methods; for example [[fried rice]] is boiled or steamed rice stir-fried in oil.
Rice may also be made into [[Congee|rice porridge]] (also called congee or rice gruel) by adding more water than usual, so that the cooked rice is saturated with water to the point that it becomes very soft, expanded, and fluffy. Rice porridge is commonly eaten as a breakfast food, and is also a traditional food for the sick.
Rice may be soaked prior to cooking, which decreases cooking time. For some [[Variety (botany)|varieties]], soaking improves the texture of the cooked rice by increasing expansion of the grains.
In some countries [[parboiled rice]], also known as [[Minute rice]] or easy-cook rice, is popular. Parboiled rice is subjected to a steaming or parboiling process while still a brown rice. This causes nutrients from the outer husk to move into the grain itself. The parboil process causes a gelatinisation of the starch in the grains. The grains become less brittle, and the color of the milled grain changes from white to yellow. The rice is then dried, and can then be milled as usual or used as brown rice. Milled parboiled rice is nutritionally superior to standard milled rice. Parboiled rice has an additional benefit in that it does not stick to the pan during cooking as happens when cooking regular white rice.
A nutritionally superior method of preparing brown rice known as '''GABA Rice''' or GBR (Germinated Brown Rice)<ref>Shoichi Ito and Yukihiro Ishikawa Tottori University, Japan. {{cite web | title=(Marketing of Value-Added Rice Products in Japan: Germinated Grown Rice and Rice Bread.) | url=http://www.hatsuga.com/DOMER/english/en/GBRRB.html | accessmonthday=February 12 | accessyear=2004 }}</ref> may be used. This involves soaking washed brown rice for 20 hours in warm water (38 [[degree Celsius|°C]] or 100 [[degree Fahrenheit|°F]]) prior to cooking it. This process stimulates [[germination]], which [[activator|activates]] various [[enzymes]] in the rice. By this method, a result of research carried out for the [[United Nations]] Year of Rice, it is possible to obtain a more complete [[amino acid]] profile, including [[GABA]].
Cooked rice can contain [[Bacillus cereus]] spores which produce an [[emetic]] toxin when left between 4-60 degrees Celsius [http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/consumers/food-safety-topics/foodborne-illnesses/safe-cooling-of-cooked-rice/index.htm]. When storing cooked rice for use the next day, rapid cooling is advised to reduce the risk of contamination.
== Production history ==
===Genetic history===
[[Image:RiceCloseUp.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Japan]]ese short-grain rice]]
{{Confusing|date=March 2008}}
Two species of rice were [[domesticated]], Asian rice (''O. sativa'') and African rice (''O. glaberrima''). According to Londo and Chiang, ''O. sativa'' appears to have been domesticated from wild (Asian) Oryza rice, ''Oryza rufipogon'' around the [[foothills]] of the [[Himalayas]], with ''O. sativa'' var. ''indica'' on the [[India]]n side and ''O. sativa'' var. ''japonica'' on the [[Chinese]] and [[Japan]]ese side.<ref>J.P. Londo, Y. Chiang et al, "Phylogeography of Asian wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, reveals multiple independent domestications of cultivated rice, Oryza sativa", PNAS 103(25):9578–83, 2006 ([http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0603152103v1])</ref> The different histories have led to different ecological niches for the two main types of rice. Indica are mainly lowland rices, grown mostly submerged, throughout tropical Asia, while japonica are usually cultivated in dry fields, in temperate East Asia, upland areas of Southeast Asia and high elevations in South Asia. (Oka 1988)
[[Image:Hinohikari.jpg|200px|thumb|Japanese short-grain rice]]
Current genetic analysis suggests that ''O. sativa'' would be best divided into five groups, labeled indica, aus, aromatic, temperate japonica and tropical japonica. The same analysis suggests that ''indica'' and ''aus'' are closely related, as are ''tropical japonica'', ''temperate japonica'', and ''aromatic.''<ref>Garris, Amanda, Tai, Thomas, Coburn, Jason, Kresovich, Steve, McCouch, Susan. 2004. “Genetic Structure and Diversity in Oryza sativa L.” [http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/genetics.104.035642v1?ck=nck]
</ref> Further analysis of the genetic material of various types of rice indicates that ''japonica'' was the first cultivar to emerge, followed by the ''indica, aus,'' and ''aromatic'' groups, whose genome did show significant differences in age. Within the ''japonica'' group, there is some genetic evidence that ''temperate japonica'' is derived from ''tropical japonica''.<ref>Garris, Amanda, Tai, Thomas, Coburn, Jason, Kresovich, Steve, McCouch, Susan. 2004. “Genetic Structure and Diversity in Oryza sativa L.” [http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/genetics.104.035642v1?ck=nck]
</ref>
Other studies have suggested that there are three groups of ''Oryza sativa'' cultivars: the short-grained "japonica" or "sinica" varieties, exemplified by [[Japanese rice]]; the long-grained "[[indica]]" varieties, exemplified by [[Basmati rice]]; and the broad-grained "javonica" varieties, which thrive under tropical conditions (Zohary and Hopf, 2000). The earliest find site for the japonica variety, dated to the [[5th millennium]] [[Common Era|BCE]], was in the earliest phases of the [[Hemudu culture]] on the south side of [[Hangzhou Bay]] in [[China]], but was found along with japonica types.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
== Global history and methodology of cultivating rice ==
=== India ===
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica:<ref>"rice." Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref>
http://img.tradeindia.com/tradeleads/org_1374531.jpg
<blockquote>
The origin of rice culture has been traced to India in about 3000 BCE. Rice culture gradually spread westward and was introduced to southern Europe in medieval times. With the exception of the type called upland rice, the plant is grown on submerged land in the coastal plains, tidal deltas, and river basins of tropical, semitropical, and temperate regions. The seeds are sown in prepared beds, and when the seedlings are 25 to 50 days old, they are transplanted to a field, or paddy, that has been enclosed by levees and submerged under 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) of water, remaining submerged during the growing season.
</blockquote>
Wild Oryza rice appeared in the Belan and [[Ganges]] valley regions of [[northern India]] as early as 4530 BCE and 5440 BCE respectively. Agricultural activity during the second millennium BC included rice cultivation in the [[Kashmir]] and [[Harappa|Harrappan]] regions.<ref>Sorghum: Origin, History, Technology, and Production By C. Wayne Smith. Published 2000. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0471242373</ref> Mixed farming was the basis of [[Indus valley]] economy. Farmers planted their crops in integrated fields. Rice, grown on the west coast, was cultivated in the Indus valley.<ref>World History: Societies of the Past / Charles Kahn ... [et Al.] By Charles Kahn. Published 2005. Portage & Main Press. ISBN 1553790456. pg 92</ref> Rice, along with barley, meat, dairy products and fish constituted the dietary staple of the ancient [[Dravidian people]].<ref>Food Culture in India By Colleen Taylor. Sen. Published 2004. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313324875</ref>
There is mention of ApUpa, Puro-das and Odana (rice-gruel) in the [[Rig Veda]], terms that refer to rice dishes,<ref>Cf. Talageri (2000) [[Shrikant G. Talageri|Talageri, Shrikant]]: [[The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis]], 2000. ISBN 81-7742-010-0</ref> The rigvedic commentator [[Sayana]] refers to ''"tandula"'' when commenting on RV 1.16.2., which means rice.<ref>Rice Research in South Asia through Ages by Y L Nene, Asian Agri-History Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005 (85–106). With reference to Sontakke and Kashikar, 1983</ref> The Rigvedic term ''dhana'' (dhanaa, dhanya) means rice.<ref>Rice Research in South Asia through Ages by Y L Nene, Asian Agri-History Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005 (85–106).</ref> Both [[Charaka]] and [[Sushruta]] mention rice in detail.<ref>Rice Research in South Asia through Ages by Y L Nene, Asian Agri-History Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005 (85–106).</ref> The [[Arthasastra]] discusses aspects of rice cultivation.<ref>Rice Research in South Asia through Ages by Y L Nene, Asian Agri-History Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005 (85–106).</ref> The ''Kashyapiyakrishisukti'' by [[Kashyapa]] is the most detailed ancient Sanskrit text on rice cultivation.<ref>Rice Research in South Asia through Ages by Y L Nene, Asian Agri-History Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005 (85–106).</ref>
=== Continental East Asia ===
Z. Zhao, a Chinese [[paleoethnobotany|palaeoethnobotanist]], hypothesizes that people of the [[Late Pleistocene]] began to collect wild Oryza rice. Zhao explains that the collection of wild rice from an early date eventually led to its domestication and then the exclusive use of domesticated rice strains by circa 6400 BC at the latest.<ref>Zhao, Z. 1998. The Middle Yangtze Region in China is the Place Where Rice was Domesticated: Phytolithic Evidence from the Diaotonghuan Cave, Northern Jiangxi. ''Antiquity'' 72:885–897.</ref> Stone tool evidence from the Yunchanyan site in [[Hunan]] province suggests the possibility that Early [[Neolithic]] groups cultivated rice as early as circa 9000 BC.<ref>Crawford and Shen 1998</ref> Crawford and Shen point out that calibrated radiocarbon dates show that direct evidence of the earliest cultivated rice is no older than 7000 BC. [[Jared Diamond]], a biologist and popular science author, summarizes some of the research done by archaeologists and estimates that the earliest attested domestication of rice took place in China by 7500 BC.<ref>{{cite book | last = Diamond | first = Jared | authorlink = Jared Diamond | year = 1999 | title = Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies | publisher = W.W. Norton & Company | location = New York | id = ISBN 0-393-31755-2}}</ref>
[[Image:Rice 02.jpg|thumb|left|Rice farmer in northern [[Cambodia]]]]
An early archaeological site from which rice was excavated is [[Pengtoushan]] in the [[Hupei]] basin. This archaeological site was dated by AMS radiocarbon techniques to 6400–5800 BC (Zohary and Hopf 2000), but most of the Neolithic sites in China with finds of charred rice and radiocarbon dates are from 5000 BC or later.<ref>Crawford and Shen 1998</ref> This evidence leads most archaeologists to say that large-scale dry-land rice farming began between 5000 and 4500 BC in the area of [[Yangtze Delta]] (for example [[Hemudu culture]], discovered in 1970s), and the wet-rice cultivation began at approximately 2500 BC in the same area ([[Liangzhu culture]]). It is now commonly thought that some areas such as the alluvial plains in [[Shaoxing]] and [[Ningbo]] in [[Zhejiang]] province are the cradle-lands of East Asian rice cultivation.<ref>Crawford and Shen 1998</ref> Finally, ancient textual evidence of the cultivation of rice in China dates to 3000 years ago.
Bruce Smith of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] advises caution on the Chinese rice hypothesis.<ref name=Harrington>"Earliest Rice" by Spencer P.M. Harrington in ''Archaeology'' June 11, 1997. Archaeological Institute of America (1997).</ref> No morphological studies have been done to determine whether the grain was domesticated.<ref name=Harrington/> According to Smith
such a rice would have larger seeds compared to the wild varieties, and would have a strong rachis or spine for holding grain.<ref name=Harrington/>
=== Korean peninsula and Japan ===
[[Image:Riziere Oki.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hiroshige|Utagawa Hiroshige]], ''Rice field in Oki province, view of O-Yama''.]]
In 2003, Korean archaeologists alleged that they discovered burnt grains (domesticated rice) in Soro-ri, Korea, that predate the oldest grains in China. This find potentially challenges the mainstream explanation that domesticated rice originated in China.<ref>Cf. BBC news (2003) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3207552.stm]</ref> The media reports of the Soro-ri charred grains are brief and lack sufficient detail for archaeologists and scientists in related fields to properly evaluate the true meaning of this unusual find.
Reliable, mainstream archaeological evidence derived from palaeoethnobotanical investigations indicate that dry-land rice was introduced to [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] some time between 3500 and 1200 BC. The cultivation of rice in Korea and Japan during that time occurred on a small-scale, fields were impermanent plots, and evidence shows that in some cases domesticated and wild grains were planted together. The technological, subsistence, and social impact of rice and grain cultivation is not evident in archaeological data until after 1500 BC. For example, intensive wet-[[paddy field|paddy]] rice agriculture was introduced into Korea shortly before or during the Middle [[Mumun Pottery Period]] (c. 850–550 BC) and reached Japan by the Final Jōmon or Initial [[Yayoi]] circa 300 BC.<ref>Crawford, G.W. and G.-A. Lee. 2003. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula. ''Antiquity'' 77(295):87–95.</ref><ref>Crawford and Shen 1998</ref>
=== Southeast Asia ===
[[Image:KerbauJawa.jpg|left|thumb|Using [[Domestic buffalo|water buffalo]] to plough [[rice fields]] in [[Java]]; Indonesia is the world's third largest paddy rice producer and its cultivation has transformed much of the country's landscape.]]
Rice is the staple for all classes in contemporary [[South East Asia]], from [[Myanmar]] to [[Indonesia]]. In Indonesia, evidence of wild Oryza rice on the island of [[Sulawesi]] dates from 3000 BCE. The evidence for the earliest cultivation, however, comes from eighth century stone inscriptions from [[Java]], which show kings levied taxes in rice. Divisions of labor between men, women, and animals that are still in place in Indonesian rice cultivation, can be seen carved into the ninth-century [[Prambanan|Prambanan temples]] in [[Central Java]]. In the sixteenth century, Europeans visiting the Indonesian islands saw rice as a new prestige food served to the aristocracy during ceremonies and feasts. Rice production in Indonesian history is linked to the development of iron tools and the domestication of [[Domestic buffalo|water buffalo]] for cultivation of fields and [[manure]] for fertilizer. Once covered in dense forest, much of the Indonesian landscape has been gradually cleared for permanent fields and settlements as rice cultivation developed over the last fifteen hundred years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|publisher=Yale University Press|date=2003 |location= New Haven and London|url= |doi= |pages=pages 8-9|id= ISBN 0-300-10518-5}}</ref>
Evidence of wet rice cultivation as early as 2200 BC has been discovered at both Ban Chiang and Ban Prasat in Thailand.
By the 19th Century, encroaching European expansionism in the area increased rice production in much of South East Asia, and Thailand, then known as Siam. British Burma (now Myanmar) became the world's largest exporter of rice, from the turn of the 20th century up till the 1970s, when neighbouring Thailand exceeded Myanmar.
{{clr}}
===Africa===
[[Image:Ambositra 04.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Rice crop in [[Madagascar]]]]
African rice has been cultivated for 3500 years. Between 1500 and 800 BC, ''O. glaberrima'' propagated from its original centre, the [[Niger River]] [[river delta|delta]], and extended to [[Senegal]]. However, it never developed far from its original region. Its cultivation even declined in favour of the Asian species, possibly brought to the African [[continent]] by Arabs coming from the east coast between the 7th and 11th centuries CE.
In parts of Africa under Islam, rice was chiefly grown in southern Morocco. During the tenth century rice was also brought to [[east Africa]] by Muslim traders. Although, the diffusion of rice in much sub-Saharan Africa remains uncertain, Muslims brought it to the region stretching from [[Lake Chad]] to the [[White Nile]].<ref name = Watson/>
[[Image:Rice under Islam.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The actual and hypothesized cultivation of rice (areas shown in green) in the [[Old World]] (both Muslim and non-Muslim regions) during Islamic times (700-1500). Cultivation of rice during pre-Islamic times have been shown in orange.<ref name = Watson/>]]
===Middle East===
According to Zohary and Hopf (2000, p. 91), ''O. sativa'' was introduced to the [[Middle East]] in [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic]] times, and was familiar to both Greek and Roman writers. They report that a large sample of rice grains was recovered from a grave at [[Susa]] in [[Iran]] (dated to the first century AD) at one end of the ancient world, while at the same time rice was grown in the [[Po River|Po]] valley in Italy. However, [[Pliny the Elder]] writes that rice (''oryza'') is grown only in "Egypt, Syria, Cilicia, Asia Minor and Greece" (''[[Natural History (Pliny)|N.H.]]'' 18.19).{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
After the rise of Islam, rice was grown anywhere there was enough water to irrigate it. Thus, desert oases, river valleys, and swamp lands were all important sources of rice during the [[Muslim Agricultural Revolution]].<ref name = Watson/>
In [[Iraq]] rice was grown in some areas of southern Iraq. With the rise of Islam it moved north to [[Nisibin]], the southern shores of the [[Caspian Sea]] and then beyond the Muslim world into the valley of [[Volga]]. In Israel, rice came to be grown in the [[Jordan valley]]. Rice is also grown in Yemen.<ref name = Watson>Watson, p. 17-18</ref>
===Europe===
The Muslims (later known as [[Moors]]) brought Asiatic rice to the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in the tenth century. Records indicate it was grown in [[Valencian Community|Valencia]] and [[Majorca]]. In the case of Majorca, the rice cultivation stopped after the Christian [[Reconquesta|conquest]], although historians aren't certain.<ref name = Watson/>
Muslims also brought rice to [[Sicily]], where it was an important crop.<ref name = Watson/>
After the middle of the 15th century, rice spread throughout [[Italy]] and then [[France]], later propagating to all the continents during the age of European exploration.
===United States===
[[Image:MansfieldWinnowingBarn.jpg|thumb|200px|right|South Carolina rice plantation ([[Mansfield Plantation]], Georgetown.]]
In 1694, rice arrived in [[South Carolina]], probably originating from [[Madagascar]]. The Spanish brought rice to [[South America]] at the beginning of the 17th century.
In the [[United States]], [[colonial]] South Carolina and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] grew and amassed great [[wealth]] from the [[Slavery|slave]] labor obtained from the [[Senegambia (geography)|Senegambia]] area of [[West Africa]] and from coastal Sierra Leone. At the [[port]] of Charleston, through which 40% of all American slave imports passed, slaves from this region of [[Africa]] brought the highest prices, in recognition of their prior knowledge of rice culture, which was put to use on the many rice [[plantation]]s around [[Georgetown, South Carolina|Georgetown]], [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], and [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]]. From the slaves, plantation owners learned how to dyke the [[marsh]]es and periodically flood the fields. At first the rice was milled by hand with [[wood]]en paddles, then winnowed in [[sweetgrass]] [[basket]]s (the making of which was another skill brought by the slaves). The invention of the [[rice mill]] increased profitability of the crop, and the addition of water power for the mills in 1787 by [[millwright]] Jonathan Lucas was another step forward. Rice culture in the southeastern U.S. became less [[profit]]able with the loss of slave labor after the [[American Civil War]], and it finally died out just after the turn of the 20th century. The predominant strain of rice in the Carolinas was from Africa and was known as "Carolina Gold." The [[cultivar]] has been preserved and there are current attempts to reintroduce it as a commercially grown crop.<ref>http://www.carolinagoldricefoundation.org/ Carolina Gold Rice Foundation</ref>
[[Image:US long grain rice.jpg|right|200px|thumb|American long-grain rice]]
In the southern United States, rice has been grown in southern [[Arkansas]], [[Louisana]], and east [[Texas]] since the mid 1800s. Many [[Cajun]] farmers grew rice in wet marshes and low lying prairies. In recent years rice production has risen in North America, especially in the [[Mississippi River Delta]] areas in the states of [[Arkansas]] and [[Mississippi]].
Rice cultivation began in [[California]] during the [[California Gold Rush]], when an estimated 40,000 Chinese laborers immigrated to the state and grew small amounts of the grain for their own consumption. However, commercial production began only in 1912 in the town of [[Richvale, California|Richvale]] in [[Butte County, California|Butte County]].<ref name="Historic Richvale">{{cite web | url=http://www.cfbf.com/magazine/MagazineStory.cfm?ID=17&ck=70EFDF2EC9B086079795C442636B55FB | title=Historic Richvale — the birthplace of California rice | author=Ching Lee | publisher=California Farm Bureau Federation | date=2005 | accessdate=2007-08-10 }}</ref> By 2006, California produced the second largest rice crop in the United States,<ref name="CRC region">{{cite web | url=http://www.calrice.org/e7b_cas_rice_growing_region.htm | title=California's Rice Growing Region | publisher=California Rice Commission | accessdate=2007-08-10 }}</ref> after Arkansas, with production concentrated in six counties north of [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]].<ref name="CRC economic">{{cite web | url=http://www.calrice.org/c3a_economic_impact.htm | title=The economic contributions of the California rice industry" | author=Daniel A. Sumner |coauthors=Henrich Brunke | date=2003 | accessdate=2007-08-10 | publisher=California Rice Commission }}</ref> Unlike the Mississippi Delta region, California's production is dominated by short- and medium-grain [[Japanese rice|''japonica'']] varieties, including cultivars developed for the local climate such as [[Calrose]], which makes up as much as eighty five percent of the state's crop.<ref name="CRC medium">{{cite web | url=http://www.calrice.org/b6a_medium.htm | title=Medium Grain Varieties | publisher=California Rice Commission | accessdate=2007-08-10 }}</ref>
References to wild rice in the Americas are to the unrelated [[Wild rice|''Zizania palustris'']]
More than 100 varieties of rice are commercially produced primarily in six states (Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and California) in the U.S.<ref>[http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2006/08/0306.xml|United States Department of Agriculture] August 2006, Release No. 0306.06, U.S. RICE STATISTICS</ref>
According to estimates for the 2006 crop year, rice production in the U.S. is valued at $1.88 billion, approximately half of which is expected to be [[exported]].
The U.S. provides about 12% of world rice trade.<ref>[http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2006/08/0306.xml|United States Department of Agriculture] August 2006, Release No. 0306.06, U.S. RICE STATISTICS</ref>
The majority of domestic utilization of U.S. rice is direct food use (58%), while 16 percent is used in processed foods and [[beer]] respectively. The remaining 10 percent is found in pet food.<ref>[http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2006/08/0306.xml|United States Department of Agriculture] August 2006, Release No. 0306.06, U.S. RICE STATISTICS</ref>
===Australia===
Although attempts to grow rice in the well-watered north of Australia have been made for many years, they have consistently failed because of inherent [[iron]] and [[manganese]] toxicities in the soils and destruction by [[Pest (organism)|pest]]s.
In the 1920s it was seen as a possible [[irrigation in Australia|irrigation]] crop on soils within the [[Murray-Darling Basin]] that were too heavy for the cultivation of fruit and too infertile for [[wheat]].<ref>Wadham, Sir Samuel; Wilson, R. Kent and Wood, Joyce; '''Land Utilization in Australia''', 3rd ed. Published 1957 by Melbourne University Press; p. 246</ref>
Because irrigation water, despite the extremely low runoff of temperate Australia, was (and remains) very cheap, the growing of rice was taken up by agricultural groups over the following decades. Californian varieties of rice were found suitable for the climate in the [[Riverina]], and the first mill opened at [[Leeton, New South Wales|Leeton]] in 1951.
Even before this Australia's rice production greatly exceeded local needs,<ref>Ibid.</ref> and rice exports to Japan have become a major source of foreign currency. Above-average rainfall from the 1950s to the middle 1990s<ref>Australian Bureau of Meteorology; '''Climatic Atlas of Australia: Rainfall'''; published 2000 by Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria</ref> encouraged the expansion of the Riverina rice industry, but its prodigious water use in a practically waterless region began to attract the attention of environmental scientists. These became severely concerned with declining flow in the [[Snowy River]] and the lower [[Murray River]].
Although rice growing in Australia is exceedingly efficient and highly profitable due to the cheapness of land, several recent years of severe drought have led many to call for its elimination because of its effects on extremely fragile aquatic ecosystems. Politicians, however, have not made any plan to reduce rice growing in southern Australia.
== Rice biotechnology ==
=== High-yielding varieties ===
{{main|High-yielding variety}}
The High Yielding Varieties are a group of crops created intentionally during the [[Green Revolution]] to increase global food production. Rice, like corn and wheat, was genetically manipulated to increase its yield. This project enabled labor markets in Asia to shift away from agriculture, and into industrial sectors. The first ‘modern rice’, IR8 was produced in 1966 at the [[International Rice Research Institute]]. IR8 was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named “Peta” and a Chinese variety named “Dee Geo Woo Gen.”<ref name=”ir8”> Rice Varieties: IRRI Knowledge Bank. Accessed August 2006. [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/nepal/RiceVarieties.htm]</ref>
With advances in molecular genetics, the mutant genes responsible for reduced height(rht), [[gibberellin]] insensitive (gai1) and slender rice (slr1) in [[Arabidopsis]] and rice were identified as cellular signaling components of gibberellic acid (a phytohormone involved in regulating stem growth via its effect on cell division) and subsequently cloned. Stem growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield. In the presence of nitrogen fertilizers, and intensive crop management, these varieties increase their yield 2 to 3 times.
=== Potentials for the future ===
As the UN Millennium Development project seeks to spread global economic development to Africa, the ‘Green Revolution’ is cited as the model for economic development. With the intent of replicating the successful Asian boom in agronomic productivity, groups like the [[Earth Institute]] are doing research on African agricultural systems, hoping to increase productivity. An important way this can happen is the production of ‘[[New Rices for Africa]]’ (NERICA). These rices, selected to tolerate the low input and harsh growing conditions of African agriculture are produced by the African Rice Center, and billed as technology from Africa, for Africa. The NERICA have appeared in ''The New York Times'' ([[October 10]], [[2007]]) and ''International Herald Tribune'' ([[October 9]], [[2007]]), trumpeted as miracle crops that will dramatically increase rice yield in Africa and enable an economic resurgence.
=== Golden rice ===
{{main|Golden rice}}
German and Swiss researchers have [[genetically modified|engineered]] rice to produce [[Beta-carotene]], with the intent that it might someday be used to treat [[vitamin A deficiency]]. Additional efforts are being made to improve the quantity and quality of other nutrients in golden rice.<ref name="gcgh">Grand Challenges in Global Health, [http://www.gatesfoundation.org/nr/downloads/globalhealth/GCGH_Grants_Backgrounder.pdf Press release], June 27, 2005</ref> The addition of the carotene turns the rice gold.
=== Expression of human proteins ===
[[Ventria Bioscience]] has [[genetically modified]] rice to [[gene expression|express]] [[lactoferrin]], [[lysozyme]], and [[human serum albumin]] which are [[protein]]s usually found in [[breast milk]]. These proteins have [[antiviral]], [[antibacterial]], and [[antifungal]] effects.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070514/full/070514-17.html#B1 Nature's story]
</ref>
Rice containing these added proteins can be used as a component in [[oral rehydration solution]]s which are used to treat [[diarrhea]]l diseases, thereby shortening their duration and reducing recurrence. Such supplements may also help reverse [[anemia]].<ref>Bethell D. R., Huang J., et al. BioMetals, 17. 337 - 342 (2004).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15222487&dopt=Abstract]</ref>
== World production and trade ==
===Production and export===
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="clear:left"
! colspan=2|Top paddy rice producers–2006<br>(million metric ton)
|-
| {{CHN}} || align="right" | 184
|-
| {{IND}} || align="right" | 137
|-
| {{IDN}} || align="right" | 54
|-
| {{BAN}} || align="right" | 44
|-
| {{VNM}} || align="right" | 36
|-
| {{THA}} || align="right" | 29
|-
| {{MMR}} || align="right" | 25
|-
| {{PHI}} || align="right" | 15
|-
| {{BRA}} || align="right" | 12
|-
|{{JPN}} || align="right" | 11
|-
|{{USA}} || align="right" | 9
|-
|'''World Total''' || align="right" | '''635'''
|-
|colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[UN Food & Agriculture Organisation]]<br> (FAO)'' [http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567]
|}
[[Image:2005rice (paddy).PNG|thumb|left|Paddy rice output in 2005.]]
World production of rice<ref>all figures from UNCTAD 1998–2002 and the [http://www.irri.org/science/ricestat/index.asp International Rice Research Institute] statistics (accessed September 2005)</ref> has risen steadily from about 200 million tons of paddy rice in 1960 to 600 million tons in 2004. Milled rice is about 68% of paddy rice by weight. In the year 2004, the top three producers were China (26% of world production), India (20%), and Indonesia (9%).
World trade figures are very different, as only about 5–6% of rice produced is traded internationally. The largest three exporting countries are [[Thailand]] (26% of world exports), [[Vietnam]] (15%), and the [[United States]] (11%), while the largest three importers are Indonesia (14%), Bangladesh (4%), and Brazil (3%). Although China and India are the top two largest producers of rice in the world, both of countries consume the majority of the rice produced domestically leaving little to be traded internationally.
===Price===
In the Spring of [[2008]], the price of rice rose greatly due to a [[rice shortage]].
In late [[2008#April|April 2008]], rice prices hit 24 [[US cent|cent]]s a [[pound (mass)|pound]], twice the price that it was seven months earlier.<ref name=cyclone>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7387251.stm "Cyclone fuels rice price increase"], ''BBC News'', [[7 May]] [[2008]]</ref>
On the 30th of [[2008#April|April, 2008]], [[Thailand]] announced the project of the creation of the [[Organisation of Rice Exporting Countries]] (OREC) with the potential to develop into a price-fixing [[cartel]] for rice.<ref>[http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200804/s2232076.htm?tab=asia "Mekong nations to form rice price-fixing cartel"], Radio Australia, [[April 30]], [[2008]].</ref><ref>[http://www.bangkokpost.com/News/01May2008_news07.php "PM floats idea of five-nation rice cartel"], ''[[Bangkok Post]]'', [[May 1]], [[2008]].</ref>
===Rice consumption around the world===
{| class="wikitable" align="left" style="clear:left"
! colspan=2|Consumption of rice by country—2003/2004<br>(million metric ton)<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/agr_gra_ric_con-agriculture-grains-rice-consumption | title=Agriculture Statistics > Grains > Rice consumption (most recent) by country | last=Nationmaster.com | accessdate=2008-04-24}}</ref>
|-
| {{CHN}} || align="right" | 135
|-
| {{IND}} || align="right" | 85
|-
| {{IDN}} || align="right" | 37
|-
| {{BAN}} || align="right" | 26
|-
| {{VNM}} || align="right" | 18
|-
| {{THA}} || align="right" | 10
|-
| {{MYA}} || align="right" | 10
|-
| {{PHI}} || align="right" | 9.7
|-
| {{JPN}} || align="right" | 8.7
|-
| {{BRA}} || align="right" | 8.1
|-
| {{KOR}} || align="right" | 5.0
|-
| {{USA}} || align="right" | 3.9
|-
|colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[United States Department of Agriculture]]''[http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/homepage.do]
|}
Between 1961 and 2002, [[per capita]] consumption of rice increased by 40%. Rice consumption is highest in [[Asia]], where average per capita consumption is higher than 80 kg/person per year. In the subtropics such as [[South America]], [[Africa]], and the [[Middle East]], per capita consumption averages between 30 and 60 kg/person per year. People in the developed West, including [[Europe]] and the [[United States]], consume less than 10 kg/person per year.<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/rice/market.htm | title=(Rice} Market | last=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) | accessdate=2008-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-72731851.html | title=Saudi Arabia: Per Capita Rice Consumption Hits 47 Kilogram | accessdate=2008-04-24 | unused_data=|date:2001-4-4}}</ref>
Rice is the most important crop in Asia. In Cambodia, for example, 90% of the total agricultural area is used for rice production. See ''The Burning of the Rice'' by Don Puckridge for the story of rice production in Cambodia [http://sidharta.com/books/index.jsp?uid=67].
U.S. rice consumption has risen sharply over the past 25 years, fueled in part by commercial applications such as [[beer]] production.<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rice/ | title=Briefing Rooms: Rice | last=United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Economic Research Service | accessdate=2008-04-24}}</ref> Almost one in five adult Americans now report eating at least half a serving of white or brown rice per day.<ref>{{cite paper | url=http://publications.iowa.gov/2781/ | title=Rice Consumption in the United States: New Evidence from Food Consumption Surveys | last=Iowa State University | date=July 2005}}</ref>
===Environmental impacts===
In many countries where rice is the main [[Cereal|cereal crop]], rice cultivation is responsible for most of the methane emissions.<ref>[http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-032/004-032.html Methane Emission from Rice Fields - Wetland rice fields may make a major contribution to global warming] by Heinz-Ulrich Neue.</ref> Farmers in some of the arid regions try to cultivate rice using [[groundwater]] bored through pumps, thus increasing the chances of [[famine]] in the long run.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Rice also requires much more water to produce than other grains.<ref>[http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report12.pdf report12.pdf<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Rice pests==
{{Main|List of rice diseases}}
Rice pests are any [[organisms]] or [[microbes]] with the potential to reduce the yield or value of the rice crop (or of rice seeds)<ref>Jahn et al. 2000</ref> (Jahn et al 2007). Rice pests include [[weed]]s, [[pathogen]]s, [[insect]]s, [[rodent]]s, and [[bird]]s. A variety of factors can contribute to pest outbreaks, including the overuse of [[pesticides]] and high rates of [[nitrogen fertilizer]] application (e.g. Jahn et al. 2005) [http://docserver.esa.catchword.org/deliver/cw/pdf/esa/freepdfs/0046225x/v34n4s26.pdf]. Weather conditions also contribute to pest outbreaks. For example, rice gall midge and army worm outbreaks tend to follow high rainfall early in the wet season, while [[thrip]]s outbreaks are associated with drought ([http://www.aciar.gov.au/web.nsf/att/ACIA-6Y2342/$file/Rice%20In%20Laos%20chapter%2016-25.pdf Douangboupha et al. 2006]).
One of the challenges facing crop protection specialists is to develop rice pest management techniques which are [[Sustainable agriculture|sustainable]]. In other words, to manage crop pests in such a manner that future crop production is not threatened (Jahn et al. 2001). Rice pests are managed by cultural techniques, pest-resistant rice varieties, and [[pesticide]]s (which include [[insecticide]]). Increasingly, there is evidence that farmers' pesticide applications are often unnecessary (Jahn et al. [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/cambodia/docs/pestMgmtCamLoLnd.pdf 1996], [http://www.petrra-irri.org/html/sp_doc_download.asp?doc_id=105 2004a,b)] [http://www.scidev.net/Features/index.cfm?fuseaction=readfeatures&itemid=306&language=1] [http://www.irri.org/videos/LITE-research.wmv] [http://www.irri.org/videos/LITE-research.rm]. By reducing the populations of natural enemies of rice pests (Jahn 1992), misuse of insecticides can actually lead to pest outbreaks (Cohen et al. 1994). Botanicals, so-called “natural pesticides”, are used by some farmers in an attempt to control rice pests, but in general the practice is not common. Upland rice is grown without standing water in the field. Some upland rice farmers in Cambodia spread chopped leaves of the bitter bush (''Chromolaena odorata'' (L.)) over the surface of fields after planting. The practice probably helps the soil retain moisture and thereby facilitates seed germination. Farmers also claim the leaves are a natural fertilizer and helps suppress weed and insect infestations (Jahn et al. 1999).
Among rice cultivars there are differences in the responses to, and recovery from, pest damage ([http://titania.esa.catchword.org/vl=10988418/cl=24/nw=1/rpsv/cw/esa/00220493/v97n6/s20/p1923 Jahn et al. 2004c], Khiev et al. 2000). Therefore, particular cultivars are recommended for areas prone to certain pest problems. The genetically based ability of a rice variety to withstand pest attacks is called [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/glossary/default.htm#Glossary/D.htm resistance]. Three main types of plant resistance to pests are recognized (Painter 1951, Smith 2005): as nonpreference, antibiosis, and tolerance. Nonpreference (or antixenosis) (Kogan and Ortman 1978) describes host plants which insects prefer to avoid; antibiosis is where insect survival is reduced after the ingestion of host tissue; and tolerance is the capacity of a plant to produce high yield or retain high quality despite [[Home stored product entomology|insect infestation]]. Over time, the use of pest resistant rice varieties selects for pests that are able to overcome these mechanisms of resistance. When a rice variety is no longer able to resist pest infestations, resistance is said to have broken down. Rice varieties that can be widely grown for many years in the presence of pests, and retain their ability to withstand the pests are said to have durable resistance. Mutants of popular rice varieties are regularly screened by plant breeders to discover new sources of durable resistance (e.g. Liu et al. 2005, [http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/esa/00220493/v101n2/s44.pdf?expires=1209291646&id=0000&titleid=10264&checksum=359D8EA730A84C8A612AC6A8F046DCE6 Sangha et al. 2008]).
Major rice pests include the brown [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/factsheets/HowToGrowRice/Pest_Management/Insects/fs_planthoppers.pdf planthopper][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_planthopper] (Preap et al. 2006), [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/factsheets/HowToGrowRice/Pest_Management/Insects/fs_armyworms.pdf armyworms][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_armyworm], [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/factsheets/HowToGrowRice/Pest_Management/Insects/fs_glh.pdf the green leafhopper,] the rice gall midge (Jahn and Khiev 2004), the [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/factsheets/HowToGrowRice/Pest_Management/Insects/fs_riceBug.pdf rice bug] [http://titania.esa.catchword.org/vl=10988418/cl=24/nw=1/rpsv/cw/esa/00220493/v97n6/s20/p1923 (Jahn et al. 2004c)], hispa (Murphy et al. 2006), [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/factsheets/HowToGrowRice/Pest_Management/Insects/fs_riceLeafFolder.pdf the rice leaffolder], [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/factsheets/HowToGrowRice/Pest_Management/Insects/fs_stemBorer.pdf stemborer,] rats (Leung et al 2002), and the weed ''Echinochloa crusgali'' (Pheng et al. 2001). Rice Beevils[http://www.ento.psu.edu/ImageGallery/Images/RiceWeevil01%20dorsal.jpg] are also known to be a threat to rice crop. Taiwan is the only known country in which Rice Beevils are inhabitants. Though rare, these small insects can prove devastating to annual rice crop yield.
==Rice diseases==
Major rice diseases include [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ricedoctor_mx/Fact_Sheets/Diseases/Rice_Ragged_Stunt.htm Rice Ragged Stunt], [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/factsheets/HowToGrowRice/Pest_Management/Diseases/fs_sheathBlight.pdf Sheath Blight] and [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/factsheets/HowToGrowRice/Pest_Management/Diseases/fs_tungro.pdf Tungro.] [[Rice blast]], caused by the [[fungus]] ''Magnaporthe grisea'', is the most significant disease affecting rice cultivation.
==Cultivars==
{{main|List of rice varieties}}
While most breeding of rice is carried out for crop quality and productivity, there are varieties selected for other reasons. Cultivars exist that are adapted to deep flooding, and these are generally called 'floating rice' [http://www.cgiar.org/impact/research/rice.html].
The largest collection of rice cultivars is at the [[International Rice Research Institute]] ([http://www.irri.org/ IRRI]), with over 100,000 rice accessions [http://www.irri.org/media/press/press.asp?id=1] held in the International Rice Genebank [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9291960&dopt=Abstract]. Rice [[cultivar]]s are often classified by their grain shapes and texture. For example, Thai [[Jasmine rice]] is long-grain and relatively less sticky, as long-grain rice contains less [[amylopectin]] than short-grain cultivars. Chinese restaurants usually serve long-grain as plain unseasoned steamed rice. Japanese [[mochigome|mochi rice]] and Chinese [[sticky rice]] are short-grain. Chinese people use sticky rice which is properly known as "glutinous rice" (note: glutinous refer to the glue-like characteristic of rice; does not refer to "gluten") to make [[zongzi]]. The [[Japanese rice|Japanese table rice]] is a sticky, short-grain rice. Japanese [[sake]] rice is another kind as well.
Indian rice cultivars include long-grained and aromatic [[Basmati]] (grown in the North), long and medium-grained [[Patna rice]] and short-grained Sona Masoori (also spelled [[sona masuri|Sona Masuri]]). In South India the most prized cultivar is 'ponni' which is primarily grown in the delta regions of [[Kaveri]] River. [[Kaveri]] is also referred to as ponni in the South and the name reflects the geographic region where it is grown. In the Western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], a short grain variety called [[Ambemohar]] is very popular. this rice has a characteristic fragrance of Mango blossom.
[[Image:Brown rice.jpg|thumb|Brown Rice]]
[[Image:sona-masuri.jpg|right|thumb|Polished Indian [[sona masuri]] rice.]]
Aromatic rices have definite aromas and flavours; the most noted cultivars are Thai fragrant rice, Basmati, Patna rice, and a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] cultivar from America sold under the trade name, Texmati. Both Basmati and Texmati have a mild [[popcorn]]-like aroma and flavour. In Indonesia there are also ''red'' and ''black'' cultivars.
High-yield cultivars of rice suitable for cultivation in [[Africa]] and other dry [[ecosystem]]s called the [[New Rice for Africa|new rice for Africa]] (NERICA) cultivars have been developed. It is hoped that their cultivation will improve [[food security]] in [[West Africa]].
Draft [[genome]]s for the two most common rice cultivars, ''indica'' and ''japonica'', were published in April 2002. Rice was chosen as a [[model organism]] for the biology of grasses because of its relatively small genome (~430 mega[[base pair]]s). Rice was the first crop with a complete genome sequence.<ref>{{cite news | last=Gillis | first=Justing | title=Rice Genome Fully Mapped | date=August 11, 2005 | publisher=washingtonpost.com | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/10/AR2005081001054.html?referrer=email }}</ref> Basmati rice is the oldest, common [[progenitor]] for most types.
On [[December 16]], [[2002]], the [[UN General Assembly]] declared the year 2004 the International Year of Rice. The declaration was sponsored by more than 40 countries.
==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Basmati rice]]
* [[Beaten rice]]
* [[Bhutanese red rice]]
* [[Black rice]]
* [[Brown rice syrup]]
* [[Forbidden rice]]
* [[FreeRice]]
* [[Inari (god)|Inari]]
* [[Indonesian rice table]]
* [[Jasmine rice]]
* [[List of rice dishes]]
* [[List of rice varieties]]
* [[New Rice for Africa]]
* [[Protein per unit area]]
* [[Puffed rice]]
* [[Red rice]]
* [[Rice Belt]]
* [[Rice bran oil]]
* [[Rice ethanol]]
* [[Rice wine]]
* [[System of rice intensification]]
* [[White rice]]
* [[Rice shortage]]
</div>
== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
'''General References'''
*Cohen, J. E., K. Schoenly, K. L. Heong, H. Justo, G. Arida, A. T. Barrion, J. A. Litsinger. 1994. A Food Web Approach to Evaluating the Effect of Insecticide Spraying on Insect Pest Population Dynamics in a Philippine Irrigated Rice Ecosystem. Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 747–763. doi:10.2307/2404165
*Crawford, G.W. and C. Shen. 1998. The Origins of Rice Agriculture: Recent Progress in East Asia. Antiquity 72:858–866.
*Crawford, G.W. and G.-A. Lee. 2003. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula. Antiquity 77(295):87–95.
*Douangboupha, B., K. Khamphoukeo, S. Inthavong, J. Schiller, and G. Jahn. 2006. Pests and diseases of the rice production systems of Laos. Pp. 265–281. In J.M. Schiller, M.B. Chanphengxay, B. Linquist, and S. Appa Rao, editors. Rice in Laos. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 457 p. ISBN 978-971-22-0211-7.
*Heong, KL, YH Chen, DE Johnson, GC Jahn, M Hossain, RS Hamilton. 2005. Debate Over a GM Rice Trial in China. Letters. Science, Vol 310, Issue 5746, 231–233 , [[14 October]] [[2005]].
*Huang, J., Ruifa Hu, Scott Rozelle, Carl Pray. 2005. Insect-Resistant GM Rice in Farmers' Fields: Assessing Productivity and Health Effects in China. Science ([[29 April]] [[2005]]) Vol. 308. no. 5722, pp. 688–690. DOI: 10.1126/science.1108972
*Jahn, G. C. 1992. Rice pest control and effects on predators in Thailand. Insecticide & Acaricide Tests 17:252–253.
*Jahn, GC and B. Khiev. 2004. Gall midge in Cambodian lowland rice. pp. 71–76. In J. Benett, JS Bentur, IC Pasula, K. Krishnaiah, [eds]. New approaches to gall midge resistance in rice. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute and Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 195 p.
*Jahn, G. C., S. Pheng, B. Khiev, and C. Pol. 1996. Farmers’ pest management and rice production practices in Cambodian lowland rice. Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project (CIAP), Baseline Survey Report No. 6. CIAP Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 28 pages. [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/cambodia/docs/pestMgmtCamLoLnd.pdf]
*Jahn, G. C., B. Khiev, S. Pheng, and C. Pol. 1997. Pest management in rice. In H. J. Nesbitt [ed.] "Rice Production in Cambodia." Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 83–91.
*Jahn, G. C., S. Pheng, B. Khiev, and C. Pol. 1997. Pest management practices of lowland rice farmers in Cambodia. In K. L. Heong and M. M. Escalada [editors] "Pest Management Practices of Rice Farmers in Asia." Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 35–52. ISBN 971-22-0102-3
*Jahn, G. C., C. Pol, B. Khiev, S. Pheng, and N. Chhorn. 1999. Farmer’s pest management and rice production practices in Cambodian upland and deepwater rice. Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project, Baseline Survey Report No. 7.[http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/cambodia/docs/pestManDeepUplandCambodia.pdf]
*Jahn, G. C., S. Pheng, B. Khiev and C. Pol 2000. Ecological characterization of biotic constraints to rice in Cambodia. International Rice Research Notes (IRRN) 25 (3): 23–24.
*Jahn, G. C., S. Pheng, C. Pol, B. Khiev 2000. Characterizing biotic constraints to production of Cambodian rainfed lowland rice: limitations to statistical techniques. pp. 247–268 In T. P. Tuong, S. P. Kam, L. Wade, S. Pandey, B. A. M. Bouman, B. Hardy [eds.] “Characterizing and Understanding Rainfed Environments.” Proceedings of the International Workshop on Characterizing and Understanding Rainfed Environments, 5–9 December 1999, Bali, Indonesia. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). 488 p.
*Jahn, GC, B. Khiev, C. Pol, N. Chhorn, S. Pheng, and V. Preap. 2001. Developing sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia. pp. 243–258, In S. Suthipradit, C. Kuntha, S. Lorlowhakarn, and J. Rakngan [eds.] “Sustainable Agriculture: Possibility and Direction” Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Sustainable Agriculture 18–20 October 1999, Phitsanulok, Thailand. Bangkok (Thailand): National Science and Technology Development Agency. 386 p.
*Jahn, GC, NQ Kamal, S Rokeya, AK Azad, NI Dulu, JB Orsini, A Barrion, and L Almazan. 2004a. Completion Report on Livelihood Improvement Through Ecology (LITE), PETRRA IPM Subproject SP 27 02. Poverty Elimination Through Rice Research Assistance (PETRRA), IRRI, Dhaka. 20 pages text plus 20 pages appendices. [http://www.petrra-irri.org/html/sp_doc_download.asp?doc_id=105]
*Jahn, GC, NQ Kamal, S Rokeya, AK Azad, NI Dulu, JB Orsini, M Morshed, NMS Dhar, NA Kohinur 2004b. Evaluation Report on Livelihood Improvement Through Ecology (LITE), PETRRA IPM Subproject SP 27 02. Poverty Elimination Through Rice Research Assistance (PETRRA), IRRI, Dhaka. 42 pages plus 40 pages of annexes.[http://www.petrra-irri.org/html/sp_doc_download.asp?doc_id=106]
*Jahn, GC, I. Domingo, L. P. Almazan and J. Pacia. 2004c. Effect of rice bugs (Alydidae: Leptocorisa oratorius (Fabricius)) on rice yield, grain quality, and seed viability. Journal of Economic Entomology 97(6): 1923–1927.[http://docserver.esa.catchword.org/deliver/cw/pdf/esa/freepdfs/00220493/v97n6s20.pdf]
*Jahn, GC, LP Almazan, and J Pacia. 2005. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the intrinsic rate of increase of the rusty plum aphid, ''Hysteroneura setariae'' (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on rice (''Oryza sativa'' L.). Environmental Entomology 34 (4): 938–943.[http://docserver.esa.catchword.org/deliver/cw/pdf/esa/freepdfs/0046225x/v34n4s26.pdf]
*Jahn, GC, JA Litsinger, Y Chen and A Barrion. 2007. Integrated Pest Management of Rice: Ecological Concepts. In Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management (eds. O. Koul and G.W. Cuperus). CAB International Pp. 315–366.
*Khiev, B., G. C. Jahn, C. Pol, and N. Chhorn 2000. Effects of simulated pest damage on rice yields. IRRN 25 (3): 27–28.
*Kogan, M., and E. F. Ortman. 1978. Antixenosis a new term proposed to defined to describe Painter’s “non-preference” modality of resistance. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24: 175-176.
*Leung LKP, Peter G. Cox, Gary C. Jahn and Robert Nugent. 2002. Evaluating rodent management with Cambodian rice farmers. Cambodian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 5, pp. 21–26.
*Liu, L., Z. Van, Q. Y. Shu, and M. Maluszynski. 2004. Officially released mutant varieties in China. Mutat. Breed. Rev 14: 1:64.
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| last = Ma
| first = Jian Feng
| coauthors = Kazunori Tamai, Naoki Yamaji, Namiki Mitani, Saeko Konishi, Maki Katsuhara, Masaji Ishiguro, Yoshiko Murata, Masahiro Yano
| date = 2006
| title = A silicon transporter in rice
| journal = Nature
| volume = 440
| issue = 7084
| pages = 688–691
| doi = 10.1038/nature04590
| issn = 0028-0836
| accessdate = 2008-05-05
}}
*{{Cite journal
| last = Mitani
| first = Namiki
| coauthors = Jian Feng Ma, Takashi Iwashita
| date = 2005
| title = Identification of the silicon form in xylem sap of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
| journal = Plant Cell Physiol.
| volume = 46
| issue = 2
| pages = 279–283
| doi = 10.1093/pcp/pci018
| url = http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/46/2/279
| accessdate = 2008-05-05
| pmid = 15695469
}}
*{{Cite journal
| last = Mitani
| first = Namiki
| coauthors = Jian Feng Ma
| date = 2005
| title = Uptake system of silicon in different plant species
| journal = J. Exp. Bot.
| volume = 56
| issue = 414
| pages = 1255–1261
| doi = 10.1093/jxb/eri121
| url = http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/414/1255
| accessdate = 2008-05-05
| pmid = 15753109
}}
*Murphy, S, J Stonehouse, J Holt, J Venn, NQ Kamal, MF Rabbi, MH Haque, G Jahn, B Barrion. 2006. Ecology and management of rice hispa (Dicladispa armigera) in Bangladesh. Pp. 162––164. In Perspectives on Pests II: Achievements of research under UK Department for International Development, Crop Protection Programme 2000–05. Natural Resources International Limited. 206 pages. [http://www.cpp.uk.com/outputs.asp?step=5&pid=63]
*Painter, R. H. 1951. Insect resistance in crop plants. The Macmillan Co., New York.
*Pheng, S., B. Khiev, C. Pol and G. C. Jahn 2001. Response of two rice cultivars to the competition of ''Echinochloa crus-gali'' (L.) P. Beauv. International Rice Research Institute Notes (IRRN) 26 (2): 36–37.
*Preap V., M. P. Zalucki and G. C. Jahn. 2006. Brown planthopper outbreaks and management. Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 7(1): 17–25.
*Preap, V, GC Jahn, K Hin, N Siheng. 2005. Fish and rice management system to enable agricultural diversification. Paper presented at the 5th Asia-Pacific Congress of Entomology, 18–21 October 2005, Jeju, Korea.
*Saltini Antonio, ''I semi della civiltà. Grano, riso e mais nella storia delle società umane,'', prefazione di Luigi Bernabò Brea Avenue Media, Bologna 1996
*[http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/esa/00220493/v101n2/s44.pdf?expires=1210762665&id=0000&titleid=10264&checksum=06BD55645C12C20B631B2F94209FFDFC Sangha JS, Chen YH, Palchamy K, Jahn GC, Maheswaran M, et al. (2008) Categories and Inheritance of Resistance to Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in Mutants of Indica Rice ‘IR64’. Journal of Economic Entomology: Vol. 101, No. 2 pp. 575–583.]
*Smith, C. M. 2005. Plant resistance to arthropods: molecular and conventional approaches. Springer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
*Rice Research in South Asia through Ages by Y L Nene, Asian Agri-History Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005 (85–106) [http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/R-r.pdf]
*Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, ''Domestication of plants in the Old World'', third edition Oxford: University Press, 2000.
*Watson, Andrew (1983). ''Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world''. [[Cambridge University Press]].
*Zhao, Z. 1998. The Middle Yangtze Region in China is the Place Where Rice was Domesticated: Phytolithic Evidence from the Diaotonghuan Cave, Northern Jiangxi. Antiquity 72:885–897.
==External links==
{{cookbook}}
{{wiktionary}}
{{commons|Rice}}
===General===
* [http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/rice/characteristics.htm Infocomm/UNCTAD]
* [http://www.irri.org/ International Rice Research Institute]
* [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ Rice Knowledge Bank]
* [http://www.guidetothailand.com/thailand-history/rice.htm A Brief History of Rice]
* [http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/R-r.pdf Rice Research in South Asia through Ages] ([[PDF]])
===Rice research & development===
*[http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/4-1/12-17.pdf Intensify to Diversify: an IRRI rice intensification project in Cambodia]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4d7tryXjd8 Celebrating the Land (Part 1): video about an IRRI project to increase rice production in Laos]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6v7cQg9_gjA&feature=related Celebrating the Land (Part 2): video about an IRRI project to increase rice production in Laos]
*[http://orb.crs.org/ Operation Rice Bowl of the Catholic Relief Service]
*[http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-9299-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Rice-Fish Culture in China, an IDRC Project]
*[http://www.jica.go.jp/english/evaluation/project/term/la/2005/bol_01.html JICA rice project in Bolivia]
===Rice in agriculture===
* [http://www.apsnet.org/online/common/names/rice.asp American Phytopathological Society: Diseases of Rice (''Oryza sativa'')]
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/afris/Data/312.HTM FAO: Animal Feed Resources Information System, Oryza sativa]
* [http://www.carleton.ca/~bgordon/Rice/papers/zhimin99.htm Origin of Chinese rice cultivation]
===Rice as food===
* [http://chinesefood.about.com/od/chinesecookingbasics/ss/cook_rice_photo.htm How to Cook Rice Step-by-Step Photos]
* [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6676983 US Patent 6,676,983: Puffed food starch product]
* [http://www.beabree.com/2007-06/rice-again-how-to-save-a-bad-batch-of-rice-and-other-tips/ How to Save a Bad Batch of Rice and Other Tips]
* [http://www.veeteedinein.com Veetee DINE IN Microwavable Steam Cooked Rice]
* [http://foodheritage.blogspot.com/2007/08/rice-and-its-variety.html A Malaysian Food Heritage]
=== Rice ethanol fuel ===
* [http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/46539/story.htm1st Japanese Rice Ethanol Plant to Start 2009].
===Rice economics===
* [http://www.crnindia.com/commodity/rice.html Rice as a Commodity]
* [http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/rice/market.htm UNCTAD market information]
* [http://www.freetrade.org/node/539 Grain Drain: The Hidden Cost of U.S. Rice Subsidies]
* [http://www.rice.com.vn/English/Home Vietnamese Rice Website]
===Rice genome===
* [http://www.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/osa1_web/gbrowse/rice/ Rice Genome Browser]
* [[n:Chinese authorities question genetically altered rice allegation]]
* [http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/English/Projets/Projet_CC/organisme_CC.html Oryza sativa The rice genome, a "Rosetta stone" for other cereals]
* [http://rgp.dna.affrc.go.jp/ Rice Genome Research Program]
* [http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030047 Rice Genome Approaches Completion]
* [http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030038 The Genomes of Oryza sativa: A History of Duplications]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060612222106.htm Biologists Trace Back Genetic Origins Of Rice Domestication]
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg19125643.900&feedId=online-news_rss20 Waterproof rice can outlast the floods] — Researchers have tracked down a gene that allows the plant to survive complete submersion
{{Cereals}}
[[Category:Rice dishes]]
[[Category:Staple foods]]
[[Category:Cereals]]
[[Category:Grasses]]
[[Category:Model organisms]]
[[Category:Rice| ]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[ar:أرز (نبات)]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tiū]]
[[bs:Riža]]
[[bg:Ориз]]
[[ca:Arròs]]
[[cs:Rýže]]
[[cy:Reis]]
[[da:Ris]]
[[de:Reis]]
[[el:Ρύζι]]
[[es:Oryza sativa]]
[[eo:Rizo]]
[[eu:Arroz]]
[[fa:برنج]]
[[fr:Riz]]
[[gl:Arroz]]
[[zh-classical:稻]]
[[ko:벼]]
[[hi:चावल]]
[[hr:Riža]]
[[io:Rizo]]
[[ilo:Pagay]]
[[id:Padi]]
[[is:Hrísgrjón]]
[[it:Oryza sativa]]
[[he:אורז]]
[[jv:Pantun]]
[[ka:ბრინჯი]]
[[sw:Mpunga]]
[[la:Oryza]]
[[lij:Riso]]
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[[ja:米]]
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[[pl:Ryż siewny]]
[[pt:Arroz]]
[[ro:Orez]]
[[qu:Arrus]]
[[ru:Рис]]
[[simple:Rice]]
[[sk:Ryža siata]]
[[sl:Riž]]
[[sr:Пиринач]]
[[fi:Riisi]]
[[sv:Ris]]
[[tl:Palay]]
[[ta:நெல்]]
[[th:ข้าว]]
[[vi:Lúa]]
[[tr:Pirinç (çeltik)]]
[[uk:Рис]]
[[ii:ꍯ]]
[[yi:רייז]]
[[zh:稻]]