Robert Adam 113575 225987417 2008-07-16T09:54:57Z Mutt Lunker 1672698 /* External links */ cat. fr. Kdy {{Infobox Architect |image = Robert-adam.jpg |caption = Portrait attributed to George Willison, c.1770-75 |name = Robert Adam |nationality = [[Scotland|Scottish]] |birth_date = [[3 July]] [[1728]] |birth_place = Linktown of Abbotshall<br />(now [[Kirkcaldy]]), [[Fife]] |death_date = [[3 March]] [[1792]] (Aged 63) |death_place = London |significant_buildings= [[Syon House]]</br>[[Culzean Castle]]</br>[[Kedleston Hall]]</br>[[Pulteney Bridge]] |}} '''Robert Adam''' ([[3 July]] [[1728]] &ndash; [[3 March]] [[1792]]) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[neoclassicism|neoclassical]] [[architect]], [[interior designer]] and [[furniture designer]]. He was the son of [[William Adam (architect)|William Adam]] (1689&ndash;1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother [[John Adam (architect)|John]], Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the [[Board of Ordnance]], after William's death. In 1754 he left for [[Rome]], spending nearly five years on the continent studying architecture under [[Charles-Louis Clérisseau]] and [[Giovanni Battista Piranesi]]. On his return to Britain, he established a practice in [[London]], where he was joined by his younger brother [[James Adam (architect)|James]]. Here he developed the "[[Adam Style]]", and his theory of "movement" in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity. He became one of the most successful architects of his day, and held the post of [[Office of Works|Architect of the Kings Works]] from 1761–1769. He is considered by many to be the greatest architect of the late 18th century, and his work influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America. He was leader of the first phase of the classical revival in [[England]] and [[Scotland]] from around 1760 until his death.<ref>Pevsner, p.237</ref> His rival Sir [[William Chambers (architect)|William Chambers]] was the leading official British architect of the era, but Adam received many important commissions from private clients and had a more lasting stylistic influence. ==Biography== [[Image:High School, Blackfriars 1578.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Blackfriars Monastery, Edinburgh, site of the Edinburgh High School until 1777]] ===Early life=== Adam was born at Gladney House in [[Kirkcaldy]], [[Fife]], although the family moved to Edinburgh later that same year. As a child he was noted as having a "feeble constitution".<ref>Fleming, p.76</ref> From the age of six Adam attended the [[Edinburgh High School]], where he learned [[Latin]] until he was fifteen. In autumn 1743 he matriculated at [[Edinburgh University]], and attended classes including mathematics, taught by [[Colin Maclaurin]], and anatomy, taught by [[Alexander Monro (primus)|Alexander Monro ''primus'']]. His studies were interrupted by the arrival of [[Bonnie Prince Charlie]] and his Highlanders, who occupied Edinburgh during the 1745 [[Jacobite rising]]. At the end of the year, Robert fell seriously ill for some months, and it seems unlikely that he returned to university, having completed only two years of study.<ref>Fleming, pp.79-80</ref> On his recovery from illness in 1746, he joined his elder brother John as apprentice to his father. He assisted William Adam on projects such as the building of [[Inveraray Castle]] and the continuing extensions of [[Hopetoun House]]. William's position as Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance also began to generate much work, as the Highlands were fortified following the failed Jacobite revolt. Robert's early ambition was to be an artist rather than architect, and the style of his early sketches in the manner of [[Salvator Rosa]] are reflected in his earliest surviving architectural drawings, which show picturesque [[gothic architecture|gothic]] [[Folly|follies]].<ref name="Fleming81">Fleming, p.81</ref> William Adam died in June 1748, and left Dowhill, a part of the Blair Adam estate which included a [[tower house]], to Robert. ===Architectural practice in Edinburgh=== [[Image:Hopetoun03.JPG|thumb|250px|Entrance front of Hopetoun House, designed by William Adam and modified by the Adam Brothers]] On William Adam's death, John Adam inherited both the family business and the position of Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance. He immediately took Robert into partnership, later to be joined by James Adam. The Adam Brothers' first major commission was the decoration of the grand [[state apartments]] on the first floor at Hopetoun House, followed by their first "new build" at [[Dumfries House]]. For the Board of Ordnance, the brothers were the main contractor at [[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]], a large modern fort near [[Inverness]] designed by [[military engineer]] Colonel Skinner. Visits to this project, begun in 1750, would occupy the brothers every summer for the next ten years, and, along with works at many other barracks and forts, provided Robert with a solid foundation in practical building.<ref>Fleming, pp.85-86</ref> In the winter of 1749–1750, Adam travelled to London with his friend, the poet [[John Home]]. He took the opportunity for architectural study, visiting [[Wilton House|Wilton]], designed by [[Inigo Jones]], and the Queens Hermitage in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]] by Roger Morris. His sketchbook of the trip also shows a continuing interest in gothic architecture.<ref>Fleming, p.85</ref> Among his friends at Edinburgh were the philosopher [[Adam Ferguson]] and the artist [[Paul Sandby]] who he met in the Highlands. Other Edinburgh acquaintances included Gilbert Elliot, [[William Wilkie]], John Home and [[Alexander Wedderburn]].<ref name="Fleming81"/> [[Image:Kedleston Hall.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Kedleston Hall]]. The South front by Robert Adam, based on the [[Arch of Constantine]] in Rome]] ===Grand Tour=== In 1754, Robert Adam set off for Europe on the [[Grand Tour]] of France and Italy, in the company of [[Charles Hope-Weir]], brother of the [[John Hope, 2nd Earl of Hopetoun|Earl of Hopetoun]]. Hope agreed to take Adam on the tour at the suggestion of his uncle, the Marquess of Annandale, who had undertaken the Grand Tour himself. Adam met Hope-Weir in France, and they travelled on to Italy together, before falling out in Rome over travelling expenses and accommodation. Robert Adam stayed on in Rome until 1757, studying classical architecture and honing his drawing skills. His tutors included the French architect and artist [[Charles-Louis Clérisseau]], and the Italian artist [[Giovanni Battista Piranesi]]. Here, he became aquainted with the work of the pioneering classical archaeolgist and art historian, theorist [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]]. On his return journey, Adam and Clerisseau spent time intensively studying the ruins of [[Diocletian's Palace]] at Spalato in [[Dalmatia]] (now known as [[Split]], in modern [[Croatia]]).<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17691 C.M.Hogan, "Diocletian's Palace", The Megalithic Portal, A. Burnham ed, Oct 6, 2007]</ref> These studies were later published as ''Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia'' in 1764. ===Architectural practice in London=== [[Image:Mistley towers 700.jpg|thumb|250px|float|Mistley Towers, Essex]] He returned to [[Great Britain]] in 1758 and set up in business in [[London]] with his brother James Adam. They focused on designing complete schemes for the decoration and furnishing of houses. [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]] design was popular, and Robert designed a number of country houses in this style,<ref>Roth, p.397</ref> but Robert evolved a new, more flexible style incorporating elements of classical [[Roman architecture|Roman]] design alongside influences from [[Architecture of Ancient Greece|Greek]], [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] and [[Baroque]] styles.<ref>Roth, p.402</ref> The Adam brothers' success can also be attributed to a desire to design everything down to the smallest detail, ensuring a sense of unity in their designs. ==Public life== [[Image:Pulteney Bridge, Bath 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|One of Adam's masterpieces: Pulteney Bridge, [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]]] Adam was elected a member of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 1758 and of the [[Society of Antiquaries]] in 1761, the same year he was appointed Architect of the [[Office of Works|King’s Works]] (jointly with Sir [[William Chambers (architect)|William Chambers]]). His younger brother James succeeded him in this post when he relinquished the role in 1768 in order to devote more time to his elected office as Member of Parliament for [[Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire (UK Parliament constituency)|Kinross-shire]]. Robert Adam died suddenly at his home, 11 Albermarle Street, London, after a blood vessel in his stomach burst. He was 64. He was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]. He left nearly 9,000 drawings, most of which were purchased by the architect [[John Soane]] and are now at the [[Soane Museum]] in London. ==Architectural style== Robert Adam rejected the [[Palladian]] style, as introduced to England by [[Inigo Jones]], and advocated by [[Lord Burlington]], as "ponderous" and "disgustful".<ref name="G&M106">Glendinning and McKechnie, p.106</ref> However, he continued their tradition of drawing inspiration directly from [[classical antiquity]], during his four-year stay in Europe.<ref name="G&M106"/> Through the adoption of classical motifs, Adam developed a new style of architectural decoration. The Adam brother's principle of "movement" was largely Robert's conception, although the theory was first written down by James. "Movement" relied on dramatic contrasts and diversity of form, and drew on the [[picturesque]] aesthetic. The first volume of the Adam brother's ''Works'' (1773) cited [[Kedleston Hall]], designed by Robert in 1761, as an outstanding example of movement in architecture. By contrasting room sizes and decorative schemes, Adam applied the concept of movement to his interiors also. His style of decoration, described by Pevsner as "Classical [[Rococo]]", drew on Roman "[[grotesque]]" [[stucco]] decoration.<ref>Pevsner, p.238</ref><ref name="G&M106"/> ==Influence== Robert Adam's work had influenced the direction of architecture across the western world. In North America, the [[Federal style]] owes much to neoclassicism as practised by Adam. In Europe, Adam notably influenced [[Charles Cameron (architect)|Charles Cameron]], the Scotsman who designed [[Tsarskoye Selo]] and other Russian palaces for [[Catherine the Great]].<ref>Glendinning & McKechnie, p.108</ref> However, by the time of his death, Adam's neoclassicism was being superseded in Britain by a more severe, Greek phase of the classical revival, as practiced by [[James Stuart (1713-1788)|James "Athenian" Stuart]]. The Adam brothers employed several draughtsmen who would go on to establish themselves as architects, including [[George Richardson (architect)|George Richardson]], and the Italian [[Joseph Bonomi the Elder|Joseph Bonomi]], who Robert originally hired in Rome. ===Written works=== During their lifetime Robert and James Adam published two volumes of their designs, ''Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam'' (in 1773-78 and 1779; a third volume was published posthumously, in 1822). ==Projects== [[Image:Osterley Park 800.jpg|thumb|250px|Osterley Park, London]] [[Image:Robert and James Adam. Details for Derby House in Grosvenor Square. Published 1777.jpg|thumb|250px|Details for Derby House in [[Grosvenor Square]], an example of the Adam Brothers' decorative designs.]] *The [[Adelphi, London|Adelphi]] development, London (1768-72) *Screen in front of the [[Admiralty#The buildings|Old Admiralty]], [[Whitehall]], London *[[Airthrey Castle]], Stirlingshire (1791) *[[Alnwick Castle]], [[Northumberland]] (interiors) *[[Apsley House]], London (1778) *[[Balbardie House]] *[[Ballochmyle House]], [[Ayrshire]] *[[Bowood House]], near [[Calne]], [[Wiltshire]] *[[Charlotte Square]] (north side), Edinburgh (1791) *[[Culzean Castle]], south Ayrshire (1772-1790) *[[Dumfries House]], Ayrshire (1754-1759) *[[Edinburgh University]] Old College *[[Fitzroy Square]], London *[[Gosford House]], near [[Longniddry]], [[East Lothian]] (1790&ndash;1800) *[[Harewood House]], [[West Yorkshire]] (1759-1771) *[[Home House]], London (1777-before 1784) *[[Hopetoun House]], West Lothian (interiors) *[[Kedleston Hall]], near [[Derby]] (1759-1765) *[[Kenwood House]], [[Hampstead]], London (1768) *[[Lansdowne House]], [[Berkeley Square]], London *[[Luton Hoo]], [[Bedfordshire]] (1766-1770) *[[Marlborough House, Brighton|Marlborough House]], [[Brighton]] (1786) *[[Mellerstain House]], [[Kelso, Scottish Borders|Kelso]], [[Scottish Borders]] (1760-1768) *[[Mistley Towers]] *[[Newby Hall]], Newby [[Boroughbridge]], North Yorkshire (1697-1760s) *[[Northumberland House]], London, alterations (1770s) *[[Nostell Priory]] *[[Osterley Park]], west London (1761-1780) *[[Paxton House]], near [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] (1758) *[[Portland Place]], London (1773) *[[Pulteney Bridge]], [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] (1770) *[[National Archives of Scotland#General Register House|Register House]], Edinburgh (1774-1789) *[[Saltram House]], [[Plymouth]], [[Devon]] *[[Shardeloes]], [[Amersham]], [[Buckinghamshire]] *[[Stowe, Buckinghamshire|Stowe]], Buckinghamshire (1774) *[[Syon House]] interior, [[Brentford]] (1762-1769) *[[Trades Hall]], Glasgow, Scotland (1791-1792) (completed 1792-1802 by his brothers) *[[Wedderburn Castle]], [[Duns]], [[Berwickshire]] (1770-1778) {{s-start}} {{s-par|gb}} {{succession box | title=[[Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire (UK Parliament constituency)|Member for Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire]] | before=James Abercromby | years=1768&ndash;1774 | after=[[Ralph Abercromby]] }} {{s-gov}} {{s-bef|before=New appointment}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Office of Works|Architect of the King's Works]]|years=1761&ndash;1769 |alongside=[[William Chambers (architect)|Sir William Chambers]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Robert Taylor (architect)|Sir Robert Taylor]] and [[James Adam (architect)|James Adam]]}} {{end}} ==See also== *[[Adam style]] ==References == {{reflist|2}} ==Bibliography== *Bolton, Arthur T. (1922, reprinted 1984) ''The Architecture of Robert & James Adam, 1785–1794'', 2 volumes ISBN 0-907462-49-9 *Curl, James Stevens (2006) ''Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and landscape Architecture'' 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198666788 *Fleming, John (1962) ''Robert Adam and his Circle'' John Murray ISBN 0-7195-0000-1 *Glendinning, Miles, and McKechnie, Aonghus, (2004) ''Scottish Architecture'', Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500203741 *Harris, Eileen (1963) ''The Furniture of Robert Adam'' Alec Tiranti, London. ISBN 0-85458-929-5. *Harris, Eileen (2001) ''The Genius of Robert Adam: His Interiors'' ISBN 0-300-08129-4 *[[James Lees-Milne|Lees-Milne, James]] (1947) ''The Age of Adam'' *Pevsner, Nikolaus (1951) ''An Outline of European Architecture'' 2nd Edition. Pelican *{{cite book | first=Leland M. | last=Roth | year=1993 | title=Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning | edition=First | publisher=Westview Press | location=Boulder, CO | id=ISBN 0-06-430158-3}} *Stillman, Damie (1966) ''The Decorative Work of Robert Adam'' ISBN 0-85458-160-X *Tait, A. A. (2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/105 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/105] "Adam, Robert (1728–1792)"], ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press *Yarwood, Doreen (1970) ''Robert Adam'' ISBN 0-460-03824-9 and ISBN 0-460-02130-3 (1973 paperback) ==External links== {{commonscat|Robert and James Adam}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adam, Robert}} [[Category:Scottish architects]] [[Category:Neoclassical architects]] [[Category:Scottish interior designers]] [[Category:British furniture designers]] [[Category:Royal High School alumni]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]] [[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]] [[Category:People from Kirkcaldy]] [[Category:People from Fife]] [[Category:1728 births]] [[Category:1792 deaths]] [[de:Robert Adam]] [[es:Robert Adam]] [[eu:Robert Adam]] [[fr:Robert Adam]] [[gl:Robert Adam]] [[hr:Robert Adam]] [[it:Robert Adam]] [[ka:რობერტ ადამი]] [[lt:Robertas Adamas]] [[hu:Robert Adam]] [[nl:Robert Adam]] [[ja:ロバート・アダム]] [[pl:Robert Adam]] [[pt:Robert Adam]] [[ru:Адам, Роберт]] [[fi:Robert Adam]] [[sv:Robert Adam]]