Riot
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[[Image:Battle strike 1934.jpg|thumb|[[Teamsters]], armed with [[pipe (material)|pipes]], riot in a clash with [[riot police]] in the [[Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934]].]]
[[Image:Bastille 2007-05-06 anti Sarkozy 487633669 93d13b826b o.jpg|thumb|Rioters typically wear face masks, scarves, and other headgear, in order not to be recognizable and in order to filter [[tear gas]]; they may use [[cobblestone]]s as projectiles]]
'''Riots''' are a form of [[civil disorder]]s characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of [[violence]], [[vandalism]] or other [[crime]]. While individuals may attempt to lead or control a riot, riots are typically chaotic and exhibit [[herd behavior]].
Riots often occur in reaction to a perceived [[grievance]] or out of [[dissent]]. Historically, riots have occurred due to poor working or [[quality of life|living conditions]], [[government]] [[oppression]], [[taxation]] or [[conscription]], conflicts between [[Race (classification of human beings)|races]] or [[religion]]s (see [[race riot]] and [[pogrom]]), the outcome of a [[sport]]ing event or frustration with legal channels through which to air grievances.
Riots typically involve vandalism and the destruction of private and public property. The specific property to be targeted varies depending on the cause of the riot and the inclinations of those involved. Targets can include shops, cars, restaurants, state-owned institutions, and religious buildings.
Some rioters have become quite sophisticated at understanding and withstanding the tactics used by police in such situations. Manuals for successful rioting are available on the [[Internet]]. These manuals also encourage rioters to get the press involved, as there is more safety with the cameras rolling. There is also more attention. Citizens with [[video camera]]s may also have an effect on both rioters and police.
Weapons found in Riots: [[CS gas]], [[Plastic bullet]], [[Rubber bullet]], [[Molotov cocktail]]
{{main|Street fighting}}
== Types of Riots ==
=== Hooliganism ===
{{main|Hooliganism}}
Hooliganism refers to unruly and destructive behaviour associated with sports fans, particularly supporters of professional football and university sports. Some sports rioters have become semi-professionals, travelling to the sites of likely riots. These rioters are known as [[Football hooliganism|firms]] and are particularly noted in [[Hooliganism|sports-related riots]] in [[Europe]].
===Police Riot===
{{main|police riot}}
A "police riot" is a term for the alleged wrongful, disproportionate, unlawful and illegitimate use of force by a group of police against a group of civilians. A police riot commonly describes a situation where police attack a group of peaceful civilians and/or provoke previously peaceful civilians into violence.
===Prison Riot===
{{main|prison riot}}
A prison riot is a type of large scale, temporary act of concerted defiance or disorder by a group of prisoners against the prison administrators, prison officers, or other groups of prisoners in attempt to force change or express a grievance.
===Race Riot===
{{main|Race riot}}
"Race riot" is a term describing a riot in which race or ethnicity is a key factor. The term had entered the English language in the [[United States]] by the 1890s. Early use of the term in the [[United States]] referred to race riots which were often a mob action by members of the majority racial group against people of other races.
===Student Riot===
{{main|Student riot}}
Student riots are riots precipitated by students, often in higher education, such as university. Student riots in the US and Western Europe in the 1960s and the 1970s were often political in nature, although student riots can occur as a result of peaceful demonstration oppressed by the authorities and after sporting events (see [[hooliganism]]). Student may constitute an active political force in a given country, and student riots may occur in the context of wider political or social grievances
===Urban Riots===
{{main|Urban riots}}
Urban riots are those riots identified as taking place in the context of urban conditions associated with urban decay, such as discrimination, poverty, high unemployment, poor schools, poor healthcare, housing inadequacy and police brutality and bias. Urban riots are closely associated with [[race riots]] and [[police riot]]s.
== Riot History ==
{{see|List of riots}}
{{Expand-section|date=July 2008}}
{{Off-topic-other|List of notable riots}}
===Asia===
[[Image:Kallangracialriot.gif|thumb|left|[[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] [[Muslim]]s riot in the [[1964 Race Riots]] near [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]], due to the racial and religious tensions at that time.]]
The [[1984 Anti-Sikh Riots]] was a 3-4 day period of communal violence against Sikhs. These riots were started by Congress led mobs in retaliation of the assassination of Prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] by her two Sikh bodyguards (in revenge for [[Operation Bluestar]]). The Congress led mobs raped,killed and looted Sikhs without any Police or Military action. It is estimated that about 4,000 to 12,000 Sikhs were killed in the riots across India.
The [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the [[People's Republic of China]] between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989. The demonstrations centred on [[Tiananmen Square]] in [[Beijing]]. Government retaliation was often violent and riots broke out in affected regions.
In 2005, the Chinese government admitted to 87,000 demonstrations and riots across [[People's Republic of China|China]]. <ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/27/AR2006012701588.html</ref>
The [[Jakarta riots of May 1998]] were a series of riots against ethnic [[Chinese Indonesian]]s in [[Jakarta]] and [[Surakarta]], [[Indonesia]].There were also hundreds of documented accounts of ethnic Chinese women being raped, tortured and killed. <ref>http://www.fas.org/irp/world/indonesia/indonesia-1998.htm</ref> Human Rights groups have determined that the Indonesian military was involved in the riots, which degenerated into a [[pogrom]]. <ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2003statement/87/</ref>
[[Image:DAD_Prowling _mob.jpg|thumb|left|An armed mob on the prowl during the [[Direct Action Day]] riots in [[Calcutta]].]]
The [[Partition of India]] was a traumatic event in South Asian history that followed the independence of the region from British colonial rule. The ensuing riots resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Hindus and Muslims, with Hindus and Sikhs being massacred in the newly formed [[Pakistan]].
In 2006, there were nationwide riots in Pakistan and numerous other areas over the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]]. <ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/pakistan/Story/0,,1710740,00.html</ref>
=== Australia ===
The [[Sydney Riot of 1879]], is one of the earliest riots at an international cricket match. Riots have become major news generators, including [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[2004 Redfern riots|riots]] in response to the death of an Aboriginal boy, and most recently the [[2005 Cronulla riots|2005 summer race riots]]. These riots took place on the beaches of the eastern Sydney suburbs, most prominently Cronulla.
=== Europe ===
[[Image:Umultimopiccolo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Propaganda]] poster from [[Denmark]] showing [[Ungdomshuset]] and rioters.]]
[[Europe]] has historically seen a diverse range of riots, ranging from [[hooliganism]] to [[May Day]] riots. Recent riots have taken place in a political context (escalation of political [[demonstration (people)|demonstrations]]), rioting to prevent the eviction of social centres and/or [[squat]]s, and racial tensions in the broader context of [[urban decay]].
Riots broke out in the city of [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]] from the 14th to the 16th of June 2001. A total of 53 police officers and 90 vandals and demonstrators were hurt during the many riots that were going on between these days. The reasons for the riot were the EU summit that took place in [[Gothenburg]] and the visit of USA's President [[George W Bush]].
The Nørrebro riots followed the selling of [[Ungdomshuset]] in Copenhagen in Denmark. People from [[Sweden]], [[Germany]] and the [[United Kingdom]] participated in the riots. In total 750 people were arrested during the fighting; 140 of these foreigners.
{{main|Nørrebro}}
In October 2005 and again in November 2007, immigrant youth rioted in the poor Paris suburbs of Clichy-sous-Bois and Villiers-le-Bel, respectively, each time in reaction to the deaths of North African youth at the hands of police.
{{main|2005_civil_unrest_in_France}}
{{main|2007_civil_unrest_in_Villiers-le-Bel}}
=== United States ===
The worst riots in United States history with respect to lives lost took place during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] when immigrant factory workers forcibly resisted the federal government's military draft, the [[New York Draft Riots]]. These riots were graphically and inaccurately depicted in the movie ''[[Gangs of New York]]''.
Since the 1950s the US has seen a series of [[race riots]] in the context of the [[civil rights movement]] and [[urban decay]]. The [[1967 Newark riots]] became, per capita, one of deadliest civil disturbances of the 1960s. The long and short term causes of the riots are explored in depth in the documentary film [[Revolution '67]]. The [[assassination]] of civil rights leader [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] triggered riots across numerous American cities. The [[1992 Los Angeles riots]], triggered by the [[Rodney King|Rodney King Trial]] were regarded as the worst in recent U.S. history with deaths estimated at 54 people and nearly a billion dollars in damage caused.
The [[1968 Democratic National Convention]], however, saw the most well-remembered riots in recent US history and were a strong influence towards the eventual American withdrawal from [[Vietnam]] at the end of the [[Vietnam War]]. The [[2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity]] made headlines, including the Lakers riot. In the last decade the US has also seen a number of [[anti-globalization]], most notable the Seattle protests of the [[WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999]], also known as the "Battle of Seattle", and the [[2005 Toledo Riot]] in Toledo, Ohio.
== Police response ==
[[Image:Bastille 2007-05-06 anti Sarkozy 487645695 abe4befd12 o.jpg|left|thumb|Law enforcement teams wear body armor and shields, and may use [[tear gas]]]]
{{main|Riot control agent}}
Riots are typically dealt with by the police ([[riot control]]), although methods differ from country to country. Tactics and weapons used can include [[attack dog]]s, [[water cannon]]s, [[plastic bullet]]s, [[rubber bullets]], [[pepper spray]],[[flexible baton round]]s, and [[snatch squad]]s . Many police forces, such as the London [[Metropolitan Police Service]], have dedicated divisions to deal with public order situations (see [[Territorial Support Group]], [[Special Patrol Group]], [[Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité]], [[Mobiele Eenheid]]).
The policing of riots has been marred by incidents in which police have been accused of instigating or provoking rioting or crowd violence (see [[Police riot]]); also, while the weapons described above are officially designated as [[non-lethal]], a number of people have allegedly died or been injured as a result of their use.
Rioters often make use of various tactics to counter the police, including gas masks (to protect against chemical weapons), projectiles such as rocks, bottles and [[molotov cocktail]]s, firecrackers to scare away attack dogs, and the removal of police weapons (e.g. batons, shields). Rioting, particularly in economically-disadvantaged areas, is often accompanied by [[looting]].
== National Laws Against Riots ==
Riot laws: [[Riot Act]], [[Black Act]]
=== England and Wales ===
Under [[English law]], a riot is defined by the [[Public Order Act 1986]] as twelve or more persons who "together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety". A single person can be liable for an offense of riot when they ''use'' violence provided that it can be shown there were at least twelve present using ''or threatening'' violence. The violence can be against the person or against property. This carries the possibility of a fine and a sentence of up to ten years' imprisonment.
If there are fewer than twelve people present, the lesser offense of "Violent Disorder" is charged, for which there is a requirement for at least three persons to use or threaten unlawful violence together. This is defined similarly to riot, but no common purpose is required.
In the past, The [[Riot Act]] had to be read by an official - with the wording exactly correct - before any policing action could take place. If the group did not disperse after the act was read, lethal force could legally be used against the crowd.
In recent times nobody has been charged with a Section 1 offense (Riot) in England and Wales. This is because if a Section 1 offense takes place the local police service are regarded as having failed and are liable to pay compensation. The best known example of this is the [[Poll tax demonstrations]] of 1990 where nobody was charged with Section 1. All were charged as though a collection of Section 2 ( [[violent disorder]] involving 3 people ) acts had just happened to take place in one location.
====Current English Law====
[[Image:Bastille 2007-05-06 anti Sarkozy 487637091 74ac909b8d o.jpg|thumb|Cars are sometimes set on fire during riots]]
In English Law '''Riot''' forms part of the [[Public Order Act 1986]] under section 1.
The Public Order Act 1986 s.1 states:
1) Where twelve or more persons who are present together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety, each of the persons using unlawful violence for the common purpose is guilty of riot.
2) It is immaterial whether or not the twelve or more use or threaten unlawful violence simultaneously.
3) The common purpose may be inferred from conduct.
4) No person of reasonable firmness need actually be, or be likely to be, present at the scene.
5) Riot may be committed in private as well as in public places.
==== Ramifications ====
* [[Arrestable offence|Arrestable Offence]], changed to an [[indictable offence]] by the [[Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005]])
* [[Trial (law)|Triable]] on indictment (Must be tried before a [[Crown court]])
* Ten years [[prison|imprisonment]] and/or a [[fine]]
=== United States ===
Under [[Law of the United States|United States federal law]], a riot is defined as ''A public disturbance involving (1) an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons, which act or acts shall constitute a clear and present danger of, or shall result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual or (2) a threat or threats of the commission of an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons having, individually or collectively, the ability of immediate execution of such threat or threats, where the performance of the threatened act or acts of violence would constitute a clear and present danger of, or would result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual.'' 18 U.S.C. §2102.
As every state in the [[United States]] has its own laws (subject to the [[Supremacy Clause]]), each has its own definition of 'riot.' In [[New York State]], for example, the term 'riot' is not defined explicitly, but under § 240.08 of the N.Y. Penal Law, ''A person is guilty of inciting to riot when he urges ten or more persons to engage in tumultuous and violent conduct of a kind likely to create public alarm.''
== See also ==
{{commons|Category:Riots}}
* [[Civil disorder]]
* [[Collective Effervescence]]
* [[Demonstration (people)|Demonstration]]
* [[Internal security]]
* [[List of riots]]
* [[Protest]]
* [[Pogrom]]
* [[Police]]
* [[Revolution]]
== References ==
<references/>
* Blackstones Police Manual Volume 4 General police duties, Fraser Simpson (2006). pp. 245. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928522-5
==Reading List==
*{{cite book | author=Applegate, Col. Rex | title=Riot Control: Materiel and Techniques | publisher=Paladin Press |Year=1992 | id=ISBN 9780873642088}}
*{{cite book | author=Beene, Capt. Charles | title=Riot Prevention and Control: A Police Officer's Guide to Managing Violent and Nonviolent Crowds | publisher=Paladin Press |Year=2006 | id=ISBN 1581605188}}
*{{cite book | author=Bessel, Richard Emsley, Clive | title=Patterns of Provocation: Police and Public Disorder | publisher=Berghahn Books |Year=2000 | id=ISBN 1571812288}}
*{{cite book | author=Hernon, Ian | title=Riot!: Civil Insurrection from Peterloo to the Present Day | publisher=Pluto Press |Year=2006 | id=ISBN 0745325386}}
*{{cite book | author=Waddington, P.A.J. | title=The Strong Arm of the Law: Armed and Public Order Policing | publisher=Clarendon Press |Year=1991 | id=ISBN 0198273592}}
==External links==
* [http://www.bongiornoproductions.com/REVOLUTION%20%2767/REVOLUTION%20%2767.html Revolution '67] - Documentary about the Newark, New Jersey race riots of 1967
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